In the present study ethanol and water extracts of 15 seaweeds, Dictyota dichotoma var. velutricata,
Dictyota indica, Iyengaria stellata, Padina pavonia, Sargassum swartzii, Sargassum variegatum, Stoechospermum marginatum, Stokeyia indica, Jolyna laminarioides, Caulerpa taxifolia, Halimeda tuna, Ulva fasciata, Ulva lactuca, Solieria robusta, and elanothamnus afaqhusainii, were evaluated for their antioxidant potential by ABTS, superoxide and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assays. The activity was concentration dependent and the variation in antioxidant potential was also observed by different assays in both extracts. Ethanol extract ofD. dichotoma var. velutricata,D. indica and S. marginatum demonstrated highest activity by TAC assay. The antioxidant potential in organic solvent fractions of
seaweeds namely P. pavonia, S. swartzii, S. marginatum andM. afaqhusainii was also determined and chloroform fraction of all the four seaweeds showed highest activity by superoxide assay. Antioxidant activity of extracted fractions of polysaccharides from S. indica, C. taxifolia and D. dichotoma var. velutricata was also evaluated by superoxide method. Polysaccharide fractions of S. indica obtained from HCl (at 70 0C and room temperature) and water extract demonstrated highest activity respectively. All the polysaccharide fractions of C. taxifolia showed excellent activity except CaClF70 °C. Polysaccharide fractions of D. dichotoma var. velutricata also exhibited very good activity.
This document reports on a study that investigated the aging process in rat liver from 8-12 weeks old to 20 weeks old. It examined age-dependent changes, the effects of the liver toxin carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and the hepatoprotective effects of the seeds of Vitis vinifera (grapevine). Biochemical markers and histological analysis showed that aging leads to changes in liver structure similar to low doses of CCl4. CCl4 treatment significantly increased liver damage markers and oxidative stress. Treatment with an ethanolic extract of grape seeds significantly reduced liver damage markers, oxidative stress, and improved liver structure compared to CCl4 treatment alone. The results suggest the grape seed extract has hepatoprotect
Bioactive potential of sea urchin temnopleurus toreumaticus from devanampatti...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the bioactive potential of the sea urchin Temnopleurus toreumaticus. Biochemical analysis found proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids in the aqueous extract. Hemolytic assays showed the extract had hemolytic activity against various blood cells. Cytotoxicity assays found the extract was toxic to brine shrimp at certain concentrations. Antimicrobial assays indicated the extract inhibited some bacteria and fungi. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy identified functional groups in the extract. Overall, the results suggest the sea urchin extract has hemolytic, cytotoxic, and some antimicrobial activity.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) on the total antioxidant capacity, phenols, and flavonoids of guava fruit cultivar Lucknow-49 during storage. The study found that total antioxidant capacity and total flavonoids increased during ripening and were highest in 1-MCP treated fruits stored at room temperature. Total phenolic content decreased during ripening and was highest in untreated fruits followed by 1-MCP treated fruits. The results indicate that 1-MCP treatment can help extend shelf life and maintain quality by retaining higher antioxidant levels in stored guava fruits.
Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) deficiency on the metabolism of vitamin Aiosrphr_editor
Both cabbage and thiouracil exert high impact on thyroid hormone. In the present study it is found that decreasing amount of thyroid hormone (T3&T4) inhibit the metabolism of vitamin A in the freshwater fish Ctepharyngodon idella. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of deficiency of thyroid hormone on the retinoid reserve of the fish due to the administration of cabbage and thiouracil as feed. For this experiment fish Ctepharyngodon idella was kept in different feeding states. First was kept with aquatic weed hydrilla, mass grass, filamentous algae. Second group was kept with chopped cabbage and third group was feed with chopped cabbage along with thiouracil. Blood samples were collected from the caudal vasculature in the heparin zed syringes and plasma was assayed for plasma T3&T4 concentration by Radioimmunoassay(RIA). The vitamin A concentration i.e., retinol, dehydroretinol and β-carotene are estimated from the liver of the fish through HPLC procedure. The result shows concentration of mean plasma thyroid hormone was significantly decreased in fishes subjected to cabbage and thiouracil in their feed compared to those of fishes in controlled condition. It is also seen that retinol, dehydroretinol and β-carotene concentration also decreased to a considerable amount in fishes subjected to cabbage and thiouracil in their feed. So, from the present experiment, it is clear that thyroid deficiency can affect the retinoids reserves of fish.
Cumulative effect of modified atmospheric packaging on the textural and chemi...SukhveerSingh31
Fruits and vegetables have been consumed by humans since ancient times. Scientific
investigations have proved that an increased consumption of fruits and vegetables is known to
reduce instances of cancer and cardiovascular mortality (Bhardwaj et al., 2014)
B428 study on pharmacog. standardizationMustafa Khan
This document summarizes research on the pharmacognostic standardization and antioxidant activity of Vitis vinifera L. seeds. Microscopic analysis of the seeds showed structures like testa, tegmen, endospermic cells, embryonal axis and endospermic cells. Physicochemical evaluation found the total ash to be 4.15% w/w and moisture content to be 15.76% w/w. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, resins, lipids, phenolics and flavonoids. The seeds were found to have significant antioxidant activity, with total phenolic content of 780毺g/mg and an IC50 value of 5.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of various pretreatments and cold storage on the quality of minimally processed ambarella (Spondias dulcis) and a mixed load of ambarella and pineapple (Ananas comosus). Samples were treated with solutions like sodium chloride, calcium chloride, ascorbic acid, citric acid, or chitosan and stored at 5-7°C for 7 days. Pretreatments did not significantly affect physicochemical properties but helped maintain sensory quality and low microbial counts within safe limits throughout storage. Thus, the study concluded that minimally processed ambarella and the mixed load processed in this way could be recommended for supermarket sale with cold storage.
The document summarizes research examining the antioxidant capacity and other bioactivities of freeze-dried acai (Euterpe oleraceae Mart.) fruit pulp/skin powder. Several assays found it to have exceptional superoxide scavenging ability, high oxygen radical absorbance capacity against peroxyl radicals, and mild activity against peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radicals. It also inhibited reactive oxygen species formation in human neutrophils. Additional assays showed acai has potential anti-inflammatory properties as a weak cyclooxygenase inhibitor and no effect on immune cell functions. Overall, the research suggests acai has significant antioxidant effects and may provide health benefits.
This document reports on a study that investigated the aging process in rat liver from 8-12 weeks old to 20 weeks old. It examined age-dependent changes, the effects of the liver toxin carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and the hepatoprotective effects of the seeds of Vitis vinifera (grapevine). Biochemical markers and histological analysis showed that aging leads to changes in liver structure similar to low doses of CCl4. CCl4 treatment significantly increased liver damage markers and oxidative stress. Treatment with an ethanolic extract of grape seeds significantly reduced liver damage markers, oxidative stress, and improved liver structure compared to CCl4 treatment alone. The results suggest the grape seed extract has hepatoprotect
Bioactive potential of sea urchin temnopleurus toreumaticus from devanampatti...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the bioactive potential of the sea urchin Temnopleurus toreumaticus. Biochemical analysis found proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids in the aqueous extract. Hemolytic assays showed the extract had hemolytic activity against various blood cells. Cytotoxicity assays found the extract was toxic to brine shrimp at certain concentrations. Antimicrobial assays indicated the extract inhibited some bacteria and fungi. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy identified functional groups in the extract. Overall, the results suggest the sea urchin extract has hemolytic, cytotoxic, and some antimicrobial activity.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) on the total antioxidant capacity, phenols, and flavonoids of guava fruit cultivar Lucknow-49 during storage. The study found that total antioxidant capacity and total flavonoids increased during ripening and were highest in 1-MCP treated fruits stored at room temperature. Total phenolic content decreased during ripening and was highest in untreated fruits followed by 1-MCP treated fruits. The results indicate that 1-MCP treatment can help extend shelf life and maintain quality by retaining higher antioxidant levels in stored guava fruits.
Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) deficiency on the metabolism of vitamin Aiosrphr_editor
Both cabbage and thiouracil exert high impact on thyroid hormone. In the present study it is found that decreasing amount of thyroid hormone (T3&T4) inhibit the metabolism of vitamin A in the freshwater fish Ctepharyngodon idella. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of deficiency of thyroid hormone on the retinoid reserve of the fish due to the administration of cabbage and thiouracil as feed. For this experiment fish Ctepharyngodon idella was kept in different feeding states. First was kept with aquatic weed hydrilla, mass grass, filamentous algae. Second group was kept with chopped cabbage and third group was feed with chopped cabbage along with thiouracil. Blood samples were collected from the caudal vasculature in the heparin zed syringes and plasma was assayed for plasma T3&T4 concentration by Radioimmunoassay(RIA). The vitamin A concentration i.e., retinol, dehydroretinol and β-carotene are estimated from the liver of the fish through HPLC procedure. The result shows concentration of mean plasma thyroid hormone was significantly decreased in fishes subjected to cabbage and thiouracil in their feed compared to those of fishes in controlled condition. It is also seen that retinol, dehydroretinol and β-carotene concentration also decreased to a considerable amount in fishes subjected to cabbage and thiouracil in their feed. So, from the present experiment, it is clear that thyroid deficiency can affect the retinoids reserves of fish.
Cumulative effect of modified atmospheric packaging on the textural and chemi...SukhveerSingh31
Fruits and vegetables have been consumed by humans since ancient times. Scientific
investigations have proved that an increased consumption of fruits and vegetables is known to
reduce instances of cancer and cardiovascular mortality (Bhardwaj et al., 2014)
B428 study on pharmacog. standardizationMustafa Khan
This document summarizes research on the pharmacognostic standardization and antioxidant activity of Vitis vinifera L. seeds. Microscopic analysis of the seeds showed structures like testa, tegmen, endospermic cells, embryonal axis and endospermic cells. Physicochemical evaluation found the total ash to be 4.15% w/w and moisture content to be 15.76% w/w. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, resins, lipids, phenolics and flavonoids. The seeds were found to have significant antioxidant activity, with total phenolic content of 780毺g/mg and an IC50 value of 5.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of various pretreatments and cold storage on the quality of minimally processed ambarella (Spondias dulcis) and a mixed load of ambarella and pineapple (Ananas comosus). Samples were treated with solutions like sodium chloride, calcium chloride, ascorbic acid, citric acid, or chitosan and stored at 5-7°C for 7 days. Pretreatments did not significantly affect physicochemical properties but helped maintain sensory quality and low microbial counts within safe limits throughout storage. Thus, the study concluded that minimally processed ambarella and the mixed load processed in this way could be recommended for supermarket sale with cold storage.
The document summarizes research examining the antioxidant capacity and other bioactivities of freeze-dried acai (Euterpe oleraceae Mart.) fruit pulp/skin powder. Several assays found it to have exceptional superoxide scavenging ability, high oxygen radical absorbance capacity against peroxyl radicals, and mild activity against peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radicals. It also inhibited reactive oxygen species formation in human neutrophils. Additional assays showed acai has potential anti-inflammatory properties as a weak cyclooxygenase inhibitor and no effect on immune cell functions. Overall, the research suggests acai has significant antioxidant effects and may provide health benefits.
ABSTRACT- Plants contain various phytocompounds that shows different interactions with various proteins involved in
several diseases. The ethanolic rhizome extract of K. galanga was shown a phytocompound (2e, 4e, 6e)-11-methyl
dodeca-2, 4, 6, 10-tetraenoic acid. Various biological activities like antioxidant, antimicrobial, protease inhibition and
anti-proliferation activities were tested for (2e, 4e, 6e)-11-methyl dodeca-2, 4, 6, 10-tetraenoic acid. The antioxidant
activities with IC50 for (2e, 4e, 6e)-11-methyl dodeca-2, 4, 6, 10-tetraenoic acid was shown 39.5 μg/ml and IC50 for
standard (Ascorbic acid) was shown as 24.5μg/ml. The (2e, 4e, 6e)-11-methyl dodeca-2, 4, 6, 10-tetraenoic acid were
shown good antifungal activities (11 to 12 mm) along with antibacterial activities (11 to 13 mm). The bacterial standard
like Tetracyclin shown zone of inhibitions as 10 to 14 mm and for fungi standard as Fluconazole shown zone of inhibition
from 13 to 16 mm. The compound (2e, 4e, 6e)-11-methyl dodeca-2, 4, 6, 10-tetraenoic acid were shown the good
inhibition activity with enzymes like protease k and trypsin when compared with chymotrypsin. The standard tetracycline
had shown the complete inhibition with proteolytic enzymes and control not shown the inhibition with proteolytic
enzymes with X-ray photographic film. Dose Response of (2e, 4e, 6e)-11-methyl dodeca-2, 4, 6, 10-tetraenoic acid from
K. galanga on MCF-7 (Breast Cancer) cell line shown very less activity 80 μg/ml when compared with the standard
tamoxifen 12.5 μgm/ml. Hence the experimentations concluded that a phytocompound, 1-(5-hydroxypentyloxy) propan-2-
one from ethanolic rhizome extract of K. galanga shown good biological activities.
Key Words- (2e, 4e, 6e)-11-methyl dodeca-2, 4, 6, 10-tetraenoic acid, Kaempferia galanga, Antioxidant activity,
Antimicrobial activity, Protease inhibition and antiproliferative activities
This study examined the effects of beta glucan as an immunostimulant on the Indian major carp, Labeo rohita, challenged with the bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. The experimental groups included: a control group, a group treated with beta glucan, a group treated with beta glucan and challenged with A. hydrophila, and a group only challenged with A. hydrophila. Results showed that beta glucan treatment improved growth performance and boosted hematological and biochemical parameters related to immunity compared to the control and infection-only groups. Specifically, beta glucan increased total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin levels, and improved condition factor and specific growth rate. It also elevated total leukocyte count and different white
This study evaluated changes in bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in the pulp and seeds of Bunchosia glandulifera fruit during different ripening stages. Key findings:
1) Levels of phenolic compounds, carotenoids, vitamin C, and caffeine increased from the second ripening stage to the ripe fruit stage.
2) Ripe fruit had the highest levels of bioactive compounds compared to earlier stages.
3) Phenolic compound and carotenoid levels were highest in the pulp.
4) Carotenoid content was positively correlated with antioxidant activity.
1. The study analyzed the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of various extracts of Tamarixdioicia leaves. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, steroids, glycosides, carbohydrates, terpenoids and tannins.
2. Methanol and ethanol extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity using the FeCl3 method. This activity is likely due to the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, steroids, glycosides and tannins in Tamarixdioicia leaves.
3. Thin layer chromatography of different extracts revealed multiple spots, indicating separation of compounds. Rf values were calculated for
This document describes the synthesis of 17 new 1,2,4-triazole derivatives and evaluates their antimicrobial and anticancer activities. The compounds showed the most potent antimicrobial activity against the fungus Aspergillus niger. Compound 14 was the most active. Compound 7 exhibited appreciable anticancer activity against colon cancer cells. Quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis identified topological and electronic properties important for the compounds' antimicrobial effects.
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...IJARIIT
Pharmaceutical industries are still in the hunt of effective scavengers for free radicals from the unexplored
medicinal plants. About 80,000 species of plants are utilized for treating various diseases in different systems of Indian
medicine. Many pharmaceutical companies giving importance in plant-derived drugs mainly due to the current widespread
belief that 'Green Medicine' is safe and more dependable than the costly synthetic drugs, which have adverse side effects.
The objective of the study is isolation of Phytochemical active constituents, Antidiabetic, antimicrobial and
antioxidant activities of the rare Antidiabetic medicinal plant Epaltes divaricata (Linn.) since the selected plant has varied
medicinal properties used in Ayurveda. This valuable plant is used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to alleviate jaundice,
diabetes mellitus, urethral discharges and acute dyspepsia. It is also regarded as a diaphoretic, diuretic and a stimulating
expectorant.
