This document discusses the comparative potential of black tea leaves waste (TLH) and granular activated carbon (GAC) for removing endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) like 17 β-estradiol, 17 α-ethinylestradiol, and bisphenol A from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to examine the effects of factors like pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, temperature, and to analyze adsorption kinetics and isotherms. The results showed that TLH had maximum adsorption capacities close to GAC and was able to remove over 95% of the EDCs. Both adsorbents showed better removal at neutral-acidic pH levels. Equilibrium was
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a relatively new topic in science. Their usage is not yet clearly defined, and the areas in which DESs may be applied are constantly growing. A simple and clean fractionation of the main components of biomass represents a very important step in creating a clean, renewable carbon economy. A major challenge is the use of DESs for fractionation of biomass components at lower temperatures, without the use of expensive raw materials. In this work, wheat straw was pretreated with six different DES systems composed of choline chloride with urea (1:2), malonic acid (1:1), lactic (1:9; 1:10), malic (1:1), and oxalic acid (1:1). The pretreated biomass was characterized in terms of lignin content, ash, and holocellulose. A deep eutectic solvent, composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid, was found to produce the best delignification results. The solvents are not selective in the process of delignification.
Parametric Studies on Detergent Using Low Cost SorbentIOSR Journals
: Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Indian rivers are
polluted due to the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents. Management of the quality of this
precious resource is, therefore, of special importance. In these study industrial effluents samples from the
various detergent factories were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and bacteriological evaluation of
pollution. The use and effectiveness of granular and powder activated carbon made from agricultural waste i.e.
coconut husk and that coconut husk is a suitable adsorbent for such an effluent. Maximum adsorption capacity
is a derived from Langmuir isotherm. A series of fixed bed experiments was carried out and the results were
applied to a bed-depth/service time model for column adsorption. The validity of such a model is discussed. In
the removal of organic matter in wastewater effluents from a industry waste water were investigated. The effect
of process variables such as carbonization temperature, carbonization duration and activation temperature on
the production and quality of activated carbon was studied as well as adsorption capacity was studied
Photodegradation of Hexythiaz ox in Different Solvent Systems under the Influ...Dr. Sudeb Mandal
The photodegradation of the carboxamide acaricide hexythiazox in three different solvent systems (aqueous
methanolic, aqueous isopropanolic, and aqueous acetonitrilic solutions) in the presence of H2O2, KNO3, and TiO2 under ultraviolet
(UV) light (λmax g 250 nm) and sunlight (λmax g 290 nm) has been assessed in this work. The kinetics of photodecomposition of
hexythiazox and the identification of photoproducts were carried out using liquid chromatographymass spectrometry. The rate of
photodecomposition of hexythiazox in different solvents followed first-order kinetics in both UV radiation and natural sunlight, and
the degradation rates were faster under UV light than under sunlight. Hexythiazox was found to be more efficiently photodegraded
in the presence of TiO2 than in the presence of H2O2 and KNO3. Two major photoproducts were separated in pure form using
column chromatography and identified according to IR, 1H NMR, and mass spectral information as cyclohexylamine and 5-(4-
chlorophenyl)-4-methylthiazolidin-2-one. Another nine photoproducts were identified according to LC-MS/MS spectral information. The plausible photodegradation pathways of hexythiazox were proposed according to the structures of the photoproducts
4. optimization of culture condition for enhanced decolorization of reactive ...Darshan Rudakiya
Many synthetic azo dyes and their metabolites are toxic, carcinogenic, and
mutagenic so removal of azo dyes using cost-effective and eco-friendly method is
major aspect.Comamonas acidovorans MTCC 3364 has been routinely reported for
different steroid bioconversion and heavy metal removal. The main purpose of this
study is to check the decolorization efficiency of Comamonas acidovorans MTCC
3364 for different dyes and to optimize the condition which gives maximum
decolorization of Reactive Orange 16 dye. The effect of various physicochemical
parameters including condition, carbon and nitrogen sources, temperature,pH and
dye concentration were studied. The % decolorization of dye was determined by
UV Visible spectroscopy. This bacterial strain efficiently decolorizes Reactive
Orange 16 at 37oC, pH 6.85 within 24 hours giving 99.03 ± 0.5 % dye
decolorization under optimum environmental conditions.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a relatively new topic in science. Their usage is not yet clearly defined, and the areas in which DESs may be applied are constantly growing. A simple and clean fractionation of the main components of biomass represents a very important step in creating a clean, renewable carbon economy. A major challenge is the use of DESs for fractionation of biomass components at lower temperatures, without the use of expensive raw materials. In this work, wheat straw was pretreated with six different DES systems composed of choline chloride with urea (1:2), malonic acid (1:1), lactic (1:9; 1:10), malic (1:1), and oxalic acid (1:1). The pretreated biomass was characterized in terms of lignin content, ash, and holocellulose. A deep eutectic solvent, composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid, was found to produce the best delignification results. The solvents are not selective in the process of delignification.
Parametric Studies on Detergent Using Low Cost SorbentIOSR Journals
: Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Indian rivers are
polluted due to the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents. Management of the quality of this
precious resource is, therefore, of special importance. In these study industrial effluents samples from the
various detergent factories were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and bacteriological evaluation of
pollution. The use and effectiveness of granular and powder activated carbon made from agricultural waste i.e.
coconut husk and that coconut husk is a suitable adsorbent for such an effluent. Maximum adsorption capacity
is a derived from Langmuir isotherm. A series of fixed bed experiments was carried out and the results were
applied to a bed-depth/service time model for column adsorption. The validity of such a model is discussed. In
the removal of organic matter in wastewater effluents from a industry waste water were investigated. The effect
of process variables such as carbonization temperature, carbonization duration and activation temperature on
the production and quality of activated carbon was studied as well as adsorption capacity was studied
Photodegradation of Hexythiaz ox in Different Solvent Systems under the Influ...Dr. Sudeb Mandal
The photodegradation of the carboxamide acaricide hexythiazox in three different solvent systems (aqueous
methanolic, aqueous isopropanolic, and aqueous acetonitrilic solutions) in the presence of H2O2, KNO3, and TiO2 under ultraviolet
(UV) light (λmax g 250 nm) and sunlight (λmax g 290 nm) has been assessed in this work. The kinetics of photodecomposition of
hexythiazox and the identification of photoproducts were carried out using liquid chromatographymass spectrometry. The rate of
photodecomposition of hexythiazox in different solvents followed first-order kinetics in both UV radiation and natural sunlight, and
the degradation rates were faster under UV light than under sunlight. Hexythiazox was found to be more efficiently photodegraded
in the presence of TiO2 than in the presence of H2O2 and KNO3. Two major photoproducts were separated in pure form using
column chromatography and identified according to IR, 1H NMR, and mass spectral information as cyclohexylamine and 5-(4-
chlorophenyl)-4-methylthiazolidin-2-one. Another nine photoproducts were identified according to LC-MS/MS spectral information. The plausible photodegradation pathways of hexythiazox were proposed according to the structures of the photoproducts
4. optimization of culture condition for enhanced decolorization of reactive ...Darshan Rudakiya
Many synthetic azo dyes and their metabolites are toxic, carcinogenic, and
mutagenic so removal of azo dyes using cost-effective and eco-friendly method is
major aspect.Comamonas acidovorans MTCC 3364 has been routinely reported for
different steroid bioconversion and heavy metal removal. The main purpose of this
study is to check the decolorization efficiency of Comamonas acidovorans MTCC
3364 for different dyes and to optimize the condition which gives maximum
decolorization of Reactive Orange 16 dye. The effect of various physicochemical
parameters including condition, carbon and nitrogen sources, temperature,pH and
dye concentration were studied. The % decolorization of dye was determined by
UV Visible spectroscopy. This bacterial strain efficiently decolorizes Reactive
Orange 16 at 37oC, pH 6.85 within 24 hours giving 99.03 ± 0.5 % dye
decolorization under optimum environmental conditions.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The pH Behavior of Seventeen Deep Eutectic SolventsMichal Jablonsky
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a unique category of green solvents that have gained attention in biomass processing due to their distinctive properties not offered by traditional solvents. The pH behavior of 17 selected DESs along with their temperature dependence on pH were evaluated in this study. For all investigated DESs, a temperature increase caused a decrease in pH value.
Agricultural and food chemistry sudeb mandal acsDr Sudeb Mandal
Photo-degradation of Hexythiazox in Different Solvent Systems under the Influence of Ultraviolet Light and Sunlight in the Presence of TiO2, H2O2, and KNO3 and Identification of the photo-metabolites
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions by Nitrated biomass of Cicer...IOSR Journals
Investigation of removal of methylene blue by nitrated biomass of Cicer arientinum is conducted in batch conditions. The effect of different parameters such as contact time, sorbent dose, pH and temperature has been studied. Adsorption kinetic modeling data were found out. The kinetics of biosorption results shows that sorption process is well explained by pseudo–second order model with determination coefficients higher than 0.99 for sorbent under all experimental conditions. The value Kp is found to be 0.652 to 2.43 for initial and final concentrations. Thermodynamic parameter via KD, ΔG has also been calculated to determine the spontaneity of the process. The low value of activation energy indicates that sorption is an activated and physical process. The Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion model show liquid-film, mass transfer is effective sorption mechanism. Thus nitrated biomass of Cicer areintinum is a low cost and easily available efficiently used as an excellent sorbent for the removal of MB+ from wastewater. It can be safely concluded that biomass of Cicer arientinum is much economical effectual, viable and can be an alternative to more costly adsorbents.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
The radiolytic mineralization of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, an emerging contami...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:The ability of high-energy ionizing radiation has been demonstrated for environmental remediation processing. γ-rayswere applied to treat a solution of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (2-MBT). 2-MBT (125 µM) was decomposed and mineralized by the γ-radiation. The absorbed doses for 50 and 90% 2-MBT degradation were 0.170 and 0.650 kGy, respectively. Organic by-products were almost fully mineralized when high-absorbed doses in the range of 5-60 kGy were applied. Sulfate radicals (SO4 ●– ) produced through the rapid reaction of persulfate ions (S2O8 2– ) with hydrated electrons(eaq − ; keaq − /S2O8 2– = 1.1 × 1010 M −1 .s−1 ) had a significant effect on the 2-MBT mineralization yield. Because of 2-MBT decomposition,sulfate ions (SO4 2− ) were formed, and thepH and dissolved oxygen concentration were decreased. The degradation efficiency decreased when HCO3 –was added to the 2- MBT solution. No significant effects of NO3 – and Cl– ions on 2-MBT radiolytic eliminationwere observed
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Azo dyes are one of the oldest industrially synthesized organic compounds characterized by presence of Azo bond (-N=N-) and are widely utilized as coloring agents in textile, leather, cosmetic, paint, plastic, paper, and food industries During textile processing, inefficiencies in dyeing result in large amounts of the dyestuff (varying from 2% loss when using basic dyes to a 50% loss when certain reactive dyes used) is being directly lost to the wastewater, which ultimately finds its way into the environment. The physico-chemical method of industrial effluent treatment does not remove the dyes effectively. Microbial degradation and decolorization of azo dyes has gained more attention recently because of eco-friendly and inexpensive nature. Microbes and there enzymes could decolorize the dyes by both aerobic and anaerobic metabolis. This review provides a general idea of decolorization and biodegradation of azo dyes with various microbes and highlights the application of for the treatment of azo dye-containing wastewaters.
ABSTRACT- Tagetes erecta L. was raised in pots containing soil treated with various concentrations of Pb(NO3)2 (500, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500mg/kg). At maturity plants were separated into root, stem, leaves and inflorescence and lead accumulated in each part was quantified. The effects of lead accumulation on growth was analyzed by the measurement of various growth parameters like root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot and total leaf area per plant. Moreover effect of lead accumulation on biochemical parameters was checked by quantitative estimation of various biochemical parameters like chlorophyll, total protein, free amino acids, total sugar, reducing sugar and starch. Results showed that there is no remarkable negative effect of accumulation of lead on the morphological growth of the plant. Biochemical analysis showed that amount of total protein continuously decreased whereas that of free amino acids continuously increased with increasing concentrations of lead. Amount of chlorophyll, total sugar, reducing sugar and starch contents continuously increased till mid-level i.e., Pb 1500 mg/kg and then continuously decreased at higher concentrations. Results of quantitative estimation of Pb in root, stem, leaves and inflorescence showed that roots accumulated highest amount of Pb followed by stem and leaves, whereas inflorescence contained least amount of Pb.
Key-words- Lead (Pb), Heavy metal, Tagetes erecta L., Accumulation, Phytoremediation
Operational parameters affecting the removal and recycling of direct blue ind...IJEAB
In this work the ability of “bleached” oil mill solid waste to reduce the dyestuff content in industrial textile wastewater was studied. Bleaching treatment consists in a preliminary oil mill solid waste management with NaOH and NaClO2 for obtaining cellulosic materials, mainly removing lignin from the waste surface. Thus, a novel bioadsorbent from agricultural residues, named bleached olive pomace (OP), was presented. Direct Blue 78 was studied as a model azoic dye. Experiments were planned to study the effect of different initial conditions on the adsorption processes: oil mill waste amount as grains and as a fine powder (OPP), solution temperature values, initial dye concentration, pH values and electrolytes influence. The results showed that the adsorption process using bleached oil mill waste determined an excellent degree of water color reduction, reaching the best work conditions when pH 2 and OPP were used. The presence of electrostatic interactions was also suggested. The adsorption appeared to be influenced by temperature values showing an endothermic character. Interestingly, to confirm the role of ionic interactions between dye and sorbent at pH 2, fashionable results were obtained. The adsorption process was verified also at pH 6 with 100% of dye removal in presence of both NaCl and Na2SO4 avoiding the aforementioned strong acid conditions. A very important aspect of this work is the recycle of both the dye and the adsorbent, with particular attention to the dye reuse for coloring cotton fabric.
The pH Behavior of Seventeen Deep Eutectic SolventsMichal Jablonsky
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a unique category of green solvents that have gained attention in biomass processing due to their distinctive properties not offered by traditional solvents. The pH behavior of 17 selected DESs along with their temperature dependence on pH were evaluated in this study. For all investigated DESs, a temperature increase caused a decrease in pH value.