The methanol extract of Epaltes divaricata L. showed excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.
Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the same extract by two different standard methods and which confirmed the
presence of steroids, triterpenoids and phenolic compounds. Decreasing of postprandial hyperglycemia is a therapeutic
approach for treating diabetes mellitus. This can be achieved in current trends through the inhibition of carbohydrate
hydrolyzing enzymes such as alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase. Agents with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity are very useful as oral anti hypoglycemic agents for the control of hyperglycemia in patients who have diabetes
mellitus. In this study the methanol extract exhibited above 50% of inhibition in all standard concentration.
Marine pharmacology is a promising field that investigates compounds from marine organisms for medical applications. Over 68% of anti-microbials and 63% of anti-cancer drugs are naturally derived. Six drugs of marine origin have been approved by the FDA to treat conditions like cancer, viral infections, and chronic pain. Many other compounds are in clinical trials. Slow-moving marine organisms produce unique chemical defenses with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-parasitic properties. India has potential to contribute but its marine pharmacology remains nascent. Sustainable supply is a challenge but can be addressed through mariculture, aquaculture, and hemi-synthesis.
Effects of foliar application with salicylic acid on the biochemical paramete...INNS PUBNET
Low temperature is an important environmental factor that limits the survival, productivity and geographical distribution of plants. Oil seeds are the second global food resources among which Brassica napus L. is the third annual oil seed in the world. In cold stress, some biochemical and physiological reactions occur in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hence, the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) on total chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde, and antioxidant enzymes activity and solute protein and proline contents were assessed in two canola varieties (Brassica napus L., cv RGS and LICORD) leaves exposed to cold stress during 0, 24, and 48 hours after salicylic acid treatment. They were first grown in a controlled growth room at 22/20 °C (day/night) for one month followed by SA spraying application (100, 200 and 400µM) and then plots were transferred to a cold environment (-2 °C) for 3 days. The results showed that the total chlorophyll content was decreased in RGS cultivars related to high salicylic acid concentration during the experiment. The results of antioxidant status showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), and also lipid peroxidation were increased significantly after 48 hours compared first day. Catalase (CAT) activity was decreased 24 hours after salicylic acid treatment. Results showed an increase in protein content in both cultivars treated with SA, by contrast proline was greatly affected by salicylic acid treatment and its content was the highest 24 hours after treatment. According to the results of the present study indicated that application of salicylic acid has useful effects on the biochemical traits. Thereupon it may be effective for the improvement of plant growth in cold regions.
Pak J Pharm Sci. 2014 May;27(3):607-16.
Review: Ajwa date (Phoenix dactylifera)- an emerging plant in pharmacological research.
Mallhi TH1, Qadir MI2, Ali M2, Ahmad B3, Khan YH4, Rehman A1.
Author information
1College of Pharmacy, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
2Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
3Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
4School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Penang Pulau, Malaysia.
Abstract
Date Fruits are consumed in Arab areas for a long time as a part of essential diet. Phoenix dactylifera belongs to family Arecaceae and its leaves, barks, pits, fruits and pollens have anticancer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antiulcertavie, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antimutagenic, antidiarheal, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral potential. Besides these, Dates also increase level of estrogen, testosterone, RBCs, Hb, PCV, reticulocytes and platelet counts. It can also cure lead induced heamotoxicity, side effects of methylprednisolon, male and female infertility. It has also cerebroprotective, neuroprotective and haemopoietic activity. Phoenix dactylifera can be used for number of complications if further evaluated and isolated. The present paper is an overview of pharmacological properties of Phoenix dactylifera reported in literature.
Protective Effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid (α -LA) Against Lead Neuro-Toxicity i...inventionjournals
This document studied the protective effects of alpha lipoic acid (α-LA) against lead neurotoxicity in rats. 32 rats were divided into 4 groups: a control group, a group treated with lead acetate for 2 weeks, a group treated with α-LA for 3 weeks, and a group treated with lead acetate for 2 weeks followed by α-LA for 3 weeks. The results showed that lead acetate decreased neurotransmitter levels, acetylcholinesterase activity, and ATP levels in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, impaired rat performance in the Morris water maze test, and caused histological degeneration. Treatment with α-LA after lead acetate exposure attenuated these behavioral, biochemical and histological changes induced by lead acetate through its
Marine drugs are compounds derived from marine organisms that have pharmacological applications. A wide variety of marine organisms produce novel chemical compounds due to the harsh marine environment. Significant research has uncovered antibiotics, anticancer agents, antiviral drugs, and other bioactive compounds from sponges, algae, bacteria, and other marine sources. However, developing marine drugs faces challenges including sustainable supply, identifying market needs, and addressing regulatory requirements. Further research on marine organisms continues to reveal promising new compounds for treating disease.
This document describes a study that investigated the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties of the leaf of Diplazium esculentum. The leaf was extracted using chloroform and methanol. Assays were performed to determine the extracts' total phenol and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity using several methods, antimicrobial activity against 8 bacteria, and cytotoxicity using brine shrimp. The extracts showed moderate antioxidant activity and strong antimicrobial effects, with minimum inhibitory concentration values between 1.6-12.5 mg/ml against the tested bacteria. The brine shrimp lethality bioassay also indicated cytotoxic effects. Overall, the results suggest the leaf possesses significant antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties, supporting traditional
Water Treatment and Purification using Moringa Oleifera Seed Extractijtsrd
Water is the most abundant chemical and important natural resource. Various concentrations of water at given place contributes to water quality. The suitability of water and its specific use are evaluated by examining its quality parameters. The adverse health effects have been observed in developing countries due to drinking contaminated water. The natural resources have serious threat due to development and urbanization in countries. People are made to use low quality water because of high cost of treated water which results in exposing them to waterborne diseases. The seed extract of Moringa oleifera is used for purification of drinking and wastewater due to presence of soluble cationic coagulant. It has capability to reduce the turbidity from water. In the present study, the collected water samples were examined with various physical, chemical and biological parameters. Obtained values of each parameters were compared with standard values set by World Health Organization. Areeba Ansari | Malika Ahuja "Water Treatment and Purification using Moringa Oleifera Seed Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31019.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/31019/water-treatment-and-purification-using-moringa-oleifera-seed-extract/areeba-ansari
Comparative Study on Phytochemical Screening and HPLC Analysis of Daucus Caro...ijsrd.com
Phytochemical and biological screening is necessary for the isolation of functional groups which lead to the discovery of new active compounds. In the present work, the crude aqueous extract of Daucus carota were tested for phytochemical screening and HPLC analysis which indicated the presence of various class of bioactive secondary metabolite such as terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and glycosides. HPLC analysis was performed to quantify the β-carotene content in pulp and aerial extract of Daucus carota.
This study tested the antioxidant properties of two xanthones (jacareubin and 2-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxyxanthone) isolated from Calophyllum brasiliense. The xanthones were found to scavenge reactive oxygen species like superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, and peroxynitrite in chemical systems. They also prevented oxidative damage to DNA and proteins induced by hydroxyl radicals. When added to brain, liver, and lung tissue from rats exposed to iron, the xanthones decreased lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species production, and restored glutathione reductase activity in the brain. The results suggest these
Hepatoprotective Activity of Cinnamon Zeylanicum Leaves against Alcohol Induc...IJERA Editor
Plants play an important role in the life of human, as the major source of food, as well as for the maintenance and improvement of health and for the elimination of the enemies since ages. Plants are the basic source of knowledge of modern medicine. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum are evaluated in alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Silymarin (100mg/kg) was given as reference standard. The aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum have shown very significant hepatoprotection against alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats in reducing SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and GGT and levels of total bilirubin and total protein were investigated and showed an increase in alcohol induced rats when compared to control. The extracts of the test plant exhibited significant (p < 0.05) hepatoprotective activity against the alcohol induced liver models by improving liver function which was indicated by reduction in the levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin and total protein.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated methods to detoxify seeds from a toxic variety of Jatropha curcas for use as a protein supplement in animal feed. The seeds were processed into meal and subjected to heat and 14 chemical treatments to reduce toxic lectins and phorbolesters. One treatment reduced phorbolesters to a safe level of 0.09 mg/g. Two treated meals were then used in rat feeding trials to assess acceptance and nutritional value. The rats accepted one diet but not the other, showing the treated meals had varying effects due to remaining phorbolesters. While one treatment achieved high protein levels, the process was too expensive to be practical for commercial feed production. Further research is needed to
This document discusses the potential for new drug discoveries from marine sources. It notes that oceans contain the most biodiversity and genetic diversity of any environment. Many existing drugs have been derived from marine sources, including the painkiller ziconotide from cone snails. The document outlines several compounds from marine sources that are under investigation for anti-cancer and anti-bacterial properties, including trabectedin from tunicates, bryostatin from bryozoans, and aplidin from tunicates. Marine pharmacology is a promising field for new drug developments given the vast, unexplored chemical diversity in the oceans.
Marine algae have important biological uses and provide various benefits. They have been used as food and medicines for centuries in many countries. Various species of marine algae are a source of food, and their extracts have numerous applications in food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and industry. Many algal species produce bioactive compounds that have antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-viral and other medicinal properties. Marine algae are considered a potential source for discovery of new pharmaceutical products.
1) The study evaluated the antioxidant effects of carotenoids from the algae Dunaliella salina in vivo using rat models.
2) Rats pretreated with 125-250 μg/kg of D. salina carotenoids before being administered carbon tetrachloride showed significant protection against oxidative stress compared to controls, as measured by restored antioxidant enzyme levels and decreased lipid peroxidation.
3) Pretreatment with D. salina carotenoids provided better protection than synthetic beta-carotene, indicating D. salina is a potential source of antioxidants for health applications.
ABSTRACT- Plants contain various phytocompounds that shows different interactions with various proteins involved in
several diseases. The ethanolic rhizome extract of K. galanga was shown a phytocompound (2e, 4e, 6e)-11-methyl
dodeca-2, 4, 6, 10-tetraenoic acid. Various biological activities like antioxidant, antimicrobial, protease inhibition and
anti-proliferation activities were tested for (2e, 4e, 6e)-11-methyl dodeca-2, 4, 6, 10-tetraenoic acid. The antioxidant
activities with IC50 for (2e, 4e, 6e)-11-methyl dodeca-2, 4, 6, 10-tetraenoic acid was shown 39.5 μg/ml and IC50 for
standard (Ascorbic acid) was shown as 24.5μg/ml. The (2e, 4e, 6e)-11-methyl dodeca-2, 4, 6, 10-tetraenoic acid were
shown good antifungal activities (11 to 12 mm) along with antibacterial activities (11 to 13 mm). The bacterial standard
like Tetracyclin shown zone of inhibitions as 10 to 14 mm and for fungi standard as Fluconazole shown zone of inhibition
from 13 to 16 mm. The compound (2e, 4e, 6e)-11-methyl dodeca-2, 4, 6, 10-tetraenoic acid were shown the good
inhibition activity with enzymes like protease k and trypsin when compared with chymotrypsin. The standard tetracycline
had shown the complete inhibition with proteolytic enzymes and control not shown the inhibition with proteolytic
enzymes with X-ray photographic film. Dose Response of (2e, 4e, 6e)-11-methyl dodeca-2, 4, 6, 10-tetraenoic acid from
K. galanga on MCF-7 (Breast Cancer) cell line shown very less activity 80 μg/ml when compared with the standard
tamoxifen 12.5 μgm/ml. Hence the experimentations concluded that a phytocompound, 1-(5-hydroxypentyloxy) propan-2-
one from ethanolic rhizome extract of K. galanga shown good biological activities.
Key Words- (2e, 4e, 6e)-11-methyl dodeca-2, 4, 6, 10-tetraenoic acid, Kaempferia galanga, Antioxidant activity,
Antimicrobial activity, Protease inhibition and antiproliferative activities
This study examined the effects of beta glucan as an immunostimulant on the Indian major carp, Labeo rohita, challenged with the bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. The experimental groups included: a control group, a group treated with beta glucan, a group treated with beta glucan and challenged with A. hydrophila, and a group only challenged with A. hydrophila. Results showed that beta glucan treatment improved growth performance and boosted hematological and biochemical parameters related to immunity compared to the control and infection-only groups. Specifically, beta glucan increased total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin levels, and improved condition factor and specific growth rate. It also elevated total leukocyte count and different white
This study evaluated changes in bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in the pulp and seeds of Bunchosia glandulifera fruit during different ripening stages. Key findings:
1) Levels of phenolic compounds, carotenoids, vitamin C, and caffeine increased from the second ripening stage to the ripe fruit stage.
2) Ripe fruit had the highest levels of bioactive compounds compared to earlier stages.
3) Phenolic compound and carotenoid levels were highest in the pulp.
4) Carotenoid content was positively correlated with antioxidant activity.
1. The study analyzed the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of various extracts of Tamarixdioicia leaves. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, steroids, glycosides, carbohydrates, terpenoids and tannins.
2. Methanol and ethanol extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity using the FeCl3 method. This activity is likely due to the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, steroids, glycosides and tannins in Tamarixdioicia leaves.
3. Thin layer chromatography of different extracts revealed multiple spots, indicating separation of compounds. Rf values were calculated for
This document describes the synthesis of 17 new 1,2,4-triazole derivatives and evaluates their antimicrobial and anticancer activities. The compounds showed the most potent antimicrobial activity against the fungus Aspergillus niger. Compound 14 was the most active. Compound 7 exhibited appreciable anticancer activity against colon cancer cells. Quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis identified topological and electronic properties important for the compounds' antimicrobial effects.
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...IJARIIT
Pharmaceutical industries are still in the hunt of effective scavengers for free radicals from the unexplored
medicinal plants. About 80,000 species of plants are utilized for treating various diseases in different systems of Indian
medicine. Many pharmaceutical companies giving importance in plant-derived drugs mainly due to the current widespread
belief that 'Green Medicine' is safe and more dependable than the costly synthetic drugs, which have adverse side effects.
The objective of the study is isolation of Phytochemical active constituents, Antidiabetic, antimicrobial and
antioxidant activities of the rare Antidiabetic medicinal plant Epaltes divaricata (Linn.) since the selected plant has varied
medicinal properties used in Ayurveda. This valuable plant is used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to alleviate jaundice,
diabetes mellitus, urethral discharges and acute dyspepsia. It is also regarded as a diaphoretic, diuretic and a stimulating
expectorant.
The methanol extract of Epaltes divaricata L. showed excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.
Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the same extract by two different standard methods and which confirmed the
presence of steroids, triterpenoids and phenolic compounds. Decreasing of postprandial hyperglycemia is a therapeutic
approach for treating diabetes mellitus. This can be achieved in current trends through the inhibition of carbohydrate
hydrolyzing enzymes such as alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase. Agents with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity are very useful as oral anti hypoglycemic agents for the control of hyperglycemia in patients who have diabetes
mellitus. In this study the methanol extract exhibited above 50% of inhibition in all standard concentration.
Marine pharmacology is a promising field that investigates compounds from marine organisms for medical applications. Over 68% of anti-microbials and 63% of anti-cancer drugs are naturally derived. Six drugs of marine origin have been approved by the FDA to treat conditions like cancer, viral infections, and chronic pain. Many other compounds are in clinical trials. Slow-moving marine organisms produce unique chemical defenses with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-parasitic properties. India has potential to contribute but its marine pharmacology remains nascent. Sustainable supply is a challenge but can be addressed through mariculture, aquaculture, and hemi-synthesis.