Agricultural and food chemistry sudeb mandal acsDr Sudeb Mandal
Photo-degradation of Hexythiazox in Different Solvent Systems under the Influence of Ultraviolet Light and Sunlight in the Presence of TiO2, H2O2, and KNO3 and Identification of the photo-metabolites
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions by Nitrated biomass of Cicer...IOSR Journals
Investigation of removal of methylene blue by nitrated biomass of Cicer arientinum is conducted in batch conditions. The effect of different parameters such as contact time, sorbent dose, pH and temperature has been studied. Adsorption kinetic modeling data were found out. The kinetics of biosorption results shows that sorption process is well explained by pseudo–second order model with determination coefficients higher than 0.99 for sorbent under all experimental conditions. The value Kp is found to be 0.652 to 2.43 for initial and final concentrations. Thermodynamic parameter via KD, ΔG has also been calculated to determine the spontaneity of the process. The low value of activation energy indicates that sorption is an activated and physical process. The Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion model show liquid-film, mass transfer is effective sorption mechanism. Thus nitrated biomass of Cicer areintinum is a low cost and easily available efficiently used as an excellent sorbent for the removal of MB+ from wastewater. It can be safely concluded that biomass of Cicer arientinum is much economical effectual, viable and can be an alternative to more costly adsorbents.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
The radiolytic mineralization of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, an emerging contami...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:The ability of high-energy ionizing radiation has been demonstrated for environmental remediation processing. γ-rayswere applied to treat a solution of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (2-MBT). 2-MBT (125 µM) was decomposed and mineralized by the γ-radiation. The absorbed doses for 50 and 90% 2-MBT degradation were 0.170 and 0.650 kGy, respectively. Organic by-products were almost fully mineralized when high-absorbed doses in the range of 5-60 kGy were applied. Sulfate radicals (SO4 ●– ) produced through the rapid reaction of persulfate ions (S2O8 2– ) with hydrated electrons(eaq − ; keaq − /S2O8 2– = 1.1 × 1010 M −1 .s−1 ) had a significant effect on the 2-MBT mineralization yield. Because of 2-MBT decomposition,sulfate ions (SO4 2− ) were formed, and thepH and dissolved oxygen concentration were decreased. The degradation efficiency decreased when HCO3 –was added to the 2- MBT solution. No significant effects of NO3 – and Cl– ions on 2-MBT radiolytic eliminationwere observed
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Azo dyes are one of the oldest industrially synthesized organic compounds characterized by presence of Azo bond (-N=N-) and are widely utilized as coloring agents in textile, leather, cosmetic, paint, plastic, paper, and food industries During textile processing, inefficiencies in dyeing result in large amounts of the dyestuff (varying from 2% loss when using basic dyes to a 50% loss when certain reactive dyes used) is being directly lost to the wastewater, which ultimately finds its way into the environment. The physico-chemical method of industrial effluent treatment does not remove the dyes effectively. Microbial degradation and decolorization of azo dyes has gained more attention recently because of eco-friendly and inexpensive nature. Microbes and there enzymes could decolorize the dyes by both aerobic and anaerobic metabolis. This review provides a general idea of decolorization and biodegradation of azo dyes with various microbes and highlights the application of for the treatment of azo dye-containing wastewaters.
ABSTRACT- Tagetes erecta L. was raised in pots containing soil treated with various concentrations of Pb(NO3)2 (500, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500mg/kg). At maturity plants were separated into root, stem, leaves and inflorescence and lead accumulated in each part was quantified. The effects of lead accumulation on growth was analyzed by the measurement of various growth parameters like root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot and total leaf area per plant. Moreover effect of lead accumulation on biochemical parameters was checked by quantitative estimation of various biochemical parameters like chlorophyll, total protein, free amino acids, total sugar, reducing sugar and starch. Results showed that there is no remarkable negative effect of accumulation of lead on the morphological growth of the plant. Biochemical analysis showed that amount of total protein continuously decreased whereas that of free amino acids continuously increased with increasing concentrations of lead. Amount of chlorophyll, total sugar, reducing sugar and starch contents continuously increased till mid-level i.e., Pb 1500 mg/kg and then continuously decreased at higher concentrations. Results of quantitative estimation of Pb in root, stem, leaves and inflorescence showed that roots accumulated highest amount of Pb followed by stem and leaves, whereas inflorescence contained least amount of Pb.
Key-words- Lead (Pb), Heavy metal, Tagetes erecta L., Accumulation, Phytoremediation
Operational parameters affecting the removal and recycling of direct blue ind...IJEAB
In this work the ability of “bleached” oil mill solid waste to reduce the dyestuff content in industrial textile wastewater was studied. Bleaching treatment consists in a preliminary oil mill solid waste management with NaOH and NaClO2 for obtaining cellulosic materials, mainly removing lignin from the waste surface. Thus, a novel bioadsorbent from agricultural residues, named bleached olive pomace (OP), was presented. Direct Blue 78 was studied as a model azoic dye. Experiments were planned to study the effect of different initial conditions on the adsorption processes: oil mill waste amount as grains and as a fine powder (OPP), solution temperature values, initial dye concentration, pH values and electrolytes influence. The results showed that the adsorption process using bleached oil mill waste determined an excellent degree of water color reduction, reaching the best work conditions when pH 2 and OPP were used. The presence of electrostatic interactions was also suggested. The adsorption appeared to be influenced by temperature values showing an endothermic character. Interestingly, to confirm the role of ionic interactions between dye and sorbent at pH 2, fashionable results were obtained. The adsorption process was verified also at pH 6 with 100% of dye removal in presence of both NaCl and Na2SO4 avoiding the aforementioned strong acid conditions. A very important aspect of this work is the recycle of both the dye and the adsorbent, with particular attention to the dye reuse for coloring cotton fabric.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
COD reduction of aromatic polluted waste water by Advanced Oxidation Process ...Wade Bitaraf
In most petrochemical complexes and oil refineries the wastewater contains the aromatic compounds among which Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene and Xylene (BTEX) have harmful effects on environment and human health. The present work mainly deals with the UV-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), UV/H2O2 were tested in batch reactor systems to evaluate the removal efficiencies and optimal conditions for the photodegradation of BTEX in order to wastewater treatment. The efficiency of this method was analyzed by evaluating the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) as a pollution criterion through the COD reactor. The influence of the basic operational parameters such as initial concentration of H2O2, pH, Temperature, irradiation time and UV amount on the photo degradation of BTEX were also studied. The oxidation rate of BTEX and respectively the reduction rate of COD were low when the oxidation was carried out in the absence of H2O2 or UV light. The addition of proper amount of hydrogen peroxide improved the degradation, while the excess hydrogen peroxide could quench the formation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH). The optimal conditions of suspended slurry with 1.11(g/l) initial concentration of H2O2 and pH value of 3.1 were obtained under three UV lights illumination (6 W). Under the optimal conditions, COD reduction during the initial period of 180 min in UV/H2O2 systems reached about 90%.
Similar to Comparative potential of black tea leaves waste to granular activated carbon (20)
Fertilizer plant waste carbon slurry has been investigated after some processing as an adsorbent for the removal of dyes and phenols using columns. The results show that the carbonaceous adsorbent prepared from carbon slurry being porous and having appreciable surface area (380 m2/g) can remove dyes both cationic (meldola blue, methylene blue, chrysoidine G, crystal violet) as well as anionic (ethyl orange, metanil yellow, acid blue 113), and phenols (phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol) fruitfully from water. The column type continuous flow operations were used to obtain the breakthrough curves. The breakthrough capacity, exhaustion capacity and degree of column utilization were evaluated from the plots. The results shows that the degree of column utilization for dyes lies in the range 60 to 76% while for phenols was in the range 53-58%. The exhaustion capacities were quite high as compared to the breakthrough capacities and were found to be 217, 211, 104, 126, 233, 248, 267 mg/g for meldola blue, crystal violet, chrysoidine G, methylene blue, ethyl orange, metanil yellow, acid blue 113, respectively and 25.6, 72.2, 82.2 and 197.3 mg/g for phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol, respectively
Reforestation is one of the Philippines’ government efforts to restore and rehabilitate degraded mangrove ecosystems. Although there is recovery of the ecosystem in terms of vegetation, the recovery of closely-linked faunal species in terms of community structure is still understudied. This research investigates the community structure of mangrove crabs under two different management schemes: protected mangroves and reforested mangroves. The transect-plot method was employed in each management scheme to quantify the vegetation, crab assemblages and environmental variables. Community composition of crabs and mangrove trees were compared between protected and reforested mangroves using non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and analysis of similarity in PRIMER 6. Chi-squared was used to test the variance of sex ration of the crabs. Canonical Correspondence Analysis was used to determine the relationship between crabs and environmental parameters. A total of twelve species of crabs belonging to six families were identified in protected mangroves while only four species were documented in reforested mangroves. Perisesarma indiarum and Baptozius vinosus were the most dominant species in protected and reforested mangrove, respectively. Univariate analysis of variance of crab assemblage data revealed significant differences in crab composition and abundance between protected mangroves and from reforested mangroves (P<0.05).><0.05).Environmental factors and human intervention had contributed to the difference in crab assemblages in mangrove ecosystems.
Estuaries are well known for their potential in removing metal from fresh water to provide micro-nutrients to aquatic life. In the present investigation, we have tried to bring out the metal removal potential of estuaries during accidental spills. For this purpose artificial river water containing high concentration of Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb were mixed with sea water at different salinity regimes. Water samples were taken from a station on the main branch of Tajan River that flows in to the Caspian Sea. For this purpose, solutions with a concentration of 5 mg/L of each studied metal (Mn,Cu, Zn, Pb) were prepared in Tajan River water. The salinity regimes include 3, 6, 8, 10 and 11 ppt. It was noted that metal concentration decreased by increasing salinity. Metals were flocculated at different rates: Cu (88%) > Ni (86%) > Pb (84%) > Mn (74%).Thus, as average about 80% of total elemental content flocculates. Hence, it was concluded that a large amount of micro nutrients is carried by the river and flocculated in the estuary where the river water mixes with the sea water which may play a vital role in supplying nutrients to the aquatic animals. Cluster analyses have shown that Mn and Ni are governed by EC, pH and salinity.
The current investigation presents the role of gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus) seeds as an effective biosorbent for remediating chromium (VI)), a toxic heavy metal pollutant commonly found in effluents from tanneries and relevant industries. Biosorption was affected by pH, temperature and initial metal concentration. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the holistic effect of all variables to ascertain the best possible conditions for adsorption, therefore, these factors were considered and a total of 17 trials were run according to the Box Behnken design. Quadratic model had maximum R2 value (0.9984) and larger F value (1109.92). From the Analysis Of Variance table and R2 value, quadratic model was predicted to be the significant model with the best fit to the generated experimental data. The optimal parameters obtained from the contour plot for the maximum removal of chromium(VI) were initial metal concentration of 60 mg/L, pH value of 2, and temperature of 27°C. Under these conditions, maximum removal of 92% was obtained. Thus this biosorbent substantially eliminates chromium(VI) under optimized conditions, enabling its use in larger scale.
The present work was carried out to evaluate the removal of p-nitrophenol by adsorption onto olive cake based activated carbon having a BET surface area of 672 m²/g. The batch adsorption experimental results indicated that the equilibrium time for nitrophenol adsorption by olive cake-based activated carbon was 120min. The adsorption data was modeled by equilibrium and kinetic models. The pseudo- first and second order as well as the Elovichkinetic models were applied to fit the experimental data and the intraparticle diffusion model was assessed for describing the mechanism of adsorption. The data were found to be best fitted to the pseudo-second order model with a correlation coefficient (R2=0.986). The intraparticle diffusion mechanism also showed a good fit to the experimental data, showing two distinct linear parts assuming that more than one step could be involved in the adsorption of nitrophenol by the activated carbon. The equilibrium study was performed using three models including Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin. The results revealed that the Temkin equilibrium model is the best model fitting the experimental data (R2=0.944). The results of the present study proved the efficiency of using olive cake based activated carbon as a novel adsorbent for the removal of nitrophenol from aqueous solution.
his study investigated the microbial community in a full scale anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor system for oil-produced water treatment in summer and winter. The community structures of fungi and bacteria were analyzed through polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and Illumina high-throughput sequencing, respectively. Chemical oxygen demand effluent concentration achieved lower than 50 mg/L level after the system in both summer and winter, however, chemical oxygen demand removal rates after anaerobic baffled reactor treatment system were significant higher in summer than that in winter, which conformed to the microbial community diversity. Saccharomycotina, Fusarium, and Aspergillus were detected in both anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor during summer and winter. The fungal communities in anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor were shaped by seasons and treatment units, while there was no correlation between abundance of fungi and chemical oxygen demand removal rates. Compared to summer, the total amount of the dominant hydrocarbon degrading bacteria decreased by 10.2% in anaerobic baffled reactor, resulting in only around 23% of chemical oxygen demand was removed in winter. Although microbial community significantly varied in the three parallel sulfide reducing bacteria, the performance of these bioreactors had no significant difference between summer and winter.
In recent decades, necessity to protect environment has been a serious concern for all people and international communities. In appropriate development of human economic activities, subsistence dependence of the growing world population on nature decreases the natural diversity of ecosystems and habitats day by day and provides additional constraints for life and survival of wildlife. As a result, implementation of programs to protect species and ecosystems is of great importance. The current study was carried out to implement a comprehensive strategic environmental management plan in the Mond protected area in southern Iran. Accordingly, the protected area was zoned using multi criteria decision method. According to the numerical models, fifteen data layer were obtained on a scale of 1:50,000. The results revealed that 28.35% out of the entire study area belongs to nature conservation zone. In the following step, in order to offer the strategic planning using strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats method, a total number of 154 questionnaires were prepared and filled by the relevant experts. For this purpose, after identifying the internal and external factors, they were weighted in the form of matrices as; internal factor evaluation and external factor evaluation. Analytical hierarchy process and expert choice software were applied to weight the factors. At the end, by considering the socioeconomic and environmental issues, the strategy of using protective strategies in line with international standards as well as a strong support of governmental national execution with a score of 6.05 was chosen as the final approach.
The major aim of the present study was to investigate element (Fe, Ni, Pb, V, Zn) concentrations in sediment and different tissues of Phragmities australis and Typha latifolia in Hor al-Azim Wetland Southwest Iran. Sampling of sediments and aquatic plants was carried out during spring and summer 2014. Results showed that the mean concentrations of elements in Phragmities australis in root and stem-leaf were as follows: Iron:4448 mg/kg, Nickel: 28 mg/kg, Lead:8 mg/kg, Vanadium:10 mg/kg and Zinc 15.5 mg/kg in root and: Fe:645 mg/kg, Ni:15 mg/kg, Pb:4 mg/kg, V:4 mg/kg and Zinc 16 mg/kg respectively. Also, the mean concentrations of Fe, Ni, Pb, V and Zn in roots of Typha latifolia were 8696 mg/kg, 34 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 19 mg/kg and 27 mg/kg respectively. The mean concentrations of Fe, Ni, V, Pb, Zn in stem-leaves of Typha latifolia were as follows: 321 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 7 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg and 14 mg/kg respectively. The mean concentrations of Fe, Ni, V, Pb and zinc were as: 40991 mg/kg, 65 mg/kg, 60 mg/kg, 31 mg/kg, 60 mg/kg respectively in surface sediment of study area. Concentration pattern of elements in sediment were as: Fe>Ni>Zn>V>Pb. The highest concentration of elements in the plant was seen in the roots. Also, Typha latifolia can uptake more concentration of elements than Phragmities australis. Based on the enrichment factor, Ni in summer had the highest EF values among the elements studied and it has a moderate enrichment.