Effects of foliar application with salicylic acid on the biochemical paramete...INNS PUBNET
Low temperature is an important environmental factor that limits the survival, productivity and geographical distribution of plants. Oil seeds are the second global food resources among which Brassica napus L. is the third annual oil seed in the world. In cold stress, some biochemical and physiological reactions occur in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hence, the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) on total chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde, and antioxidant enzymes activity and solute protein and proline contents were assessed in two canola varieties (Brassica napus L., cv RGS and LICORD) leaves exposed to cold stress during 0, 24, and 48 hours after salicylic acid treatment. They were first grown in a controlled growth room at 22/20 °C (day/night) for one month followed by SA spraying application (100, 200 and 400µM) and then plots were transferred to a cold environment (-2 °C) for 3 days. The results showed that the total chlorophyll content was decreased in RGS cultivars related to high salicylic acid concentration during the experiment. The results of antioxidant status showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), and also lipid peroxidation were increased significantly after 48 hours compared first day. Catalase (CAT) activity was decreased 24 hours after salicylic acid treatment. Results showed an increase in protein content in both cultivars treated with SA, by contrast proline was greatly affected by salicylic acid treatment and its content was the highest 24 hours after treatment. According to the results of the present study indicated that application of salicylic acid has useful effects on the biochemical traits. Thereupon it may be effective for the improvement of plant growth in cold regions.
Pak J Pharm Sci. 2014 May;27(3):607-16.
Review: Ajwa date (Phoenix dactylifera)- an emerging plant in pharmacological research.
Mallhi TH1, Qadir MI2, Ali M2, Ahmad B3, Khan YH4, Rehman A1.
Author information
1College of Pharmacy, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
2Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
3Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
4School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Penang Pulau, Malaysia.
Abstract
Date Fruits are consumed in Arab areas for a long time as a part of essential diet. Phoenix dactylifera belongs to family Arecaceae and its leaves, barks, pits, fruits and pollens have anticancer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antiulcertavie, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antimutagenic, antidiarheal, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral potential. Besides these, Dates also increase level of estrogen, testosterone, RBCs, Hb, PCV, reticulocytes and platelet counts. It can also cure lead induced heamotoxicity, side effects of methylprednisolon, male and female infertility. It has also cerebroprotective, neuroprotective and haemopoietic activity. Phoenix dactylifera can be used for number of complications if further evaluated and isolated. The present paper is an overview of pharmacological properties of Phoenix dactylifera reported in literature.
Protective Effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid (α -LA) Against Lead Neuro-Toxicity i...inventionjournals
This document studied the protective effects of alpha lipoic acid (α-LA) against lead neurotoxicity in rats. 32 rats were divided into 4 groups: a control group, a group treated with lead acetate for 2 weeks, a group treated with α-LA for 3 weeks, and a group treated with lead acetate for 2 weeks followed by α-LA for 3 weeks. The results showed that lead acetate decreased neurotransmitter levels, acetylcholinesterase activity, and ATP levels in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, impaired rat performance in the Morris water maze test, and caused histological degeneration. Treatment with α-LA after lead acetate exposure attenuated these behavioral, biochemical and histological changes induced by lead acetate through its
Marine drugs are compounds derived from marine organisms that have pharmacological applications. A wide variety of marine organisms produce novel chemical compounds due to the harsh marine environment. Significant research has uncovered antibiotics, anticancer agents, antiviral drugs, and other bioactive compounds from sponges, algae, bacteria, and other marine sources. However, developing marine drugs faces challenges including sustainable supply, identifying market needs, and addressing regulatory requirements. Further research on marine organisms continues to reveal promising new compounds for treating disease.
This document describes a study that investigated the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties of the leaf of Diplazium esculentum. The leaf was extracted using chloroform and methanol. Assays were performed to determine the extracts' total phenol and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity using several methods, antimicrobial activity against 8 bacteria, and cytotoxicity using brine shrimp. The extracts showed moderate antioxidant activity and strong antimicrobial effects, with minimum inhibitory concentration values between 1.6-12.5 mg/ml against the tested bacteria. The brine shrimp lethality bioassay also indicated cytotoxic effects. Overall, the results suggest the leaf possesses significant antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties, supporting traditional
Water Treatment and Purification using Moringa Oleifera Seed Extractijtsrd
Water is the most abundant chemical and important natural resource. Various concentrations of water at given place contributes to water quality. The suitability of water and its specific use are evaluated by examining its quality parameters. The adverse health effects have been observed in developing countries due to drinking contaminated water. The natural resources have serious threat due to development and urbanization in countries. People are made to use low quality water because of high cost of treated water which results in exposing them to waterborne diseases. The seed extract of Moringa oleifera is used for purification of drinking and wastewater due to presence of soluble cationic coagulant. It has capability to reduce the turbidity from water. In the present study, the collected water samples were examined with various physical, chemical and biological parameters. Obtained values of each parameters were compared with standard values set by World Health Organization. Areeba Ansari | Malika Ahuja "Water Treatment and Purification using Moringa Oleifera Seed Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31019.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/31019/water-treatment-and-purification-using-moringa-oleifera-seed-extract/areeba-ansari
Comparative Study on Phytochemical Screening and HPLC Analysis of Daucus Caro...ijsrd.com
Phytochemical and biological screening is necessary for the isolation of functional groups which lead to the discovery of new active compounds. In the present work, the crude aqueous extract of Daucus carota were tested for phytochemical screening and HPLC analysis which indicated the presence of various class of bioactive secondary metabolite such as terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and glycosides. HPLC analysis was performed to quantify the β-carotene content in pulp and aerial extract of Daucus carota.
This study tested the antioxidant properties of two xanthones (jacareubin and 2-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxyxanthone) isolated from Calophyllum brasiliense. The xanthones were found to scavenge reactive oxygen species like superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, and peroxynitrite in chemical systems. They also prevented oxidative damage to DNA and proteins induced by hydroxyl radicals. When added to brain, liver, and lung tissue from rats exposed to iron, the xanthones decreased lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species production, and restored glutathione reductase activity in the brain. The results suggest these
Hepatoprotective Activity of Cinnamon Zeylanicum Leaves against Alcohol Induc...IJERA Editor
Plants play an important role in the life of human, as the major source of food, as well as for the maintenance and improvement of health and for the elimination of the enemies since ages. Plants are the basic source of knowledge of modern medicine. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum are evaluated in alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Silymarin (100mg/kg) was given as reference standard. The aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum have shown very significant hepatoprotection against alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats in reducing SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and GGT and levels of total bilirubin and total protein were investigated and showed an increase in alcohol induced rats when compared to control. The extracts of the test plant exhibited significant (p < 0.05) hepatoprotective activity against the alcohol induced liver models by improving liver function which was indicated by reduction in the levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin and total protein.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated methods to detoxify seeds from a toxic variety of Jatropha curcas for use as a protein supplement in animal feed. The seeds were processed into meal and subjected to heat and 14 chemical treatments to reduce toxic lectins and phorbolesters. One treatment reduced phorbolesters to a safe level of 0.09 mg/g. Two treated meals were then used in rat feeding trials to assess acceptance and nutritional value. The rats accepted one diet but not the other, showing the treated meals had varying effects due to remaining phorbolesters. While one treatment achieved high protein levels, the process was too expensive to be practical for commercial feed production. Further research is needed to
This document discusses the potential for new drug discoveries from marine sources. It notes that oceans contain the most biodiversity and genetic diversity of any environment. Many existing drugs have been derived from marine sources, including the painkiller ziconotide from cone snails. The document outlines several compounds from marine sources that are under investigation for anti-cancer and anti-bacterial properties, including trabectedin from tunicates, bryostatin from bryozoans, and aplidin from tunicates. Marine pharmacology is a promising field for new drug developments given the vast, unexplored chemical diversity in the oceans.
Marine algae have important biological uses and provide various benefits. They have been used as food and medicines for centuries in many countries. Various species of marine algae are a source of food, and their extracts have numerous applications in food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and industry. Many algal species produce bioactive compounds that have antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-viral and other medicinal properties. Marine algae are considered a potential source for discovery of new pharmaceutical products.
1) The study evaluated the antioxidant effects of carotenoids from the algae Dunaliella salina in vivo using rat models.
2) Rats pretreated with 125-250 μg/kg of D. salina carotenoids before being administered carbon tetrachloride showed significant protection against oxidative stress compared to controls, as measured by restored antioxidant enzyme levels and decreased lipid peroxidation.
3) Pretreatment with D. salina carotenoids provided better protection than synthetic beta-carotene, indicating D. salina is a potential source of antioxidants for health applications.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the phytochemical and biological properties of the green algae Ulva lactuca. The algae was collected from Abu Kir Beach in Egypt and its methanolic crude extract and polysaccharide extract were tested. Phytochemical analysis found the extracts contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and total phenolic compounds. The extracts showed antioxidant effects by inhibiting lipid peroxidation. The crude extract had anticoagulant properties while the polysaccharide extract showed coagulant effects as assessed by measuring prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time. Finally, the crude extract did not have hemolytic effects on red blood cells while the polysacchar
8- IJRANSS-ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF MARINE ACTINOMYCETESRavindragouda Patil
- 47 actinomycetes were isolated from mangrove swamp samples in Tamil Nadu, India, with most isolated from sediment.
- 34 isolates exhibited antagonism against shrimp pathogens Vibrio alginolyticus, V. harveyi, and V. parahaemolyticus.
- Isolate A10 showed the strongest inhibitory activity against all three pathogens, inhibiting growth by ≥20mm.
- Isolate A10 was identified as Streptomyces spp. based on chemotaxonomic and microscopic analysis.
The content of total phenols and antioxidant activity three types sea algae t...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes research on the total phenol content and antioxidant activity of three types of sea algae (Caulerpa sertularoides, Laurencia tronoi, and Padina australis) collected from waters in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The algae were extracted using hexane (non-polar), ethyl acetate (semi-polar) and water (polar) solvents. Testing found the ethyl acetate extract of C. sertularoides had the highest total phenol content, while the hexane extract of L. tronoi had the highest antioxidant activity. In general, polar water extracts had the highest masses for all three algae types.
This study investigated the antioxidant properties of sterilized yacon tuber flour. Various extraction methods were tested to determine the conditions that produced the highest antioxidant activity. Boiling an 8.9% solution of yacon flour in water for 10 minutes resulted in the best extract, with a total antioxidant capacity of 222 mg ascorbic acid equivalents/100g and total polyphenol content of 275 mg gallic acid equivalents/100g. Four main phenolic compounds were identified in the extract: chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, and protocatechuic acid. Biological assays showed the extract had antioxidant effects and no pro-oxidant activity. Sterilized yacon flour thus
This study investigated the antioxidant properties of sterilized yacon tuber flour. Various extraction methods were tested to determine the conditions that produced the highest antioxidant activity. Boiling an 8.9% solution of yacon flour in water for 10 minutes resulted in the best extract. This extract had a total antioxidant capacity of 222 mg ascorbic acid equivalents/100g and total polyphenol content of 275 mg gallic acid equivalents/100g. Four main phenolic compounds were identified, with chlorogenic acid being the most abundant. Biological assays showed the extract had antioxidant effects and no pro-oxidant activity. Sterilized yacon flour thus has potential as a functional food ingredient due to its antioxidant properties.
Hepatoprotective Activity of Methanolic Extract of Whole Plant of Pulicaria W...IOSRJPBS
Natural remedies from medicinal plants are considered to be effective and safe alternative treatment for liver injury. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of whole plant of Pulicaria wightiana in wistar rats. The studies were conducted using the two popular inducing agents Paracetamol (2 g/kg, p.o.) in 1% NaCMC and Carbon tetrachloride (1 ml/kg). Silymarin (100 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as reference drug in the respective models. The effect was estimated by measuring the enzymatic levels and histo- pathological studies. The methanolic extract of whole plant of Pulicaria wightiana has shown very significant hepatoprotection against both Paracetamol and CCl4 - induced hepatotoxicity study models in wistar rats. This was evidenced by marked reduction in marker enzymes in serum. Histopathological studies also confirmed the hepatoprotective nature of the extract
GC/MS analysis and In-vitro Antioxidant activity of methanol extract of Uloth...IOSRJPBS
The determination of phytochemical constituents, total phenol, flavonoid contents and antioxidant assays of methanol extract of Ulothrix flacca and its main constituent dimethyl sulfone was studied. The mass spectra of the compounds were matched with the NIST library. The GC-MS analysis of methanol extracts of Ulothrix flacca showed sixteen peaks. Of all the sixteen chemical compounds revealed from the GC-MS analysis of Ulothrix flacca, Dimethyl Sulfone (C2H6O2S) (RT-8.9), 4-Bromobenzoic Acid, 2-Chlorophenyl Ester (C13H8BrClO2) (RT-12.642), Tetradecanoic Acid, 10,13-Dimethyl-, Methyl Ester (C17H34O2) (RT-18.669) are the three major components. The methanol extracts of Ulothrix flacca possess phenolic and flavonoid content of (5.74 ± 0.45mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g Wt, and 12.58 ± 1.52mg quercetin eq/g wt) respectively. Antioxidant activity was determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, for evaluating free radicle scavenging activity, ABTS radical cation scavenging activity, Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, Phosphomolybdenum assay and Metal chelating activity using BHT, Rutin and Quercetin. The highest radicle scavenging activity was shown by dimethyl sulfone (15.156mg/ml), which is higher than the BHT and Rutin. In vitro antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Ulothrix flacca and Dimethyl sulfone showed an increase with increasing concentration indicating positive association with the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extract, which could be considered for future applications in medicine, dietary supplements ,cosmetics or food industries.
Biochemical effect of Aqueous Carica papaya Seed and Leaf Extracts on Serum B...iosrjce
The cost of administering modern anti diabetic drugs is usually beyond the reach of most people in
the low income group especially those in the developing world where the disease is on the increase. This has led
to the current shift to the use of preparations from various parts of plants because of the current increase in the
knowledge of their toxicity, side effects, active constituents and doses. This study was conducted to compare the
effects of the aqueous Carica papaya seed and leaf extracts on serum biochemistry of alloxan induced diabetic
rats especially glucose level. Male Wister rats weighing 150-200g were induced with single freshly prepared
alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg body weight).Diabetes was confirmed after seven days in alloxan-induced rats
showing fasting blood glucose levels ≥ 200mg/dl. The diabetic rats were randomly allocated into three
experimental groups which received Seed extract, leaf extract or normal saline depending on the group. The
extracts were administered orally for twenty-eight days after which the animals were sacrificed and blood
samples were collected for Biochemical analyses. The results showed that both extracts have significant
hypoglycaemic, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects although extract of the seed proved to be more
potent than that of the leaf
A Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Sesuvium Portulacastrumijtsrd
The document summarizes a study on the antimicrobial activity of Sesuvium portulacastrum, a mangrove plant. The study found that ethanol extracts of S. portulacastrum leaves contained phytochemicals like steroids and showed strong antibacterial activity against pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified compounds in the ethanol extract including 22, 23-Dihydrostigmasterol, Benzoic acid, Epicatechin, and Capsaicin that were responsible for the antimicrobial properties. The presence of these phytochemicals supports the potential of S. portulacastrum as a source of antimicrobial agents.
Cytoprotective and DNA Protective Activity of Carica Papaya Leaf Extractsinventionjournals
Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is commonly called as paw-paw and it belongs to the family Caricaceae. The properties of papaya fruit and other parts of the plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. Papaya possess excellent medicinal properties for treatment of different ailments. These curative properties are based on the presence of phytochemical nutrients with antioxidant effect in different parts of the plant. It is considered as valuable nutraceutical fruit plant due to its biological activity and medicinal application.The present study was designed to determine the Cytoprotective and DNA protective activities of different fractions (Aqueous, Chloroform, Ethanol and Ethyl acetate extracts) of Carica papaya leaves. Cytoprotective capacity was assessed using erythrocytes, where ferrous sulphate was used to induce stress and the ability of the extracts to combat the induced stress was evaluated. The DNA protective potential against free radical-mediated oxidative stress was evaluated by a DNA damage inhibition assay involving agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometric analysis. All the four fractions displayed significant cytoprotective effect on erythrocytes and prevented oxidative damage to DNA in presence of DNA damaging agent. Altogether, the results of our study lend pharmacological credence to the anti-cancerous and ethno medical use of this plant in traditional system of medicine and these resultscould be used to develop antimutagenic compounds for cancer therapy.
Cytoprotective and DNA Protective Activity of Carica Papaya Leaf Extractsinventionjournals
Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is commonly called as paw-paw and it belongs to the family Caricaceae. The properties of papaya fruit and other parts of the plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. Papaya possess excellent medicinal properties for treatment of different ailments. These curative properties are based on the presence of phytochemical nutrients with antioxidant effect in different parts of the plant. It is considered as valuable nutraceutical fruit plant due to its biological activity and medicinal application.The present study was designed to determine the Cytoprotective and DNA protective activities of different fractions (Aqueous, Chloroform, Ethanol and Ethyl acetate extracts) of Carica papaya leaves. Cytoprotective capacity was assessed using erythrocytes, where ferrous sulphate was used to induce stress and the ability of the extracts to combat the induced stress was evaluated. The DNA protective potential against free radical-mediated oxidative stress was evaluated by a DNA damage inhibition assay involving agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometric analysis. All the four fractions displayed significant cytoprotective effect on erythrocytes and prevented oxidative damage to DNA in presence of DNA damaging agent. Altogether, the results of our study lend pharmacological credence to the anti-cancerous and ethno medical use of this plant in traditional system of medicine and these resultscould be used to develop antimutagenic compounds for cancer therapy.
Cytoprotective and DNA Protective Activity of Carica Papaya Leaf Extractsinventionjournals
Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is commonly called as paw-paw and it belongs to the family Caricaceae. The properties of papaya fruit and other parts of the plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. Papaya possess excellent medicinal properties for treatment of different ailments. These curative properties are based on the presence of phytochemical nutrients with antioxidant effect in different parts of the plant. It is considered as valuable nutraceutical fruit plant due to its biological activity and medicinal application.The present study was designed to determine the Cytoprotective and DNA protective activities of different fractions (Aqueous, Chloroform, Ethanol and Ethyl acetate extracts) of Carica papaya leaves. Cytoprotective capacity was assessed using erythrocytes, where ferrous sulphate was used to induce stress and the ability of the extracts to combat the induced stress was evaluated. The DNA protective potential against free radical-mediated oxidative stress was evaluated by a DNA damage inhibition assay involving agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometric analysis. All the four fractions displayed significant cytoprotective effect on erythrocytes and prevented oxidative damage to DNA in presence of DNA damaging agent. Altogether, the results of our study lend pharmacological credence to the anti-cancerous and ethno medical use of this plant in traditional system of medicine and these resultscould be used to develop antimutagenic compounds for cancer therapy.
This study isolated actinomycetes from marine samples in Thoothukkudi, Tamil Nadu, India and tested their inhibitory activity against fish pathogens. Higher bacterial populations were found in sediment than water samples. 46 actinomycete strains were isolated, of which 36 showed antagonism against E. coli in a screening assay. Nine highly antagonistic isolates were further tested against fish pathogens Aeromonas hydrophila, A. sobria, Vibrio fischeri, V. vulnificus, Edwardsiella tarda and Pasteurella spp. using a cross-streak assay. Most isolates inhibited all pathogens. Isolate A15 strongly inhibited all pathogens and was identified as Streptomy
This document describes a study that used bioassay-guided fractionation to isolate active metabolites from the green alga Caulerpa sertularioides that inhibit or promote the growth of marine bacteria. The crude extract was separated into chloroform and methanol/water partitions which were further separated by liquid chromatography. A fraction from the methanol/water partition promoted the growth of Vibrio sp., a bacterium isolated from C. sertularioides. NMR analysis identified aromatic, aldehyde, and methoxy functional groups in the active compound. The goal is to determine the full structure and test activity against human pathogens.
Studies on combined effect of Aeromonas hydrophila and cadmium on lipid per...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Bioactive constituents, antioxidant activity and in vitro cancerAlexander Decker
The document analyzes the antioxidant and anticancer properties of juices from nine varieties of Moroccan prickly pear fruit. It finds that the juices contain significant antioxidants like phenolics and flavonoids. Testing shows the juices have dose-dependent inhibitory effects on cancer cell growth in vitro. The results suggest the health benefits of different prickly pear varieties and provide information to make best use of them in food and medical applications.
Biochemical components of three marine macroalgae (Padina pavonica, Ulva lact...Innspub Net
Green macroalgae Ulva lactuca, brown macroalgae Taonia atomaria and Padina pavonica are spread in the Turkish Levantine Sea. There is limited information about antioxidant activities and fatty acid composition of these species from Levantine Sea. In this study was to determine and compare antioxidant activities, vitamin and fatty acid (FA) composition of U. lactuca, T. atomaria and P. pavonica. The analysis was made with HPLC and GC device. g. Then, the results were analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed; palmitic acid (C16:0) as the most abundant saturate fatty acid (21-41%). The green algae was rich palmitic acid (C16:0) (41.68%). Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were major components (39.81–42.89%). The total MUFA content for U. lactuca was 40.63%, P. pavonica 42.89% and for T. atomaria 38.81%. Oleic acid (C18:1 n-9) was the most abundant MUFA in all the species analyzed. Eicosapentaenoic acid ( C20:5 n-3) and arahidonic acid (C20:4 n-6) were found in significant levels in T. atomaria. P. pavonica and T. atomaria showed similar amounts of C18 and C20 PUFAs contents. In T. atomaria eicosopentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n3) accounted 4.78% of total fatty acids. PUFA/SFA ratio in T. atomaria was 1.10%, U. lactuca; 0.26% and for P. pavonica 0.68%.The total phenolic contents ranged from 0.96 to 2.22 mg gallic acid equivalents per 1 g of dry macroalgae material. Phenolic content of the water extract of T. atomaria (2.22 mg GAE /g) was higher than that of the water extract of P. pavonica and U. lactuca. It has been thought that the amount of α-tocoferol was higher than the other lipophilic vitamins in all the three species tested. In Conclusion; these species can be used as food and in food industry.
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...Innspub Net
The ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of the freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) were studied for the total phenolics and total flavonoids. Total phenolics and total flavonoids of the extracts were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteau and Aluminum chloride colorimetric methods respectively. The findings showed that the total phenolics of the ethanol extract (1.67±0.28mg GAE/g of dried sample) were substantially higher than the total phenolics obtained from the ethyl acetate (0.70±0.00mg GAE/g) and hexane extracts (0.56±0.23mg GAE/g). While the total flavonoids in the ethyl acetate extract displayed a slightly higher total flavonoid (43.84±0.92mg QE/g of dried sample) relative to ethanol (30.41±1.34mg QE/g of dried sample) and hexane extracts (20.28±0.00mg QE/g of dried sample). Using ethanol, the highest yield for extraction was obtained. Ethanol is the best solvent among the three – ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane in terms of extraction yield and total phenolics. In addition, it can be inferred that the presence of significant amounts of phenolics and flavonoids suggests that freshwater clam is a promising source of antioxidants that provides nourishing proteins and oxidative stress remedies
Similar to Biochemical evaluation of antioxidant activity in extracts and polysaccharide fractions of seaweeds (20)
Fertilizer plant waste carbon slurry has been investigated after some processing as an adsorbent for the removal of dyes and phenols using columns. The results show that the carbonaceous adsorbent prepared from carbon slurry being porous and having appreciable surface area (380 m2/g) can remove dyes both cationic (meldola blue, methylene blue, chrysoidine G, crystal violet) as well as anionic (ethyl orange, metanil yellow, acid blue 113), and phenols (phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol) fruitfully from water. The column type continuous flow operations were used to obtain the breakthrough curves. The breakthrough capacity, exhaustion capacity and degree of column utilization were evaluated from the plots. The results shows that the degree of column utilization for dyes lies in the range 60 to 76% while for phenols was in the range 53-58%. The exhaustion capacities were quite high as compared to the breakthrough capacities and were found to be 217, 211, 104, 126, 233, 248, 267 mg/g for meldola blue, crystal violet, chrysoidine G, methylene blue, ethyl orange, metanil yellow, acid blue 113, respectively and 25.6, 72.2, 82.2 and 197.3 mg/g for phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol, respectively
Reforestation is one of the Philippines’ government efforts to restore and rehabilitate degraded mangrove ecosystems. Although there is recovery of the ecosystem in terms of vegetation, the recovery of closely-linked faunal species in terms of community structure is still understudied. This research investigates the community structure of mangrove crabs under two different management schemes: protected mangroves and reforested mangroves. The transect-plot method was employed in each management scheme to quantify the vegetation, crab assemblages and environmental variables. Community composition of crabs and mangrove trees were compared between protected and reforested mangroves using non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and analysis of similarity in PRIMER 6. Chi-squared was used to test the variance of sex ration of the crabs. Canonical Correspondence Analysis was used to determine the relationship between crabs and environmental parameters. A total of twelve species of crabs belonging to six families were identified in protected mangroves while only four species were documented in reforested mangroves. Perisesarma indiarum and Baptozius vinosus were the most dominant species in protected and reforested mangrove, respectively. Univariate analysis of variance of crab assemblage data revealed significant differences in crab composition and abundance between protected mangroves and from reforested mangroves (P<0.05).><0.05).Environmental factors and human intervention had contributed to the difference in crab assemblages in mangrove ecosystems.
Estuaries are well known for their potential in removing metal from fresh water to provide micro-nutrients to aquatic life. In the present investigation, we have tried to bring out the metal removal potential of estuaries during accidental spills. For this purpose artificial river water containing high concentration of Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb were mixed with sea water at different salinity regimes. Water samples were taken from a station on the main branch of Tajan River that flows in to the Caspian Sea. For this purpose, solutions with a concentration of 5 mg/L of each studied metal (Mn,Cu, Zn, Pb) were prepared in Tajan River water. The salinity regimes include 3, 6, 8, 10 and 11 ppt. It was noted that metal concentration decreased by increasing salinity. Metals were flocculated at different rates: Cu (88%) > Ni (86%) > Pb (84%) > Mn (74%).Thus, as average about 80% of total elemental content flocculates. Hence, it was concluded that a large amount of micro nutrients is carried by the river and flocculated in the estuary where the river water mixes with the sea water which may play a vital role in supplying nutrients to the aquatic animals. Cluster analyses have shown that Mn and Ni are governed by EC, pH and salinity.
The current investigation presents the role of gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus) seeds as an effective biosorbent for remediating chromium (VI)), a toxic heavy metal pollutant commonly found in effluents from tanneries and relevant industries. Biosorption was affected by pH, temperature and initial metal concentration. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the holistic effect of all variables to ascertain the best possible conditions for adsorption, therefore, these factors were considered and a total of 17 trials were run according to the Box Behnken design. Quadratic model had maximum R2 value (0.9984) and larger F value (1109.92). From the Analysis Of Variance table and R2 value, quadratic model was predicted to be the significant model with the best fit to the generated experimental data. The optimal parameters obtained from the contour plot for the maximum removal of chromium(VI) were initial metal concentration of 60 mg/L, pH value of 2, and temperature of 27°C. Under these conditions, maximum removal of 92% was obtained. Thus this biosorbent substantially eliminates chromium(VI) under optimized conditions, enabling its use in larger scale.
The present work was carried out to evaluate the removal of p-nitrophenol by adsorption onto olive cake based activated carbon having a BET surface area of 672 m²/g. The batch adsorption experimental results indicated that the equilibrium time for nitrophenol adsorption by olive cake-based activated carbon was 120min. The adsorption data was modeled by equilibrium and kinetic models. The pseudo- first and second order as well as the Elovichkinetic models were applied to fit the experimental data and the intraparticle diffusion model was assessed for describing the mechanism of adsorption. The data were found to be best fitted to the pseudo-second order model with a correlation coefficient (R2=0.986). The intraparticle diffusion mechanism also showed a good fit to the experimental data, showing two distinct linear parts assuming that more than one step could be involved in the adsorption of nitrophenol by the activated carbon. The equilibrium study was performed using three models including Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin. The results revealed that the Temkin equilibrium model is the best model fitting the experimental data (R2=0.944). The results of the present study proved the efficiency of using olive cake based activated carbon as a novel adsorbent for the removal of nitrophenol from aqueous solution.
his study investigated the microbial community in a full scale anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor system for oil-produced water treatment in summer and winter. The community structures of fungi and bacteria were analyzed through polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and Illumina high-throughput sequencing, respectively. Chemical oxygen demand effluent concentration achieved lower than 50 mg/L level after the system in both summer and winter, however, chemical oxygen demand removal rates after anaerobic baffled reactor treatment system were significant higher in summer than that in winter, which conformed to the microbial community diversity. Saccharomycotina, Fusarium, and Aspergillus were detected in both anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor during summer and winter. The fungal communities in anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor were shaped by seasons and treatment units, while there was no correlation between abundance of fungi and chemical oxygen demand removal rates. Compared to summer, the total amount of the dominant hydrocarbon degrading bacteria decreased by 10.2% in anaerobic baffled reactor, resulting in only around 23% of chemical oxygen demand was removed in winter. Although microbial community significantly varied in the three parallel sulfide reducing bacteria, the performance of these bioreactors had no significant difference between summer and winter.
In recent decades, necessity to protect environment has been a serious concern for all people and international communities. In appropriate development of human economic activities, subsistence dependence of the growing world population on nature decreases the natural diversity of ecosystems and habitats day by day and provides additional constraints for life and survival of wildlife. As a result, implementation of programs to protect species and ecosystems is of great importance. The current study was carried out to implement a comprehensive strategic environmental management plan in the Mond protected area in southern Iran. Accordingly, the protected area was zoned using multi criteria decision method. According to the numerical models, fifteen data layer were obtained on a scale of 1:50,000. The results revealed that 28.35% out of the entire study area belongs to nature conservation zone. In the following step, in order to offer the strategic planning using strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats method, a total number of 154 questionnaires were prepared and filled by the relevant experts. For this purpose, after identifying the internal and external factors, they were weighted in the form of matrices as; internal factor evaluation and external factor evaluation. Analytical hierarchy process and expert choice software were applied to weight the factors. At the end, by considering the socioeconomic and environmental issues, the strategy of using protective strategies in line with international standards as well as a strong support of governmental national execution with a score of 6.05 was chosen as the final approach.
The study investigated the concentration of elements (iron, nickel, lead, vanadium, zinc) in sediments and tissues of two wetland plants, Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia, in Hor al-Azim Wetland in Iran. Sampling was conducted in spring and summer 2014. The results showed that iron concentration was highest in sediments and roots of both plants. Zinc concentration was highest in roots of T. latifolia. Vanadium concentration was higher in roots of T. latifolia than other tissues. Lead concentration was highest in sediments and roots had lower concentrations than stems and leaves. The highest element concentrations were generally found in plant roots and sediments had higher concentrations than plant tissues.
In recent years managing solid wastes has been one of the burning problems in front of state and local municipal authorities. This is mainly due to scarcity of lands for landfill sites. In this context experts suggest that conversion of solid waste to energy and useful component is the best approach to reduce space and public health related problems. The entire process has to be managed by technologies that prevent pollution and protect the environment and at the same time minimize the cost through recovery of energy. Energy recovery in the form of electricity, heat and fuel from the waste using different technologies is possible through a variety of processes, including incineration, gasification, pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion. These processes are often grouped under “Waste to Energy technologies”. The objective of the study is twofold. First authors assessed the current status of solid waste management practices in India. Secondly the leading barriers are identified and Interpretive structural modeling technique and MICMAC analysis is performed to identify the contextual interrelationships between leading barriers influencing the solid waste to energy programs in the country. Finally the conclusions are drawn which will assist policy makers in designing sustainable waste management programs.