In recent years managing solid wastes has been one of the burning problems in front of state and local municipal authorities. This is mainly due to scarcity of lands for landfill sites. In this context experts suggest that conversion of solid waste to energy and useful component is the best approach to reduce space and public health related problems. The entire process has to be managed by technologies that prevent pollution and protect the environment and at the same time minimize the cost through recovery of energy. Energy recovery in the form of electricity, heat and fuel from the waste using different technologies is possible through a variety of processes, including incineration, gasification, pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion. These processes are often grouped under “Waste to Energy technologies”. The objective of the study is twofold. First authors assessed the current status of solid waste management practices in India. Secondly the leading barriers are identified and Interpretive structural modeling technique and MICMAC analysis is performed to identify the contextual interrelationships between leading barriers influencing the solid waste to energy programs in the country. Finally the conclusions are drawn which will assist policy makers in designing sustainable waste management programs.
Water is a unique natural resource among all sources available on earth. It plays an important role in economic development and the general well-being of the country. This study aimed at using the application of water quality index in evaluating the ground water quality innorth-east area of Jaipur in pre and post monsoon for public usage. Total eleven physico–chemical characteristics; total dissolved solids, total hardness,chloride, nitrate, electrical conductance, sodium, fluorideand potassium, pH, turbidity, temperature) were analyzed and observed values were compared with standard values recommended by Indian standard and World Health Organization. Most of parameter show higher value than permissible limit in pre and post monsoon. Water quality index study showed that drinking water in Amer (221.58,277.70), Lalawas (362.74,396.67), Jaisinghpura area (286.00,273.78) were found to be highly contaminated due to high value of total dissolved solids, electrical conductance, total hardness, chloride, nitrate and sodium.Saipura (122.52, 131.00), Naila (120.25, 239.86), Galta (160.9, 204.1) were found to be moderately contaminated for both monsoons. People dependent on this water may prone to health hazard. Therefore some effective measures are urgently required to enhance the quality of water in these areas.
Sub critical water as a green solvent for production of valuable materialsGJESM Publication
gricultural waste biomass generated from agricultural production and food processing industry are abundant, such as durian peel, mango peel, corn straw, rice bran, corn shell, potato peel and many more. Due to low commercial value, these wastes are disposed in landfill, which if not managed properly may cause environmental problems. Currently, environmental laws and regulations pertaining to the pollution from agricultural waste streams by regulatory agencies are stringent and hence the application of toxic solvents during processing has become public concern. Recent development in valuable materials extraction from the decomposition of agricultural waste by sub-critical water treatment from the published literature was review. Physico-chemical characteristic (reaction temperature, reaction time and solid to liquid ratio) of the sub-critical water affecting its yield were also reviewed. The utilization of biomass residue from agriculture, forest wood production and from food and feed processing industry may be an important alternative renewable energy supply. The paper also presents future research on sub-critical water.
Sub critical water as a green solvent for production of valuable materialsGJESM Publication
Agricultural waste biomass generated from agricultural production and food processing industry are abundant, such as durian peel, mango peel, corn straw, rice bran, corn shell, potato peel and many more. Due to low commercial value, these wastes are disposed in landfill, which if not managed properly may cause environmental problems. Currently, environmental laws and regulations pertaining to the pollution from agricultural waste streams by regulatory agencies are stringent and hence the application of toxic solvents during processing has become public concern. Recent development in valuable materials extraction from the decomposition of agricultural waste by sub-critical water treatment from the published literature was review. Physico-chemical characteristic (reaction temperature, reaction time and solid to liquid ratio) of the sub-critical water affecting its yield were also reviewed. The utilization of biomass residue from agriculture, forest wood production and from food and feed processing industry may be an important alternative renewable energy supply. The paper also presents future research on sub-critical water.
Priming of prosopis cineraria (l.) druce and acacia tortilis (forssk) seedsGJESM Publication
Composting of waste plant materials and its use in agriculture and landscape sites is an environmental friendly way of reducing waste material and conserving the environment. In this perspectives a survey has been performed at the Dubai based International Center for Biosaline Agriculture to compost the plants based waste material (lawn cuttings-grass) to compost. The material was inoculated with a consortium of microbes leading to form stable and mature compost with high organic matter (38%). In order to conduct seed germination tests, Fulvic acid was extracted from the compost. A pot experiment was conducted over a period of 30 days in the green house to study the effect of Fulvic acid on the seed germination, and plant growth of Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce (Ghaff) and Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne. Seeds of both trees were treated with Fulvic acid at 0.5% and 1% and water treatment was used as control. Generally seed germination and biomass were increased at both rates of fulvic acid. However, a pronounced increase was found in seed germination when fulvic acid was used at 1.0% (Prosopis cineraria 27%; Acacia tortilis 20% increase over control). Similarly biomass (shoot and root) of A. tortilis and P. cineraria was increase 34% and 94% respectively.
Methylene blue is widely used in various industrial branches. Due to insufficient treatment, its occurrence in wastewater is frequently detected, which may result in serious environment problems to aquatic organisms. Hydroponic experiments were conducted with rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L. cv. XZX 45) exposed to methylene blue to determine the effective concentration using relative growth rate and water use efficiency as response endpoints. Results showed that acute toxicity of methylene blue to rice seedlings was evident. Although a linear decrease in relative growth rate and water use efficiency was observed in rice seedlings with increasing methylene blue concentrations, relative growth rate of rice seedlings was more sensitive to change of methylene blue than water use efficiency. Using non-linear regression, EC-48 h values for 10%, 20% and 50% inhibition of the relative growth rate were estimated to be 1.54, 3.22 and 10.13 mg MB/L for rice seedlings exposed to methylene blue, respectively, while smaller EC were obtained for 96 h exposure. In conclusion, the toxic response of young rice seedlings to methylene blue is obvious and inhibitory effects are highly dependent on response endpoints and the duration of exposure period.
Equilibrium and kinetic study on chromium (vi) removal from simulatedGJESM Publication
Gooseberry seed (Phyllanthus acidus) was used as an adsorbent to determine its feasibility for the removal of Cr(VI). Various parameters such as pH, temperature, contact time, initial metal concentration and adsorbent dosage were investigated to determine the biosorption performance. Equilibrium was attained within 60 minutes and maximum removal of 96% was achieved under the optimum conditions at pH 2. The adsorption phenomenon demonstrated here was monolayer represented by Langmuir isotherm with R2 value of 0.992 and the Langmuir constants k and q0 was found to be 0.0061 (L/mg) and 19.23 (mg/g). The adsorption system obeyed Pseudo second order kinetics with R2 value of 0.999. The results of the present study indicated that gooseberry seed powder can be employed as adsorbent for the effective removal of hexavalent chromium economically.
Effect of the chemical nature of fixed bed reactor support materials onGJESM Publication
This study investigated the effect, on reactor performance and biomass retention inside the bed, of the material used to make the supports of anaerobic fixed-bed reactors. Three inert supports of similar shape but made of three different materials polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, high-density polyethylene were manufactured and used. All three supports had the same specific surface area but different relative densities. Three identical 10 L lab-scale upflow anaerobic fixed-bed reactors were filled (80% of the working volume) each respectively with polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene and polyethylene support, and fed with vinasse (44 g total COD/L) for 140 days at 35 °C. The organic loading rates were increased from 0.5 g/L.d to the maximum acceptable by each reactor. Fairly similar maximum organic loading rates were reached for each type of support, with values above 20 g of COD/L.d and more than 80 % soluble chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency. A very large amount of biomass was entrapped and attached in all the supports and represented more than 95% of the total biomass inside the reactors. In terms of performance and biomass accumulation, this study demonstrated quite similar behavior for anaerobic fixed-bed reactors with supports made of different materials, which suggests that the nature of the material used to make the supports has no major influence. The chemical nature of the support material clearly has negligible effect and thus the size, shape, and porosity of the support must be more influential.
Deposition of carbon nanotubes in commonly used sample filter mediaGJESM Publication
There is no single standard technique or methodology to characterize the size, structure, number, and chemical composition of airborne carbon nanotubes. Existing analytical instruments and analytical techniques for evaluating nanoparticle concentrations cannot simultaneously provide morphology, state of agglomeration, surface area, mass, size distribution and chemical composition data critical to making occupational health assessments. This research utilized scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis to assess the morphology and mass of carbon nanotubes collected using various commercial sample filters. It illustrated carbon nanotube agglomeration, deposition and distribution in commonly used sample filter media. It also illustrated that a sufficient mass for carbon nanotube analysis by thermogravimetric analysis is uncommon under most current research and production uses of carbon nanotubes. Individual carbon nanotubes were found to readily agglomerate with diameters ranging from 1 – 63 µm. They were collected at the face of or within the filter. They were not evenly distributed across the face of the filters.
Biochar impact on physiological and biochemical attributes of spinachGJESM Publication
Disastrous effect of nickel on spinach was discussed by number of authors but the effect of amendments like biochar with nickel on Spinacea oleraceaL. is not still discussed by any author of the world because biochar was used as soil amendments which play a vital role in reducing mobilization and uptake of nickel by spinach plants. As nickel contaminated plants are very harmful for the consumption by living organisms. Nickel can be gathered in agronomic soils by anthropogenic actions such as Ni-Cd batteries. In this study, the growth, physiological, photosynthetic and biochemical responses of Spinacia oleracea grown in Ni-spiked soil (0, 25, 50 and 100 mg Ni/Kg soil) at three levels of cotton-sticks-derived biochar “CSB” (0, 3 and 5 %) were evaluated. The results exposed significant decrease in growth, photosynthetic, physiological, and biochemical traits of S. oleracea when grown in Ni-polluted soil. However, this decrease was less pronounced in CSB amended soil. A steady rise in the MDA (0.66 µg/g to 2.08 µg g-1), ascorbic acid (1.24 mg/g to 1.57 mg/g)and sugar concentrations (1.73 mg/g to 2.16 mg/g)was observed with increased concentration of Ni. The increasing percentages of CSB from 3 % to 5 % decreased Ni concentrations in root and shoot of experimental plant. Higher production of chlorophyll, amino acids and protein with CSB amendment looked like alleviation in Ni toxicity. Therefore, it is concluded that, Ni toxicity and availability to the plants can be reduced by CSB amendments.
Particulate matter effect on biometric and biochemical attributes of fruiting...GJESM Publication
Dust accumulation capacity of Ficus carica L. and Psidium guajava L. was investigated from eight
different sites of Multan, Pakistan. Leaves of both plants were used for analyzing biometric (leaf area, fresh and dry
weights) and biochemical attributes (chlorophyll contents, carotenoids and ascorbic acid). Maximum dust accumulation was occurred in the plants growing near road sites, while, minimum dust accumulation occurred in the plants of Bahauddin Zakariya University. Most of the biometric and biochemical attributes of F. carica showed significant response towards dust but it had not significant influence on some attributes of P. guajava. Biochemical traits of P. guajava appeared to be more prone than foliage ones. A positive correlation was found between dust accumulation and foliage attributes in F. carica. On the other hand, in P. guajava opposite was observed, however, the reverse was true for leaf biomass. Biochemical contents had shown an inconsistency as chlorophylls (a, b & total), carotenoid contents declined but ascorbic acid increased with an increase in dust accumulation in both species.
Plankton diversity and aquatic ecology of a freshwater lake (L3) at Bharti Is...GJESM Publication
The Larsemann Hills range is an ice-free oasis on the Ingrid Christensen Coast of Princess Elizabeth
Land, East Antarctica, which includes Bharti Island, Fisher Island, McLeod Island, Broknes Peninsula, Stornes
Peninsula, and several other islands, promontories, and nunataks. The Larsemann Hills is an ice-free area of
approximately 50 km2, located halfway between the Vestfold Hills and the Amery Ice Shelf on the south-eastern
coast of Prydz Bay, Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica. The ice-free area consists of two major peninsulas (Stornes and Broknes), four minor peninsulas, and approximately 130 near shore islands. The Larsemann Hills area contains more than 150 lakes at different Islands and peninsulas. Bharti Island of Larsemann Hills in east Antarctica was selected as a sampling site for the present study. Water sample was collected from a freshwater lake during XXXth Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica (ISEA) and analyzed for the physico-chemical parameters, major elements, trace metals and major plankton diversity in surface lake water by following standard methodology. The concentrations of metals Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn and Cr were measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Phytoplankton and zooplankton were also assessed in the aquatic ecosystem of Lake L3 at Bharti Island, Larsemann Hills over east Antarctica. Psychrophillic bacteria were found 71 cfu in lake water, while total bacterial count was found to be 5.4 × 102cfu.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Comparative potential of black tea leaves waste to granular activated carbon
1. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(3): 205-214, Summer 2015
INTRODUCTION
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs) are
among the pollutants of great concern that have been
detected in surface waters, wastewater, run-off and
landfill leachates in recent times (Koplin et al., 2002;
Bennotti et al., 2008; Yoon et al., 2010; Ifelebuegu,
2011). EDCs are predominantly discharged into the
environment via domestic and industrial wastewater
treatment plants before reaching the receiving bodies
(Gultekin and Ince, 2007; Liu et al., 2009b). Among
the EDCs, 17 β- estradiol (E2), 17 α-ethinylestradiol
Comparative potential of black tea leaves waste to granular activated carbon
in adsorption of endocrine disrupting compounds from aqueous solution
1
*A.O. Ifelebuegu; 2
J.E. Ukpebor; 1
C.C. Obidiegwu; 1
B.C. Kwofi
1
Department of Geography, Environment and Society, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
2
Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ UK
ABSTRACT: The adsorption properties and mechanics of selected endocrine disrupting compounds; 17 -estradiol,
17 – ethinylestradiol and bisphenol A on locally available black tea leaves waste and granular activated carbon were
investigated. The results obtained indicated that the kinetics of adsorption were pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and
temperature dependent with equilibrium being reached at 20 to 40 minutes for tea leaves waste and 40 to 60 minutes for
granular activated compound. Maximum adsorption capacities of 3.46, 2.44 and 18.35 mg/g were achieved for tea leaves
waste compared to granular activated compound capacities of 4.01, 2.97 and 16.26 mg/g for 17 - estradiol, 17 -
ethinylestradiol and bisphenol A respectively. Tea leaves waste adsorption followed pseudo-first order kinetics while
granular activated compound fitted better to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The experimental isotherm data for
both tea leaves waste and granular activated compound showed a good fit to the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin
isotherm models with the Langmuir model showing the best fit. The thermodynamic and kinetic data for the adsorption
indicated that the adsorption process for tea leaves waste was predominantly by physical adsorption while the granular
activated compound adsorption was more chemical in nature. The results have demonstrated the potential of waste tea
leaves for the adsorptive removal of endocrine disrupting compounds from water.