Water is a unique natural resource among all sources available on earth. It plays an important role in economic development and the general well-being of the country. This study aimed at using the application of water quality index in evaluating the ground water quality innorth-east area of Jaipur in pre and post monsoon for public usage. Total eleven physico–chemical characteristics; total dissolved solids, total hardness,chloride, nitrate, electrical conductance, sodium, fluorideand potassium, pH, turbidity, temperature) were analyzed and observed values were compared with standard values recommended by Indian standard and World Health Organization. Most of parameter show higher value than permissible limit in pre and post monsoon. Water quality index study showed that drinking water in Amer (221.58,277.70), Lalawas (362.74,396.67), Jaisinghpura area (286.00,273.78) were found to be highly contaminated due to high value of total dissolved solids, electrical conductance, total hardness, chloride, nitrate and sodium.Saipura (122.52, 131.00), Naila (120.25, 239.86), Galta (160.9, 204.1) were found to be moderately contaminated for both monsoons. People dependent on this water may prone to health hazard. Therefore some effective measures are urgently required to enhance the quality of water in these areas.
Sub critical water as a green solvent for production of valuable materialsGJESM Publication
gricultural waste biomass generated from agricultural production and food processing industry are abundant, such as durian peel, mango peel, corn straw, rice bran, corn shell, potato peel and many more. Due to low commercial value, these wastes are disposed in landfill, which if not managed properly may cause environmental problems. Currently, environmental laws and regulations pertaining to the pollution from agricultural waste streams by regulatory agencies are stringent and hence the application of toxic solvents during processing has become public concern. Recent development in valuable materials extraction from the decomposition of agricultural waste by sub-critical water treatment from the published literature was review. Physico-chemical characteristic (reaction temperature, reaction time and solid to liquid ratio) of the sub-critical water affecting its yield were also reviewed. The utilization of biomass residue from agriculture, forest wood production and from food and feed processing industry may be an important alternative renewable energy supply. The paper also presents future research on sub-critical water.
Sub critical water as a green solvent for production of valuable materialsGJESM Publication
Agricultural waste biomass generated from agricultural production and food processing industry are abundant, such as durian peel, mango peel, corn straw, rice bran, corn shell, potato peel and many more. Due to low commercial value, these wastes are disposed in landfill, which if not managed properly may cause environmental problems. Currently, environmental laws and regulations pertaining to the pollution from agricultural waste streams by regulatory agencies are stringent and hence the application of toxic solvents during processing has become public concern. Recent development in valuable materials extraction from the decomposition of agricultural waste by sub-critical water treatment from the published literature was review. Physico-chemical characteristic (reaction temperature, reaction time and solid to liquid ratio) of the sub-critical water affecting its yield were also reviewed. The utilization of biomass residue from agriculture, forest wood production and from food and feed processing industry may be an important alternative renewable energy supply. The paper also presents future research on sub-critical water.
Priming of prosopis cineraria (l.) druce and acacia tortilis (forssk) seedsGJESM Publication
Composting of waste plant materials and its use in agriculture and landscape sites is an environmental friendly way of reducing waste material and conserving the environment. In this perspectives a survey has been performed at the Dubai based International Center for Biosaline Agriculture to compost the plants based waste material (lawn cuttings-grass) to compost. The material was inoculated with a consortium of microbes leading to form stable and mature compost with high organic matter (38%). In order to conduct seed germination tests, Fulvic acid was extracted from the compost. A pot experiment was conducted over a period of 30 days in the green house to study the effect of Fulvic acid on the seed germination, and plant growth of Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce (Ghaff) and Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne. Seeds of both trees were treated with Fulvic acid at 0.5% and 1% and water treatment was used as control. Generally seed germination and biomass were increased at both rates of fulvic acid. However, a pronounced increase was found in seed germination when fulvic acid was used at 1.0% (Prosopis cineraria 27%; Acacia tortilis 20% increase over control). Similarly biomass (shoot and root) of A. tortilis and P. cineraria was increase 34% and 94% respectively.
Methylene blue is widely used in various industrial branches. Due to insufficient treatment, its occurrence in wastewater is frequently detected, which may result in serious environment problems to aquatic organisms. Hydroponic experiments were conducted with rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L. cv. XZX 45) exposed to methylene blue to determine the effective concentration using relative growth rate and water use efficiency as response endpoints. Results showed that acute toxicity of methylene blue to rice seedlings was evident. Although a linear decrease in relative growth rate and water use efficiency was observed in rice seedlings with increasing methylene blue concentrations, relative growth rate of rice seedlings was more sensitive to change of methylene blue than water use efficiency. Using non-linear regression, EC-48 h values for 10%, 20% and 50% inhibition of the relative growth rate were estimated to be 1.54, 3.22 and 10.13 mg MB/L for rice seedlings exposed to methylene blue, respectively, while smaller EC were obtained for 96 h exposure. In conclusion, the toxic response of young rice seedlings to methylene blue is obvious and inhibitory effects are highly dependent on response endpoints and the duration of exposure period.
Equilibrium and kinetic study on chromium (vi) removal from simulatedGJESM Publication
Gooseberry seed powder was investigated as a novel biosorbent for the removal of chromium (VI) from simulated wastewater. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the effects of parameters such as pH, contact time, initial metal concentration, and adsorbent dosage on chromium removal efficiency. Maximum removal of 96% was achieved under optimal conditions at pH 2 within 60 minutes of contact time. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic models were applied to understand the adsorption mechanism, with the data fitting well to the Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second order kinetic model. The results indicate that gooseberry seed powder has potential as an effective and economical adsorbent for chromium removal.
Effect of the chemical nature of fixed bed reactor support materials onGJESM Publication
This study investigated the effect, on reactor performance and biomass retention inside the bed, of the material used to make the supports of anaerobic fixed-bed reactors. Three inert supports of similar shape but made of three different materials polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, high-density polyethylene were manufactured and used. All three supports had the same specific surface area but different relative densities. Three identical 10 L lab-scale upflow anaerobic fixed-bed reactors were filled (80% of the working volume) each respectively with polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene and polyethylene support, and fed with vinasse (44 g total COD/L) for 140 days at 35 °C. The organic loading rates were increased from 0.5 g/L.d to the maximum acceptable by each reactor. Fairly similar maximum organic loading rates were reached for each type of support, with values above 20 g of COD/L.d and more than 80 % soluble chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency. A very large amount of biomass was entrapped and attached in all the supports and represented more than 95% of the total biomass inside the reactors. In terms of performance and biomass accumulation, this study demonstrated quite similar behavior for anaerobic fixed-bed reactors with supports made of different materials, which suggests that the nature of the material used to make the supports has no major influence. The chemical nature of the support material clearly has negligible effect and thus the size, shape, and porosity of the support must be more influential.
Deposition of carbon nanotubes in commonly used sample filter mediaGJESM Publication
There is no single standard technique or methodology to characterize the size, structure, number, and chemical composition of airborne carbon nanotubes. Existing analytical instruments and analytical techniques for evaluating nanoparticle concentrations cannot simultaneously provide morphology, state of agglomeration, surface area, mass, size distribution and chemical composition data critical to making occupational health assessments. This research utilized scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis to assess the morphology and mass of carbon nanotubes collected using various commercial sample filters. It illustrated carbon nanotube agglomeration, deposition and distribution in commonly used sample filter media. It also illustrated that a sufficient mass for carbon nanotube analysis by thermogravimetric analysis is uncommon under most current research and production uses of carbon nanotubes. Individual carbon nanotubes were found to readily agglomerate with diameters ranging from 1 – 63 µm. They were collected at the face of or within the filter. They were not evenly distributed across the face of the filters.
Comparative potential of black tea leaves waste to granular activated carbonGJESM Publication
This document discusses the comparative potential of black tea leaves waste (TLH) and granular activated carbon (GAC) for removing endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) like 17 β-estradiol, 17 α-ethinylestradiol, and bisphenol A from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to examine the effects of factors like pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, temperature, and to analyze adsorption kinetics and isotherms. The results showed that TLH had maximum adsorption capacities close to GAC and was able to remove over 95% of the EDCs. Both adsorbents showed better removal at neutral-acidic pH levels. Equilibrium was
Biochar impact on physiological and biochemical attributes of spinachGJESM Publication
Disastrous effect of nickel on spinach was discussed by number of authors but the effect of amendments like biochar with nickel on Spinacea oleraceaL. is not still discussed by any author of the world because biochar was used as soil amendments which play a vital role in reducing mobilization and uptake of nickel by spinach plants. As nickel contaminated plants are very harmful for the consumption by living organisms. Nickel can be gathered in agronomic soils by anthropogenic actions such as Ni-Cd batteries. In this study, the growth, physiological, photosynthetic and biochemical responses of Spinacia oleracea grown in Ni-spiked soil (0, 25, 50 and 100 mg Ni/Kg soil) at three levels of cotton-sticks-derived biochar “CSB” (0, 3 and 5 %) were evaluated. The results exposed significant decrease in growth, photosynthetic, physiological, and biochemical traits of S. oleracea when grown in Ni-polluted soil. However, this decrease was less pronounced in CSB amended soil. A steady rise in the MDA (0.66 µg/g to 2.08 µg g-1), ascorbic acid (1.24 mg/g to 1.57 mg/g)and sugar concentrations (1.73 mg/g to 2.16 mg/g)was observed with increased concentration of Ni. The increasing percentages of CSB from 3 % to 5 % decreased Ni concentrations in root and shoot of experimental plant. Higher production of chlorophyll, amino acids and protein with CSB amendment looked like alleviation in Ni toxicity. Therefore, it is concluded that, Ni toxicity and availability to the plants can be reduced by CSB amendments.
Particulate matter effect on biometric and biochemical attributes of fruiting...GJESM Publication
Dust accumulation capacity of Ficus carica L. and Psidium guajava L. was investigated from eight
different sites of Multan, Pakistan. Leaves of both plants were used for analyzing biometric (leaf area, fresh and dry
weights) and biochemical attributes (chlorophyll contents, carotenoids and ascorbic acid). Maximum dust accumulation was occurred in the plants growing near road sites, while, minimum dust accumulation occurred in the plants of Bahauddin Zakariya University. Most of the biometric and biochemical attributes of F. carica showed significant response towards dust but it had not significant influence on some attributes of P. guajava. Biochemical traits of P. guajava appeared to be more prone than foliage ones. A positive correlation was found between dust accumulation and foliage attributes in F. carica. On the other hand, in P. guajava opposite was observed, however, the reverse was true for leaf biomass. Biochemical contents had shown an inconsistency as chlorophylls (a, b & total), carotenoid contents declined but ascorbic acid increased with an increase in dust accumulation in both species.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
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Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
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Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
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Discover top strategies for effective sustainable waste management, including product removal and product destruction. Learn how to reduce, reuse, recycle, compost, implement waste segregation, and explore innovative technologies for a greener future.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
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ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
Biochemical evaluation of antioxidant activity in extracts and polysaccharide fractions of seaweeds
1. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1 (1): 47-62, Winter 2015
Received 18 September 2014; revised 20 November 2014; accepted 30 November 2014; available online 1 December 2014
Biochemical evaluation of antioxidant activity in extracts and
polysaccharide fractions of seaweeds
1
A. Tariq; 2*
M. Athar; 1
J. Ara; 3
V. Sultana; 4
S. Ehteshamul-Haque; 5
M. Ahmad
1
Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
2
California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3288 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832, USA
3
Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
4
Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
5
Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
ABSTRACT: In the present study ethanol and water extracts of 15 seaweeds, Dictyota dichotoma var. velutricata,
Dictyota indica, Iyengaria stellata, Padina pavonia, Sargassum swartzii, Sargassum variegatum, Stoechospermum
marginatum, Stokeyia indica, Jolyna laminarioides, Caulerpa taxifolia, Halimeda tuna, Ulva fasciata, Ulva lactuca,
Solieria robusta, and Melanothamnus afaqhusainii, were evaluated for their antioxidant potential by ABTS, superoxide
and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assays. The activity was concentration dependent and the variation in antioxidant
potential was also observed by different assays in both extracts. Ethanol extract of D. dichotoma var. velutricata, D. indica
and S. marginatum demonstrated highest activity by TAC assay. The antioxidant potential in organic solvent fractions of
seaweeds namely P. pavonia, S. swartzii, S. marginatum and M. afaqhusainii was also determined and chloroform fraction
of all the four seaweeds showed highest activity by superoxide assay. Antioxidant activity of extracted fractions of
polysaccharides from S. indica, C. taxifolia and D. dichotoma var. velutricata was also evaluated by superoxide method.
Polysaccharide fractions of S. indica obtained from HCl (at 70 0
C and room temperature) and water extract demonstrated
highest activity respectively. All the polysaccharide fractions of C. taxifolia showed excellent activity except CaClF70 °C
.
Polysaccharide fractions of D. dichotoma var. velutricata also exhibited very good activity.
Keywords: Antioxidant activity, Karachi coast, Polysaccharide fractions, Seaweeds
Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1 (1): 47-62, Winter 2015
ISSN 2383 - 3572
*Corresponding Author Email: athar.tariq@cdfa.ca.gov
Tel.: +1 916 262 0855; Fax: +1 916 262 0855
INTRODUCTION
Membrane lipid peroxidation is induced by free
radicals or reactive oxygen species, which are formed
in the body as a result of many biochemical reactions
as well as in electron transport chain (Ewing et al.,
1989). These free radicals damage cells and begin a
series of chain reaction leading to oxidation of various
compounds like proteins of cell membrane, which
impair the function of various enzymes that are
responsible for maintaining membrane integrity and
neutralizing metabolic oxidative products.
Antioxidants play a vital role against various diseases
like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, inflammation,
ageing process, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, as well
as disease associated with cartilage and Alzheimer’s
disease (Chauhan and Chauhan, 2006). Another field
that is strongly affected by lipid peroxidation is the food
sector, where the free radicals not only affect the quality
of lipid in raw or processed food but also lead to loss of
nutritional value. In the past decade search for natural
antioxidant compounds has gained considerable
attention and a number of publications on antioxidants
from natural sources appeared (Huang et al., 2004).
Antioxidants from natural sources are preferred by
consumers (Kranl et al., 2005), due to concern on the
toxic and carcinogenesis effects of synthetic antioxidants
(Ito et al., 1986;Safer andAl-Nughamish, 1999). Natural
antioxidants have a low capacity to reduce oxidative
reactions, but their price is relatively high (Haliwell et
al., 1988). Therefore, there is a need to develop potent,
cheaper and safer natural antioxidants.
2. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1 (1): 47-62, Winter 2015
48
A. Tariq et al.
Antioxidative properties of seaweeds have been
studied in several geographic regions. Marine algae
are rich source of dietary fiber, minerals, proteins and
vitamins (Yan et al., 1998). Different reports are
available on the antioxidant ability of natural products
using different assays due to various mechanisms of
antioxidant action (Frankel and Meyer, 2000; Prior and
Cao, 1999), as no single assay will accurately reflect all
the radical sources or all antioxidants in a mixed or
complex system (Prior et al., 2005).
Polysaccharides from some seaweeds have been
reported to possess biological activity of potential
medicinal value. These polysaccharides have become
very important products in the food industry (Usov,
1998; Usov et al., 2002). Sulfonated polysaccharides
are found in varying amount in three major divisions
of marine algal groups, Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta, and
Chlorophyta. These compounds found in Rhodophyta
are mainly galactans consisting entirely of galactose
or modified galactose unit (Fonseca et al., 2008;
Shanmugam and Mody, 2000). The general sulfated
polysaccharides of Phaeophyta are called fucan. The
major polysaccharides in Chlorophyta are polydisperse
heteropolysaccharides, although homopolysaccharide
may also be found (Farias et al., 2008; Hayakawa et al.,
2000; Matsubara et al., 2001). Sulfated polysaccharides
from algae possess important pharmacological activities
such as antioxidant, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory,
antiproliferative, antitumoral, anticomplementary,
antiviral, antipeptic and antiadhesive (Azevedo et al.,
2009; Cumashiet al., 2007;Damonte et al., 2004). There
are only few studies available on the antioxidant activity
of polysaccharides from seaweeds.
In our previous report (Tariq et al., 2011) we reported
the antioxidant activity of 15 seaweeds in ethanol and
water extract from Karachi coast belonging to
Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta by DPPH
method. This study was aimed to evaluate the
antioxidant capacity of same 15 seaweeds at different
concentration on the basis ofABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-
ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation radical
scavenging assay, superoxide anion scavenging assay
and total antioxidant capacity assay in ethanol and
water extract. Additionally four seaweeds viz. Padina
pavonia, Sargassum swartzii, Stoechospermum
marginatum and Melanothamnus afaqhusainii were
selected for fractionation by organic solvents to
evaluate the nature of natural antioxidants present in
these seaweeds. The selection was made on the basis
of antioxidant potential of ethanol extracts as
demonstrated by any or all the four methods viz. DPPH,
ABTS, superoxide and total antioxidant capacity assay.
The study also describes the antioxidant activity of
fractions of polysaccharides from three selected
seaweed viz. Stokeyia indica, Caulerpa taxifolia and
Dictyota dichotoma var. velutricata. This is the first
report on antioxidant activity of fractions of
polysaccharides from Karachi coast.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Chemicals used in the study were DPPH (2,2-
Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), TrisHCl,Dimethylsulfoxide
(DMSO),ABTS[2,2’azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-
6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt] (Fluka),potassium
persulphate, sodium phosphate, pyrogallol (Fisher
scientific),HCl, sulfuricacid, di-sodiumphosphatehypta-
hydrate, ammonium molybdate, ethanol (Merck), α-
tocopherol (Fluka), BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole)
(Avonchem), BHT (butylated hydroxytoulene)
(Avonchem), gallic acid, ascorbic acid (Merck). All
chemicals and solvents were of analytical grade.
In the present study, we evaluated the antioxidant
potential of ethanol and water extract of seaweeds
belonging to Phaeophyta namely, Dictyota dichotoma
var. velutricata, Dictyota indica, Iyengaria stellata,
Padina pavonia, Sargassum swartzii, Sargassum
variegatum, Stoechospermum marginatum, Stokeyia
indica and Jolyna laminarioides. Seaweeds studied
belonging to Chlorophyta were Caulerpa taxifolia,
Halimeda tuna, Ulva fasciata, and Ulva lactuca,
whereas Solieria robusta and Melanothamnus
afaqhusainii belonged to Rhodophyta. All the
seaweeds were collected from Buleji Beach of Karachi
coast at low tide and were identified in the lab.
Seaweeds were dried under shade and grounded into
fine powder of 250µm, packed in polyethylene bags
and kept at room temperature.
Preparation of Water extract
Fifty grams of seaweeds were homogenized with
distilled water. The extract was filtered through cotton
wool and filter paper Whatman No.1 respectively. The
filtrate was lyophilized using freeze dryer (Eyela FD-1)
and stored at -10° C till used.
Preparation of Ethanol extract
Dry powder of seaweeds (100 g) was soaked in
ethanol (100%) for one week. The extract was filtered
3. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1 (1): 47-62, Winter 2015
49
through Whatman No.1, and the process was repeated
thrice. All the three filtrates were collected and
concentrated to dryness on rotary evaporator (Buchi
R-200). The extracts were stored at room temperature
until used.
Fractionation of ethanol extract
Ethanol extract of four seaweeds Stoechospermum
marginatum, Sargassum swartzii, Padina pavonia and
Melanothamnus afaqhusainii were selected for
fractionation by organic solvents. The selection was
made on the basis of antioxidant potential demonstrated
by one or more methods used. The ethanol extract of
each seaweed was first passed through n-hexane, and
n-hexane soluble and insoluble portions were
separated. n-Hexane insoluble portion was then passed
through chloroform, and chloroform soluble and
insoluble portions were separated. Finally chloroform
insoluble portion was passed through methanol and
methanol soluble and insoluble portions were
separated. All the fractions were concentrated under
vacuum using rotary evaporator. The antioxidant
activity of these fractions was evaluated by the DPPH,
and superoxide anion assay.
Determination of Antioxidant Activity
The antioxidant activity in extracts and fractions of
selected seaweeds was determined by following assays.
ABTS cation radical scavenging assay
The ABTS+
radical cation scavenging activity of
extracts and standards: α-tocopherol, BHA, BHT gallic
acid and ascorbic acid was determined according to
modified assay of Re et al., (1999). Five ml of 7.0 mM
ABTS was reacted with 88.0 μl of 140 mM potassium
persulfate overnight in the dark to yield the ABTS+
radical cation. Prior to use in the assay, the ABTS+
radical cation was diluted with 50% ethanol for an initial
absorbance of 0.700 (±0.02). 100 μl ofABTS reagent
was mixed with 1 μl of sample at the concentration of 1
mg/ml and 5 mg/ml. Amicroplate reader (Bio-Rad) was
used to read the absorbance at 415 nm against blank,
respective solvents were used as blank. A mixture of
ABTS reagent and respective solvent was used as
control. Absorbance was measured at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
min intervals. The inhibition percentage was calculated
by the following formula:
Scavenging activity (%) = {1-absorbance of sample/
absorbance of control} × 100
Superoxide anion radical scavenging assay
The superoxide assay was determined by the
modified method ofAuthkorala et al., (2003). The assay
mixture contained 2.6 ml of phosphate buffer (pH 8.24,
50 mM) and 0.3 ml of algal extract at the concentration
of 0.5 and 1 mg/ml and fractions @ 0.5 mg/ml were
incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature. Freshly
prepared 0.1 ml of pyrogallol (3 mM pyrogallol in 10
mM HCl) was added to this mixture and the reaction
proceeded for 4 min at room temperature. Auto-
oxidation of pyrogallol was measured at 325 nm. The
absorbance of extract was recorded after every minute
to obtain maximum inhibition point of the reaction.
Increment of absorbance was calculated by the
difference of absorbance (absorbance at maximum
inhibition point - absorbance at zero time). The
scavenging activity was calculated as:
{1-Ai-Aj/Ac} × 100
Where:
Ai= absorbance measured with extract and pyrogallol
Aj= absorbance measured with extract and without
pyrogallol
Ac= absorbance of control with particular solvent
(without extract)
Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assay
Total antioxidant capacity assay was conducted
according to the method of Prieto et al., (1999). An
aliquot of 0.1 ml of sample at the concentration of 1
mg/ml and 3 mg/ml was mixed with 1 ml reagent solution
(containing 0.6 M sulfuric acid, 28 mM sodium
phosphate and 4mM ammonium molybdate). The
reaction mixture was incubated at 95 °C for 90 min. The
samples were cooled to room temperature and
absorbance was measured at 695 nm against blank. A
mixture of 1 ml of reagent solution and 0.1 ml of
respective solvent was used for blank.
DPPH free radical scavenging assay
The free radical scavenging activity of seaweeds
extracts in different fractions was determined by using
DPPH (2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay (Duan et
al., 2006; Zubia et al., 2007), where an aliquot of 200 μl
of seaweed fraction was mixed with 800 µl of 100 mM
Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4). 30 μM DPPH (dissolved in
DMSO) was added to the mixture and vortex. The
absorbance was recorded at 517 nm against blank by
using UV-visible spectrophotometer. One ml ethanol in
1 ml DPPH was used as control. The mixture waskept in
˜
4. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1 (1): 47-62, Winter 2015
50
Antioxidant activity and polysaccharides in seaweeds of Karachi
dark for 20 minutes, and the absorbance was measured
until the absorbance reached at plateau. The antioxidant
activity was calculated by using the following formula:
Antioxidant activity= (Absorbance of control-
Absorbance of sample/ Absorbance of control) × 100
Extraction of Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides were extracted from three seaweeds:
Stokeyia indica, Dictyota dichotoma var. velutricata
and Caulerpa taxifolia. 100 g of each seaweed powder
was extracted with 80% aqueous ethanol (500 ml) under
mechanical stirring at room temperature and at 70 0
C for
24 hours. Filtrates of ethanol extract at room temperature
(EFR
) and at 70 0
C (EF70
) were collected separately.
Residues was divided into three equal portions and
extracted with 240 ml of water, dilute hydrochloric acid
(at pH 2), and 2% calcium chloride separately with
mechanical agitation for 7 hour at roomtemperature. The
extracts were filtered in order to obtain following
fractions:
WFR
(water fraction at room temperature)
HClFR
(Hydrochloric acid fraction at room temperature)
CaClFR
(Calcium chloride fraction at room temperature)
The residue of each solvent was re extracted with
respective solvents i.e. water, HCl and CaCl2
at 70 0
C for
7 hour with mechanical stirring and following fractions
were obtained:
WF70 °C
(water fraction at70 0
C)
HClF70 °C
(Hydrochloric acid fraction at 70 °C)
CaClF70 °C
(Calcium chloride fraction at70 °C)
All the six fractions were concentrated on rotary
evaporator, dialyzed and freeze dried (Ponce et al., 2003).
Determination of Antioxidant Activity of polysaccharide
fractions
The antioxidant activity in polysaccharides fractions
of selected seaweeds was determined by superoxide
anion assay method (Authukorala et al., 2003).
Analysis of data
All the experiments were conducted with 4 replicates.
Data were analyzed and subjected toAnalysis of Variance
(ANOVA) and means were separated using Duncan’s
multiplerangetestaccording toArmitageand Berry(1999).
RESULTS
ABTS cation radical scavenging assay
The antioxidant activity in ethanol extract of the fifteen
seaweeds at the concentration of 1 mg/ml and 5 mg/ml
byABTS method are presented in Table 1. The activity
was concentration dependent. The activity in all the
seaweeds was lower than the standards BHA, BHT
and α-tocopherol at both concentrations tested. The
highest activity at 5 mg/ml was demonstrated by M.
afaqhusainii(46.03%),followed byD.indica(32.37%).
The activity in water extract of same seaweeds was
also investigated by ABTS method and was found
concentration dependent (Table 2). The antioxidant
potential of some seaweeds at 5 mg/ml was
comparable with standards ascorbic acid (94.41%) and
gallic acid (93.30%). S. variegatum (86.93%), D.
dichotoma var. velutricata (76.87%), D. indica
(73.16%), and C. taxifolia (71.32%) demonstrated
more than 70% activity. S. marginatum (67.83%), S.
swartzii (61.27%), I. stellata (54.87%), and P. pavonia
(53.42%) also showed significant activity at 5 mg/ml.
However it was observed that activity in water extract
by ABTS method was much higher than ethanol
extracts of all seaweeds.
Superoxide anion radical scavenging assay
The results of ethanol extract by superoxide assay
are given in Table 3. Two concentration levels i.e. 0.5
mg/ml and 1 mg/ml were used for extracts. The activity
was concentration dependent. Out of fifteen
seaweeds tested, five seaweed belonging to
Phaeophyta namely S. swartzii (99.03%), S.
marginatum (97.79%), P. pavonia (97.12%), D. indica
(96.73%), D. dichotoma var. velutricata (90.99%)
showed highest activity at the concentration of 1 mg/
ml. The rest of the seaweeds also showed potent
antioxidant activity, but lower than these five.
The antioxidant potential in water extract by
superoxide assay was determined at two
concentration level 0.5 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml (Table 4).
The activity was concentration dependent. If we
compare the activity of water extracts at the
concentration of 0.5mg/ml, it was much lower than
the standards ascorbic acid (0.05mg/ml) and gallic
acid (0.05mg/ml). Two seaweeds S. indica (93.82%)
and S. swartzii (90.79%) showed activity equivalent
to standard ascorbic acid. At the concentration of 1
mg/ml the activity was much higher and seven out of
15 seaweeds tested demonstrated more than 80%
activity. The activity was in the order of S. indica >
S. swartzii > D. dichotoma var. velutricata > S.
variegatum > J. laminarioides > D. indica > H. tuna
> C. taxifolia > S. marginatum > U. fasciata > M.
5. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1 (1): 47-62, Winter 2015
51
Standards:
BHA
BHT
α-tochopherol
Brown:
Dictyota dichtoma var. velutricata
Dictyota indica
Iyengaria stellata
Padina pavonia
Sargassum swartzii
Sargassum variegatum
Stoechospermum marginatum
Stokeyia indica
Jolynala minarioides
Green:
Caulerpa taxifolia
Halemida tuna
Ulva fasciata
Ulva lactuca
Red:
Solieria robusta
Melanothamnus afaqhusainii
94.21a
± 0.09
94.19a
± 0.08
76.28b
± 1.82
5.8i
± 0.7
32.37d
± 1.87
6.61i
± 1.85
13.48g
± 1.27
20.86f
± 0.07
7.36hi
± 0.46
24.42e
± 1.63
8.25hi
± 2.35
5.68i
± 2.18
20.10f
± 2.50
9.88h
± 1.03
3.05j
± 0.16
5.94i
± 0.56
6.34i
± 0.59
46.03c
± 2.57
93.85a
± 0.14
92.97a
± 0.36
51.92b
± 1.31
2.08lm
± 0.50
3.03jkl
± 1.10
1.03m
± 0.25
6.93fg
± 0.5
13.38c
± 1.28
5.76gh
± 0.35
9.49d
± 1.52
3.84ijk
± 0.16
2.50klm
± 0.71
8.70de
± 0.53
4.76hi
± 1.34
0.95m
± 0.80
3.29ijkl
± 1.37
4.54hij
± 0.91
7.80ef
± 0.35
Sample
Antioxidant Activity (%)
Concentration (mg/ml)
Mean values in column bearing same superscript letter are not significantly different according to Duncan’s multiple
range test (one way ANOVA).
1
Mean values in column showing difference greater than LSD values are significantly different at p<0.05(two wayANOVA).
2
Mean values in row showing difference greater than LSD values are significantly different at p<0.05(two way ANOVA).
Values are means ±Standard deviation with n=4.
LSD 0.05 Seaweed= 1.411
Concentration= 0.472
1 5
afaqhusainii > P. pavonia >I. stellata > S. robusta >
U. lactuca. Seven brown, three green and one red
seaweed exhibited more than 70 % activity.
Total antioxidant capacity assay
The results of total antioxidant capacity assay for
ethanol and water extracts are shown in Tables 5 and 6
respectively. The activity in ethanol extract was
determined at two concentration level i.e. 1 mg/ ml and
3 mg/ml (Table 5). The activity was concentration
dependent both in standards and extracts. D. indica,
D. dichotoma var. velutricata and S. marginatum
showed maximum activity at both concentrations of
ethanol extract. Variation in antioxidant potential of all
the seaweeds was observed at both concentration
levels.
The results of water extract by total antioxidant
capacity method at two concentration levels are
shown in Table 6. The activity was concentration
dependent. D. dichotoma var. velutricata (129.45
mg equivalent of ascorbic acid / g extract), D. indica
(113.48 mg equivalent of ascorbic acid / g extract)
and S. variegatum (83.99 mg equivalent of ascorbic
acid / g extract) showed high activity and were ranked
among top three with respect to activity at 1 mg/ml
by total antioxidant capacity method. At 3 mg/ml D.
dichotoma var. velutricata showed highest activity
(325 mg equivalent of ascorbic acid / g extract). A
variation in activity was found in different species.