Keywords: Adsorption isotherms, Bisphenol A (BPA), Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), Granular activated
compound (GAC), Kinetics, Tea leaves waste (TLH
), Thermodynamics, 17 α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), 17 α- estradiol (E2)
Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(3): 205-214, Summer 2015
ISSN 2383 - 3572
*Corresponding Author Email: A.Ifelebuegu@coventry.ac.uk
Tel.: +442476887690; Fax: +442476887690
Note. This manuscript was submitted on March 5, 2015;
approved on April 18, 2015; published online on June 1, 2015.
Discussion period open until October 1, 2015; discussion can
be performed online on the Website “Show article” section
for this article. This paper is part of the Global Journal of
Environmental Science and Management (GJESM).
Received 5 March 2015; revised 16 April 2015; accepted 18 April 2015; available online 1 June 2015
(EE2) and bisphenol A (BPA) are frequently detected
in wastewater around the globe. E2 is a natural
occurring steroid hormone excreted by humans. EE2
is mainly used as an oral contraceptive (Sun et al.,
2010). BPA is mainly used in the plastic industry as a
monomer for the production of polycarbonate and
epoxy resins. These chemicals elicit adverse effects
on the endocrine systems in humans and wildlife
leading to developmental defects and inhibition of
embryos (Helland, 2006; Koh et al., 2008; Chang et
al., 2009a, 2009b; Cases et al., 2011). Human exposure
to these EDCs in the environment are of great concern
because of their potential long term impacts on humans
(Liu et al., 2009a).
The adsorption process is a widely studied and
utilised in the removal of EDCs from aqueous solutions
by use of adsorbent materials such as activated
2. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(3): 205-214, Summer 2015A.O. Ifelebuegu et al.
carbon. The removal process often involve
hydrophobic interaction (Koh et al., 2008). The use
of Granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption for
the removal of both synthetic and naturally occurring
organic pollutants from water and wastewater has
been extensively studied (Zhang and Zhou, 2008).
They have been proven to be effective for the removal
of EDCs ( Zhang and Zhou, 2005; Ifelebuegu et al.,
2006; Ifelebuegu, 2012). However, the relatively high
cost of GAC has prevented its more widely used
application especially in developing countries for the
effective removal of EDCs in water and wastewater.
There is therefore a growing need for cheaper, reliable,
effective and environmental friendly alternatives for
the removal of organic contaminants in water and
wastewater (Park et al., 2014). The use of spent black
tea leaves (TLH
) is one of such alternative that is not
only cheap and readily available but also
environmentally relevant as it recycles waste
products. With an annual black tea leaves
consumption of more than 2 million tonnes globally,
the use of TLH
could be an effective and
environmentally friendly alternative to the more
expensive activated carbon. The current work
compares the removal efficiency of TLH
to that of the
GAC for the removal of E2, EE2 and BPA (chemical
structures are represented in Fig. 1) from aqueous
solution.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
Analytical grade methanol, sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) and ortho-phosphoric acid were purchased from
Fisher Scientific (UK), E2; EE2 and BPAstandards were
obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (UK). The GAC (20-40
mesh), was purchased from Jacobi Carbon (Merseyside,
UK). The GAC has been previously characterised
(Ifelebuegu, 2012). Deionised water (DI) was used for
all sample preparation unless otherwise stated. A
readily available box of black tea (~750 g) was obtained
from a local supermarket. Stock solutions (~1 g/L) of
E2, EE2 and BPA, were prepared in 100% methanol and
serial dilution carried out to attain the calibration curve.
The standards were stored in the fridge <4o
C until
needed. Analysis was done using external calibration
with a concentration range of 0.5 – 2 mg/L.
H H
H
CH3
OH
HO
H H
H
CH3
OH
HO
C CH
17 - Estradiol 17 -Ethinyl Estradiol
C
CH3
CH3
OHHO
Bisphenol A
Fig. 1: Chemical structure of the test chemicals: 17 b-estradiol [(E2), mol. wt. = 272.3 g/mol], 17 α-ethinyl-
estradiol [(EE2), mol. wt. = 296.2 g/mol] and Bisphenol A [(BPA), mol. wt. = 228.1 g/mol]
206
3. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(3): 205-214, Summer 2015
Tea Adsorbent Preparation
Tea bags were prepared for the experiments using a
method developed by Yoshita et al., (2009). The tea
bags were drenched and washed severally in hot water
(about 80-100o
C) to remove colouring compounds and
turbidity. They were washed continuously with
deionised water until a clear solution was obtained.
T h e t e a s a m p l e s ( T L
H
) were then dried in an oven at
~ 8 0
o
C for 24 hours. The leaves were finally pulverized,
passed through a 600 μm sieve and stored in clean air
tight bottles.
Batch Adsorption Experiments
0.1 g, 0.2 g, 0.4 g, 0.8 g, and 1 g of the different
adsorbents were weighed into different labelled 250
mL conical flasks. 200 mL of 2 mg/l solutions of E2,
EE2, and BPAwas then transferred into conical flasks.
The flasks were then shaken at a speed of 7 rpm.
Aliquots of the samples were collected at different time
intervals (0 to 60 mins) and filtered using a Whatman
filter paper. The absorbent coefficient was determined
using equation 1:
qe
(mg/g) = x V (mL) (1)
where: qe
= adsorption equilibrium in mg/g
Co
and Ce
= initial and equilibrium concentration
respectively (mg/L)
m = mass of adsorbent (g)
V = volume of aqueous solution (mL)
The adsorption efficiency for the different compounds
was also calculated using the equation 2:
Percent removal (%) = x 100%
Where Co
= initial concentration (mg/L)
Ce
= concentration at equilibrium (mg/L)
Effects of pH
The effects of pH on the adsorption of E2, EE2,
and BPA using TLH
were investigated in batch
adsorption experiments at varying pHs of 3, 5, 7, 8
and 9, with other variables kept constant at 2 mg/l
concentrations of E2, EE2 and BPA, in 200 mL
volumetric flasks, temperature of 25 o
C ± 2 o
C and 0.4
g adsorbent dose of TLH
. The pH values were adjusted
with 0.1 N NaOH and concentrated HCl solutions and
measured using a pH meter. Samples were agitated at
a constant speed of 200 rpm and aliquots withdrawn
for analysis after 60 minutes of agitation (Zhang and
Zhou, 2005).
Adsorption Kinetics and Thermodynamics
The initial experiments on the effect of adsorbent
dose on adsorption, found 0.4g as the optimum dose
per unit gram of the adsorbates. This weight was
maintained in carrying out the investigations on the
kinetic and thermodynamic of adsorption of E2, EE2
and BPA onto TLH
and GAC. 0.4g of TLH
and GAC
adsorbents were weighed into 250 mL conical flasks
and prepared solutions of E2, EE2, and BPAat 2 mg/
L concentration added. The samples were agitated
at a speed of 200 rpm under different controlled
temperatures of 15o
C, 20o
C, 25o
C, 30o
C ±0.2.Aliquots
of the treated water were withdrawn at intervals
ranging from 0 min to 60 min for analysis.