Antioxidant activity of fractions
Four seaweeds P. pavonia, S. swartzii, S.
marginatum and M. afaqhusainii were selected for
Table 1: Antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of seaweeds by ABTS cation radical scavenging assay.
6. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1 (1): 47-62, Winter 2015
52
A. Tariq et al.
marginatum and M. afaqhusainii were selected for
further investigation of active fraction. The
antioxidant potential of fractions was determined by
superoxide assay (Table 7) and DPPH free radical
scavenging method (Table 8). The hexane (83.93%)
and chloroform (83.81%) soluble fractions of ethanol
extract of P. pavonia showed maximum activity by
superoxide radical scavenging assay. Ethanol extract
(73.30%) showed better activity than methanol
soluble fraction (39.72%). Remarkable high activity
was observed in all fractions of S. swartzii. The
activity in chloroform soluble fraction, ethanol
extract, hexane soluble fraction and methanol
soluble fraction was 95.38%, 94.44 %, 88.08 % and
83.31% respectively. Hexane (77.83%) and chloroform
soluble fractions (77.75%) had higher activity than
ethanol extract of S. marginatum (69.46%).
Chloroform (89.11%) and methanol soluble fraction
(82.63%) of M. afaqhusainii demonstrated potent
activity as compared to ethanol extract (76.37%),
(Table7).
The activity in different fractions of four selected
seaweeds by DPPH method is presented in Table 8.
All the fractions and ethanol extract demonstrated
<50% activity in P. pavonia. The activity was in the
order of chloroform fraction > methanol fraction >
Table 2: Antioxidant activity of water extract of seaweeds by ABTS cation radical scavenging assay.
Standards:
Ascorbic acid
Gallic acid
Brown:
Dictyota dichtoma var. velutricata
Dictyota indica
Iyengaria stellata
Padina pavonia
Sargassum swartzii
Sargassum variegatum
Stoechospermum marginatum
Stokeyia indica
Jolynala minarioides
Green:
Caulerpa taxifolia
Halemida tuna
Ulva fasciata
Ulva lactuca
Red:
Solieria robusta
Melanothamnus afaqhussainii
94.41a
± 0.29
93.30a
± 0.08
76.87c
± 1.77
73.16d
± 0.15
54.87g
± 2.73
53.42g
± 2.5
61.27f
± 0.07
86.93b
± 2.76
67.83e
± 2.11
46.20h
± 1.92
24.54j
± 1.24
71.32d
± 1.65
3.32l
± 2.53
34.22i
± 2.51
17.99k
± 1.41
26.49j
± 2.30
17.02k
± 1.96
94.27a
± 0.21
92.3a
± 0.42
50.29b
± 1.67
23.93d
± 1.45
8.61f
± 2.24
15.83e
± 2.00
16.69e
± 1.99
23.55d
± 1.83
15.02e
± 1.48
14.08e
± 2.43
8.43fg
± 1.02
27.00c
± 0.81
1.03i
± 0.92
7.67fg
± 2.70
6.03fg
± 2.10
3.21hi
± 0.0
5.64gh
± 0.0
Sample
Antioxidant Activity (%)
Concentration (mg/ml)
Mean values in column bearing same superscript letter are not significantly different according to Duncan’s multiple
range test (one way ANOVA).
1
Mean values in column showing difference greater than LSD values are significantly different at p<0.05(two way ANOVA).
2
Mean values in row showing difference greater than LSD values are significantly different at p<0.05(two way ANOVA).
Values are means ±Standard deviation with n=4.
LSD 0.05 Seaweed= 2.021
Concentration= 0.692
1 5
7. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1 (1): 47-62, Winter 2015
53
hexane fraction > ethanol extract. The activity in
ethanol extract as well as in fractions of S. swartzii
was less than 50%. The highest activity was recorded
in ethanol extract (49.42%) followed by methanol
(44.47%), hexane (37.07%) and chloroform (22.28%)
soluble fraction. In S. marginatum ethanol extract
(57.08%) had higher activity than fractions. All the
fractions and ethanol extract showed less than 50%
activity.
The activity in extracts and fractions of all the four
seaweeds tested by DPPH assay was lower than
superoxide anion radical scavenging assay.
Antioxidant activity of polysaccharide fractions
Three seaweeds S. indica, C. taxifolia, and D.
dichotoma var. velutricata were selected for sequential
extraction of polysaccharides on the basis of their high
antioxidant activity in water extract by DPPH method.
Further the antioxidant activity in different fractions
of polysaccharides was estimated by superoxide
method.
Stokeyia indica
The results of water extract and fractions of
polysaccharide of S. indica are presented in Table 9.
Table 3: Antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of seaweeds by superoxide anion radical scavenging assay.
Standards:
BHA
BHT
α-tochopherol
Brown:
Dictyota dichtoma var. velutricata
Dictyota indica
Iyengaria stellata
Padina pavonia
Sargassum swartzii
Sargassum variegatum
Stoechospermum marginatum
Stokeyia indica
Jolynala minarioides
Green:
Caulerpa taxifolia
Halemida tuna
Ulva fasciata
Ulva lactuca
Red:
Solieria robusta
Melanothamnus afaqhusainii
N.T
N.T
N.T
90.99b
± 1.06
96.73a
± 1.89
29.31k
± 1.45
97.12a
± 2.54
99.03a
± 0.53
55.45j
± 0.79
97.79a
± 1.31
75.95g
± 0.55
76.99fg
± 1.79
81.9e
± 0.55
72.25h
± 1.63
88.25c
± 2.60
78.95f
± 1.05
68.52i
± 2.31
85.38d
± 1.78
6.82 ± 0.62(conc:0.05mg/ml)
26.56 ± 1.56(conc:0.05mg/ml)
12.29 ± 0.61(conc:0.05mg/ml)
72.78d
± 2.04
79.87b
±1.75
23.95m
± 0.63
73.30d
± 2.47
94.44a
± 1.26
36.02k
± 0.09
69.46e
± 1.31
65.71fg
± 1.43
27.04l
± 0.22
66.28f
± 2.26
62.89g
± 1.90
40.16j
± 2.46
57.86h
± 0.74
51.78i
± 1.78
76.37c
± 2.62
Sample
Antioxidant Activity (%)
Concentration (mg/ml)
Mean values in column bearing same superscript letter are not significantly different according to Duncan’s multiple
range test (one way ANOVA).
1
Mean values in column showing difference greater than LSD values are significantly different at p<0.05(two wayANOVA).
2
Mean values in row showing difference greater than LSD values are significantly different at p<0.05(two way ANOVA).
Values are means ±Standard deviation with n=4.
LSD 0.05 Seaweed= 1.781
Concentration= 0.592
0.5 1
8. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1 (1): 47-62, Winter 2015
54
Antioxidant activity and polysaccharides in seaweeds of Karachi
The results shows that HCl fraction at 70 °C (HCl F70°C,
97.44±0.48%) and fraction in HCl at room temperature
(HClFR,
96.99±0.6 %) possessed more or less the same
activity as found in water extract (97.05±1.96%). The
activity in HCl fractions as estimated by superoxide
method at 70 °C (HCl F70°C,
97.44± 0.48%) and at room
temperature (HClFR,
96.99±0.6%), were followed by
activity in polysaccharide water fraction at 70 °C (WF70,
84.08±1.51%) and at room temperature (WFR,
76.36±1.76). The activity in fractions of ethanol at 70
°C (EF70°C
78.96 ±2.22%) was significantly higher than
fractionatroomtemperature(EFR
5.40±0.35). Maximum
activity was observed in fractions extracted with HCl
at70°C(HClF70°C,
97.44±0.48%)andatroomtemperature
(HClFR,
96.99±0.6%), which was followed by fractions
in water at 70 °C (WF70°C,
84.08±1.51%) and at room
temperature (WFR,
76.36±1.76).
Caulerpa taxifolia
The antioxidant activity of fractions of
polysaccharide of C. taxifolia is shown in Table 10.
The highest superoxide anion scavenging activity was
demonstrated by ethanol fraction at room temperature
(EFR ,
98.69±0.0%) followed by water fraction at 70 °C
Table 4: Antioxidant activity of water extract of seaweeds by superoxide anion radical scavenging assay.
Standards:
Ascorbic acid
Gallic acid
Brown:
Dictyota dichtoma var. velutricata
Dictyota indica
Iyengaria stellata
Padina pavonia
Sargassum swartzii
Sargassum variegatum
Stoechospermum marginatum
Stokeyia indica
Jolynala minarioides
Green:
Caulerpa taxifolia
Halemida tuna
Ulva fasciata
Ulva lactuca
Red:
Solieria robusta
Melanothamnus afaqhussainii
N.T
N.T
91.8b
± 1.29
86.18cd
± 0.40
60.58f
± 2.88
69.64e
± 1.87
92.54b
± 1.78
91.39b
± 1.56
72.83e
± 2.65
97.05a
± 1.96
87.50c
± 0.83
82.82d
± 2.68
85.67cd
± 0.58
72.32e
± 1.52
24.20h
± 2.90
37.67g
± 2.52
72.13e
± 1.63
93.65 ± 2.81(conc:0.05mg/ml)
96.17 ± 1.27(conc:0.05mg/ml)
71.87c
± 1.99
71.47c
± 0.32
50.33f
± 0.58
56.91e
± 0.87
90.79b
± 1.51
72.77c
± 1.25
47.86f
± 1.61
93.82a
± 2.6
39.91g
± 1.61
60.11d
± 1.11
34.88h
± 0.96
34.65h
± 2.4
13.1k
± 1.99
24.2j
± 1.6
29.03i
± 1.40
Sample
Antioxidant Activity (%)
Concentration (mg/ml)
Mean values in column bearing same superscript letter are not significantly different according to Duncan’s multiple
range test (one way ANOVA).
1
Mean values in column showing difference greater than LSD values are significantly different at p<0.05(two wayANOVA).
2
Mean values in row showing difference greater than LSD values are significantly different at p<0.05(two way ANOVA).
Values are means ±Standard deviation with n=4.
LSD 0.05 Seaweed= 2.071
Concentration= 0.712
0.5 1
9. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1 (1): 47-62, Winter 2015
55
(WF70°C
95.59±1.06%) and HCl fraction at room
temperature (HCLFR
, 92.59±2.46%). All the fractions of
C. taxifolia showed potent an ion scavenging activity
greater than water extract (82.82±2.68%) except calcium
chloride fraction at 70 °C (CaClF70°C
, 67.46±0.0%).
Dictyota dichotoma var. velutricata
Results obtained for the scavenging activity by
D. dichotoma var. velutricata (Table 11) showed that
all the fractions of polysaccharide possessed more
than 80% activity except HClFR
(72.73±2.33%).
WF70°C
showed higher activity (97.15±0.05%) than
water extract (91.8±1.29%).
DISCUSSION
The antioxidant activity in ethanol and water extract
by ABTS and superoxide assay was concentration
dependent. Rana et al., (2010) reported correlation
between concentration of the extract and % inhibition
of free radicals in different models including DPPH
andABTS radical scavenging activity. Reducing power
increased with increasing concentration was also
observed by Ganesan et al., (2008). Same trend was
observed by Kumaran and Karunakaran (2007) in
methanol extract of higher plants. This property is
associated with the presence of reductones that are
reported to be terminators of free radical chain reaction
(Duh, 1998).
The ability of seaweed extracts to behave as
antioxidant in ethanol and water extracts by ABTS
method was variable in different seaweeds, however
the activity was many fold less in ethanol extract than
water extract. The difference is probably due to the
characteristics of the antioxidant components extracted
Table 5: Antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of seaweeds by total antioxidant capacity assay.
Brown:
Dictyota dichtoma var. velutricata
Dictyota indica
Iyengaria stellata
Padina pavonia
Sargassum swartzii
Sargassum variegatum
Stoechospermum marginatum
Stokeyia indica
Jolynala minarioides
Green:
Caulerpa taxifolia
Halemida tuna
Ulva fasciata
Ulva lactuca
Red:
Solieria robusta
Melanothamnus afaqhusainii
648.25d
±0.89
652.44c
±1.04
22.50p
±2.61
242.57i
±1.8
299.88g
±0.55
227.49k
±0.59
580.51e
±0.81
233.77j
±1.11
32.87o
±0.95
186.86m
±2.95
303.06f
±0.78
154.36n
±1.29
187.90m
±0.52
256.64h
±1.21
202.11l
±1.50
481.29d
±1.15
484.66c
±0.44
13.45p
±0.85
112.69m
±1.44
295.44f
±0.88
149.31k
±0.8
437.83e
±1.89
61.22o
±0.23
10.09q
±2.89
143.41l
±0.95
290.96g
±0.77
76.98n
±0.85
175.88i
±0.95
215.17h
±0.63
165.88j
±0.76
Sample
Antioxidant Activity (mg α-tocopherol equivalents/g extract)
Concentration (mg/ml)
Mean values in column bearing same superscript letter are not significantly different according to Duncan’s multiple
range test (one way ANOVA).
1
Mean values in column showing difference greater than LSD values are significantly different at p<0.05(two wayANOVA).
2
Mean values in row showing difference greater than LSD values are significantly different at p<0.05(two way ANOVA).
Values are means ±Standard deviation with n=4.
LSD 0.05 Seaweed= 1.641
Concentration= 0.562
1 3
10. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1 (1): 47-62, Winter 2015
56
A. Tariq et al.
Brown:
Padina pavonia
Sargassum swartzii
Stoechospermum marginatum
Red:
Melanothamnus afaqhusainii
LSD
73.30b
± 2.47
94.44a
± 1.26
69.46b
± 1.31
76.37c
± 2.62
2.47
83.93a
± 0.37
88.08b
± 1.05
77.83a
± 2.18
70.98d
± 0.76
1.60
83.81a
± 0.58
95.38a
± 0.27
77.75a
± 0.55
89.11a
± 0.42
2.45
39.72c
± 0.57
83.31c
± 0.36
-
82.63b
± 0.61
2.66
Ethanol extract Hexane fraction Chloroform fraction Methanol fraction
Seaweeds Antioxidant activity (%)
Mean values in column bearing same superscript letters are not significantly different (p<0.05) according to Duncan’s multiple range test. 1
Mean values in
row showing difference greater than LSD values are significantly different at p<0.05. N.T. =Not tested. Values are means ±Standard deviation with n=4.
Table 6: Antioxidant activity of water extract of seaweeds by total antioxidant capacity assay.
Table 7: Antioxidant activity of fractions by superoxide anion radical scavenging assay.
from different seaweeds (Lai et al., 2001). Duffy and
Power (2001) reported little antioxidant activity in
ethanol extract of some Chinese plants namely
goldthread rhizome (rhizomza Captidix trifolia),
skullcap root (radix Scutellaria lateriflora), milkvetch
root (radix Astragali), big head root (Bighead
Brown:
Dictyota dichtoma var. velutricata
Dictyota indica
Iyengaria stellata
Padina pavonia
Sargassum swartzii
Sargassum variegatum
Stoechospermum marginatum
Stokeyia indica
Jolyna laminarioides
Green:
Caulerpa taxifolia
Halemida tuna
Ulva fasciata
Ulva lactuca
Red:
Solieria robusta
Melanothamnus afaqhusainii
325.24b
±2.87
211.53d
±1.02
66.47l
±1.11
127.94g
±0.43
91.79j
±1.05
138.88e
±0.47
106.69i
±0.25
134.83f
±0.87
52.49n
±2.36
123.04h
±0.49
56.11m
±0.4
71.72k
±2.65
15.76p
±0.38
42.99o
±1.58
233.34c
±0.75
129.45b
±0.63
113.48c
±0.83
26.26i
±1.03
48.83f
±0.29
39.02g
±0.63
83.99d
±0.63
64.41e
±0.76
65.28e
±0.13
15.66j
±0.25
49.68f
±2.15
26.73i
±0.60
33.08h
±0.75
4.29l
±2.64
13.35k
±1.23
82.76d
±1.64
Sample
Antioxidant activity (mg ascorbic acid equivalents/g extract)
Concentration (mg/ml)
Mean values in column bearing same superscript letter are not significantly different according to Duncan’s multiple
range test(one way ANOVA).
1
Mean values in column showing difference greater than LSD values are significantly different at p<0.05(two wayANOVA).
2
Mean values in row showing difference greater than LSD values are significantly different at p<0.05(two way ANOVA).
Values are means ±Standard deviation with n=4.
LSD 0.05 Seaweed= 1.511
Concentration= 0.532
1 3
11. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1 (1): 47-62, Winter 2015
57
Brown:
Padina pavonia
Sargassum swartzii
Stoechospermum marginatum
Red:
Melanothamnus afaqhusainii
LSD
31.85c
± 1.16
49.42a
± 1.37
57.08a
± 2.85
45.78a
± 1.27
1.14
32.59c
± 0.21
37.07c
± 0.37
39.83c
± 0.27
43.19b
± 0.26
1.50
44.09a
± 0.18
22.28d
± 0.62
46.34b
± 0.17
36.31c
± 0.47
2.70
34.86b
± 0.18
44.47b
± 0.39
-
42.82b
± 0.22
1.32
Ethanol extract Hexane fraction Chloroform fraction Methanol fraction
Seaweeds Antioxidant activity (%)
Mean values in column bearing same superscript letters are not significantly different (p<0.05) according to Duncan’s multiple range test. 1
Mean values in
row showing difference greater than LSD values are significantly different at p<0.05.
N.T. =Not tested.
Values are means ±Standard deviation with n=4.
Table 8: Antioxidant activity of fractions by DPPH assay.
Polysaccharides fractions
HClF70°C
H2
O Ext.
HClFR
WF70°C
EF70°C
WFR
CaCl2
FR
CaCl2
F70°C
EFR
LSD1
0.05
Antioxidant activity (%)
97.44a
± 0.48
97.05a
± 1.96
96.99a
± 0.6
84.08b
± 1.51
78.96c
± 2.22
76.36d
± 1.76
72.83e
± 2.60
51.05f
± 0.37
5.40g
± 0.35
2.53
Mean values in column bearing same superscript letters are not significantly
different (p<0.05) according to Duncan’s multiple range test.
1
Mean values in column showing difference greater than LSD values are
significantly different at p<0.05.
Values are means ±Standard deviation with n=4.
WFR
= Water fraction at room temperature; WF70°C
= Water fraction at 70°C;
EFR
= Ethanol fraction at room temperature; EF70°C
= Ethanol fraction at 70°C;
HClFR
= HCl fraction at room temperature; HClF70°C
= HCl fraction at 70°C;
CaCl2
FR
= CaCl2
fraction at room temperature; CaCl2
F70°C
= CaCl2
fraction at
70 °C.
Table 9: Antioxidant activity of polysaccharides fractions of
Stokeyia indica by superoxide anion radical scavenging
assay.
Polysaccharides fractions
EFR
WF70°C
HClFR
EF70°C
WFR
CaCl2
FR
HClF70°C
H2
O Ext.
CaCl2
F70°C
LSD1
0.05
Antioxidant activity (%)
98.69a
± 0.0
95.59b
± 1.06
92.59c
± 2.46
89.80cd
± 1.01
89.30d
± 1.73
88.35de
± 1.61
85.65ef
± 2.77
82.82fg
± 2.68
67.46h
± 0.0
2.90
Mean values in column bearing same superscript letters are not significantly
different (p<0.05) according to Duncan’s multiple range test.
1
Mean values in column showing difference greater than LSD values are
significantly different at p<0.05.
Values are means ±Standard deviation with n=4.
WFR
= Water fraction at room temperature; WF70°C
= Water fraction at 70°C;
EFR
= Ethanol fraction at room temperature; EF70°C
= Ethanol fraction at 70°C;
HClFR
= HCl fraction at room temperature; HClF70°C
= HCl fraction at 70°C;
CaCl2
FR
= CaCl2
fraction at room temperature; CaCl2
F70°C
= CaCl2
fraction at
70 °C.
Table 10: Antioxidant activity of polysaccharides fractions of
Caulerpa taxifolia by superoxide anion radical
scavenging assay.
atractylodes rhizome), Chinese white peony root (radix
Paeonniae alba), tangerine peel (pericardium Citri
reticulatae), pine needle (Pinus tabulaeformis),
medicated leaven ( Massa fermentata medicinalis),
hawthorn fruit (wild) (Crataegus cunteata) and
hawthorn fruit (cultivate) (Crataegus cunteata).
Boonchum et al., (2011) in their study revealed that
aqueous extract was a better source of antioxidants.
Water extract of seaweeds contained higher antioxidant
activity (Kuda and Ikemori, 2009). Thus it can be
assumed that different seaweeds possess different
antioxidant potential in different extraction medium.
This may be due to different polarities of each
antioxidant compound group present in the seaweeds
(Marinova and Yanishlieva, 1997).
Antioxidant property as demonstrated by superoxide
assay method in ethanol and water extracts was in the
rangeof29.31-99.03%and 24.20-97.05%,respectivelyat
the concentrationof 1 mg/ml. The ranking of antioxidant
activity of the extracts may vary with analysis method.
12. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1 (1): 47-62, Winter 2015
58
Antioxidant activity and polysaccharides in seaweeds of Karachi
Polysaccharides fractions
WF70°C
WFR
CaCl2
F70°C
H2
O Ext.
CaCl2
FR
EF70°C
HClF70°C
EFR
HClFR
LSD1
0.05
Antioxidant activity (%)
97.15a
± 0.05
93.78b
± 2.34
91.87b
± 0.75
91.8b
± 1.29
87.33c
± 0.67
86.51c
± 2.77
86.37c
± 1.35
84.96c
± 0.14
72.73d
± 2.33
2.65
Mean values in column bearing same superscript letters are not significantly
different (p<0.05) according to Duncan’s multiple range test.
1
Mean values in column showing difference greater than LSD values are
significantly different at p<0.05.
Values are means ±Standard deviation with n=4.
WFR
=Water fraction at room temperature; WF70°C
= Water fraction at 70°C;
EFR
= Ethanol fraction at room temperature; EF70°C
=Ethanol fraction at 70°C;
HClFR
= HCl fraction at room temperature; HClF70°C
= HCl fraction at 70°C;
CaCl2
FR
= CaCl2
fraction at room temperature; CaCl2
F70°C
= CaCl2
fraction at
70°C.
Antioxidant activity of ethanol extract ranked differently
when analyzed by ABTS and superoxide method also
reported (Martinez-Valverde et al., 2002).
Most of the seaweeds demonstrated very high
activity, 90% or more both in water and ethanol
extracts by superoxide assay. While very low activity
in comparison with standards was observed in
ethanol extract by ABTS method. Many reports are
available emphasizing on carrying out more than one
type of antioxidant activity measurement to take into
account the various mechanisms of antioxidant
action (Frankel and Meyer, 2000; Prior and Cao, 1999),
as single assay may not accurately reflect all the
radical sources or all antioxidants in a mixed or
complex system (Prior et al., 2005). These methods
differ in terms of their assay principles and
experimental conditions; consequently, in different
methods antioxidants in particular have varying
contribution to total antioxidant potential (Cao and
Prior, 1998). Total antioxidant capacity method
showed varied activity in different species of
seaweed in ethanol and water extract and was
concentration dependent. However, ethanol extract
demonstrated better activity than water extract (El-
Hajaji et al., 2010), moreover the activity in extracts
was much lower than standards.
Four seaweeds viz. P. pavonia, S. swartzii, S.
marginatum and M. afaqhusainii were selected on the
basis of their activity in one or any of the four assays
used to evaluate their activity in ethanol extract. All
fractions of selected seaweeds demonstrated excellent
activity except for methanol soluble fraction (39.72%)
of P. pavonia by superoxide assay. Hexane and
chloroform soluble fraction of P. pavonia and S.
marginatum had much higher activity than other
fractions. Chloroform soluble fraction and ethanol
extract of S. swartzii exhibited significantly higher
activity. Chloroform and methanol soluble fraction of
M. afaqhusainii were most active. If we compare the
activity in different fractions, chloroform fraction of all
4 tested seaweed was found most active.
The results of DPPH assay of fractions showed that
chloroform fraction of P. pavonia was most active,
whereas the ethanol extract of the rest of the seaweeds
was most active than fractions. Furthermore the activity
in ethanol extract and fractions of all four seaweeds
was lower by DPPH method than superoxide assay.
Higher activity in fractions by superoxide assay may
be due to the interference of other compounds present
in crude extract; it has been reported that solvent used
for extraction have dramatic effect on the chemical
species (Yuan et al., 2005). Further no single assay will
accurately reflect all the radical sources or all
antioxidants in a mixed or complex system (Prior et al.,
2005). These methods differ in terms of their assay
principles and experimental conditions; consequently,
in different methods antioxidants in particular have
varying contribution to total antioxidant potential (Cao
and Prior, 1998). It could be concluded that seaweeds
can be utilized as a source of natural antioxidant
compounds as their crude extracts and fractions
exhibited antioxidant activity. The results of fractions
of ethanol extract by superoxide assay indicate that
different solvent fractions exhibit higher antioxidant
activity as compared to crude extract. This could be
due to fact that crude extract tend to have more
interfering substances as compared to fractions.
The antioxidant activity of polysaccharide fractions
from S. indica, C. taxifolia and D. dichotoma are shown
in Tables 9-11 respectively. The highest activity in
fractions of polysaccharides from S. indica was
demonstrated by HCl F70°C
(97.44 %) and H2
O extract.
(97.05%), followed by HClFR
(96.99%), and WF70
(84.08%) (Table 9). The HCl treated fraction contains
fucoidan (Ponce et al., 2003). The general sulfated
Table 11: Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharide Fractions
of Dictyota dichotoma var. velutricata by superoxide
anion radical scavenging assay.
13. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1 (1): 47-62, Winter 2015
polysaccharides of Phaeophyta are called fucan. Fucan
represents a family of water soluble, sulfated
polysaccharides, rich in sulfated L-fucose extracted
from extracellular matrix of these weeds (Costa et al.,
2011; Li et al., 2008). Fucoidan, the sulfated α-L-fucan
(term often interchangeably used with fucan) has
demonstrated a wide range of pharmaceutical activities.
Brown seaweeds (Phaeophyta) are known to produce
different polysaccharides, namely alginates, laminaran
and fucoidan (Painter, 1983; Percival and McDowell,
1967). Fucoidans usually containd large proportions
of L-Fucose and sulfate, together with minor amounts
of other sugars like xylose, galactose, mannose, and
glucuronic acid (Duarte et al., 2001). Several biological
activities (Patankar et al., 1993; Renn, 1993) have been
attributed to the fucoidan (Blondin et al.,1994; Chevolot
et al., 2001; Mauray et al., 1995). In last few years
sulfated polysaccharide from marine algae have been
reported to have antioxidant activities. Ruperez et al.,
(2002) found that sulfated polysaccharide from Fucus
vesiculosus showed antioxidant activity by ferric
reducing power assay; sulfated polysaccharides from
Laminaria japonica and Ecklonia kurome were also
demonstrated to have free radical scavenging activities.
Stokeyia indica is included among the major fucan
yielding brown seaweeds genera (Castro-Gonzalez et
al.,1996).
The antioxidant activity of polysaccharide
fractions isolated from C. taxifolia are shown in
Table 10. The activity in different fractions was in
the order of EFR
> WF70°C
> HClFR
> EF70°C
>
WFR
>CaCl2
FR
> HClF70°C
> H2
O ext.> CaCl2
F70°C.
The
highest antioxidant activity in EFR
(98.69%) and
WF70°C
(95.59%) fractions was observed. It was
demonstrated in some studies that green algae are
composed of ~11% protein, ~36% carbohydrate, ~
53% ash and are rich in minerals like calcium, iron,
phosphorus and chloride (Castro-Gonzalez et al.,
1996). Carbohydrates include cell-wall water soluble
sulphated ulvan (Bobin-Dubigeon et al., 1997;
Lahaye and Ray, 1996; Lahaye et al., 1997; Ray and
Lahaye, 1995a, b). Being a water soluble
polysaccharide, ulvan can be effectively extracted
with water (Alves et al., 2010; Lahaye and Ray,
1995b). Some studies report that hot water extraction
results in good extraction yields (McKinnell and
Percival, 1962; Robic et al., 2009; Yamamoto, 1980).
The high antioxidant activity in WF70°C
is in agreement
with this finding, since sulfated polysaccharide from
algae possess important pharmacological activities
such as antioxidant, anticoagulant, antiproliferative,
antitumoral, antiinflamatory and antiviral (Azevedo et
al., 2009; Cumashi et al., 2007; Damonte et al., 2004).
The antioxidant activity of fractions of
polysaccharide from Dictyota dichotoma var.
velutricata are given in Table 11. The results showed
that all the fractions of polysaccharide possessed more
than 80% activity except HClFR
(72.73±2.33%). WF70°C
showed higher activity (97.15±0.05%) than water
extract (91.8±1.29%). Some fractions showed high
antioxidant potential including WF70°C
, WFR
, CaCl2
F70°C
,
H2
O ext.(>90%) and some showed reasonable
antioxidant potential (72.73-87.33%). These results
clearly indicate the beneficial effect of sulfated
polysaccharides from seaweeds in antioxidant status
of consumers (Castro-Gonzalez et al., 1996).
The antioxidant potential of polysaccharides
fractions extracted from S. indica, C. taxifolia and D.
dichotoma var. velutricata showed that some
fractions had excellent antioxidant potential (> 90%),
whereas other had reasonable activity. The variation
in antioxidant potential may be attributed to the
structure of sulfated polysaccharides (Alasalvar et
al., 2010). The monomeric constitution, degree of
sulfation and their position, type of glycosidic linkage
were held chief determining factors for variation in
activity. High sulfate content and low molecular size
were studied to exert stronger radical scavenging
activities. Sulfation is critical for efficacy of fucoidan
(Frenette and Weiss, 2000).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Authors are thankful to Dean, Faculty of
Science, University of Karachi, for financial support.
They are indebted to Prof. Dr. Mustufa Shameel,
University of Karachi, Pakistan for his help in seaweed
identification. incere thanks are expressed to Dr. David
Gorahoo, California State University, Fresno, CA,USA,
Dr. Ozair haudhry,Albert Campbell Collegiate Institute
(NS) Scarborough, Ontario, Canada; and finally, Prof.
Dr. Seema Mahmood, University of Glasgow, Glasgow,
Scotland for their critical comments and valuable
suggestions on the manuscript.
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AUTHOR (S) BIOSKETCHES
Tariq., A., Research Associate, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan.
E-mail: amnatariq01@hotmail.com
Athar, M., Ph.D., Professor, Department of Food and Agriculture, 3288 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832, USA.
E-mail: athar.tariq@cdfa.ca.gov
Ara. J., Ph.D., Professor, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan.
E-mail: jara@uok.edu.pk
Sultana. V., Ph.D., Professor, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan.
E-mail: viqarsultana@hotmail.com
Ehteshamul-Haque. S., Ph.D., Professor, Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan.
E-mail: ehtesham12@hotmail.com
Ahmad. M., Ph.D., Professor, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan.
E-mail: herbalist25@yahoo.com
How to cite this article: (Harvard style)
Tariq. A.; Athar, M.; Ara. J.; Sultana. V.; Ehteshamul-Haque. S.; Ahmad. M., (2015). Biochemical evaluation of antioxidant activity
in extracts and polysaccharide fractions of seaweeds, Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1 (1): 47-62.
Antioxidant activity and polysaccharides in seaweeds of Karachi
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