Experimental data was analysed using the Langmuir,
Freundlich and Temkin models as have been
previously described (Ifelebuegu, 2012; Ghaedi et
al., 2014).
Analytical Methods
Samples were analyzed using a high-performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) fitted with a
fluorescence detector. The HPLC system (Hewlett
Packard series 1050) consisted of Quaternary pump
(model 79852A -United Kingdom), a 21 vial
autosampler (model 79855A, Germany) and the data
were analysed usingAgilent ChemStation® software.
Chromatographic separation was achieved using a
C18 ODS-Hypersil analytical column (150 x 4.6mm,
5µm) maintained at 300
C temperature. Details of the
analytical procedures have been previously described
by Ifelebuegu et al., (2010).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect of pH
pH has been known to influence the surface charges
on different adsorbent materials, as well as the
ionisation of chemicals (Zhang and Zhou, 2005). The
adsorbent efficiency was studied at pHs 3, 5, 7, 8 and
9, covering acidic, neutral and basic medium
conditions. Percentage removal using TLH
was found
to be higher in the acidic and neutral pH ranges, but
was found to decrease with an increase in pH (Fig. 2).
Huang et al., (2007) also found pH to play a significant
role in the process of adsorption. E2, EE2 and BPA
adsorption was found to be significantly lower at
(2)
temperatures of 15
previously described (Ifelebuegu, 2012; Ghaedi
and BPA onto TL
C0
- Ce
(mg/L)
m(g)
C0
- Ce
C0
207
-80
The tea samples (TL
4. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(3): 205-214, Summer 2015Comparative potential of black tea leaves waste to granular activated carbon
higher pH (pH > 8) than at lower pH. Similar trends
were observed by Kouras et al., (1995) and Zhang
and Zhou, (2005) using powdered activated carbon.
This trend could be due to the electrostatic repulsion
which exist between the adsorbate molecules and the
surface of the adsorbent, as the pH increased. (Cuerda-
Correa et al., 2010; Ifelebuegu, 2012). The effects of pH
on the adsorption by the GAC used in this research has
been previouslyreported (Ifelebuegu, 2012) and a similar
trend was observed with the highest adsorption at the
neutral to slightly acidic pHs.
Effect of Adsorbent Dose and Contact Time
The rate of adsorption was found to increase with
increase in the dose of the adsorbents from 0.1 g to
1.0 g in the nominal concentration of 2 mg/L for each
of the test chemicals. The increase is likely as a result
of the availability of more sorption sites for
adsorption as have been previously reported (Yoon
et al., 2003; Cardoso et al., 2011). Also, the increase
was found to be gradual until equilibrium was
attained. The highest dose of 1 g GAC was able to
achieve removal of 96.98% for E2, 97.05% for EE2
and 96.21% for BPA while TLH
attained removal of
95.75%, 95.25% and 96.19% for E2, EE2 and BPA
respectively (Fig. 3). It can also be seen that TLH
attained relative equilibrium within 20 to 40 minutes
for all the adsorbates. Comparatively, GAC took more
time to attain equilibrium, with all three adsorbates
reaching equilibrium at 40 to 60 minutes.
Adsorption Kinetic and Isotherm
Pseudo First and Second Order Kinetics
In this study, the mechanism of adsorption was
investigated by using various kinetic models based on
aqueous phase concentrations of the adsorbates.
Pseudo-first and second-order models as proposed by
Lagergren, (1898) were used in the investigation, which
are expressed as:
= k1
(qe – q)
= k2
(qe – q)2
Where t is the contact time (min), k1
= pseudo-first-
order adsorption rate constant (1/min), qe
and qare the
amount of the adsorbate at equilibrium and time t (mg/
g) respectively. Equations 3 and 4 can be expressed in
an integral form as equations 5 and 6 respectively.
ln C/C0
= -kt
- = kt
Pseudo first order plot of In C/C0
against t should
give a linear relationship from which k1
in (1/min) can
Fig. 2: Effect of pH on adsorption
(3)
(4)
(5)
dt
dq
dt
dq
1 1
[C0
][C]
(6)
208
5. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(3): 205-214, Summer 2015
Fig. 3: Effect of adsorbent dose (GAC and TLH
) and contact time on the removal efficiency of E2, EE2 and BPA at pH 5
be calculated from the slope obtained from the graph.
A plot of1/[C] – 1/[Co
] against t will give a rate constant
K2
(L/mg/min) for pseudo-second-order adsorption
kinetics. Tables 1 and 2 depicts the results obtained
for the pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order
kinetic models for TLH
and GAC respectively.
The rate constant for the adsorption of E2 was
found to be highest in TLH
with values of 0.0137 1/
min, then followed by EE2 0.0102 1/minand finally
0.0097 1/min for BPA(Table 1). It was found to follow
the trend E2> EE2> BPA. However, for GAC (Table
2), a reverse trend (BPA>EE2>E2) was observed with
BPA having the highest rate constant (0.0253 1/min)
and E2 with the lowest 0.0149 1/min.
The adsorption of E2 EE2 and BPA onto TLH
was
better described by the pseudo first order kinetics,
indicating a predominantly physical adsorption
mechanism, while the adsorption onto GAC showed
a superior fit to pseudo-second-order kinetics which
suggests that chemisorption is the rate determining
step for adsorption onto GAC. (Ho and McKay, 1998;
Ifelebuegu, 2012).
Adsorption Isotherms Studies
Adsorption isotherms are usually employed to better
understand the adsorption process for the studied
adsorbates. This helps in modelling design parameters
in full scale applications (Ifelebuegu et al., 2015) The
equilibrium data obtained for E2, EE2 and BPAfor their
adsorption onto TLH
and GAC was analysed using the
Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherm
models.
The linear form of the Langmuir isotherm is
expressed in equation 7 as:
where:
X – the mass of adsorbate (mg)
M – the mass of adsorbent (mg)
Ce
– the concentration of solute remaining at
equilibrium in mg/L
a, b – the constants. a is coefficient, and b is the
amount of adsorbate needed to form a complete
monolayer on the adsorbent surface and so increases
(7)
X/M b ab Ce
1 1 1 1
209
Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(3): 205-214, Summer 2015
6. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(3): 205-214, Summer 2015
A.O. Ifelebuegu et al.
Table 1: Pseudo first and second order kinetics for TLH
E2
EE2
BPA
y = -0.0137x – 0.6265
y = -0.0102x – 0.9245
y = -0.0097x - 09349
0.0137
0.0102
0.0097
0.995
0.967
0.987
y = 0.0211x + 0.3161
y = 0.0187x + 05949
y = 0.0168x + 0.7256
0.0211
0.0187
0.0168
0.988
0.856
0.928
R2
Adsorbate
Line equation K1
(1/min) R2 Line equation K2
(L/mg/min)
Second orderPseudo first order
E2
EE2
BPA
y = -0.0149x – 0.6729
y = -0.0157x – 0.3481
y = -0.0253x – 0.1332
0.0149
0.0157
0.0253
0.974
0.897
0.959
y = 0.0258x + 0.3112
y = 0.0188x + 0.1167
y = 0.0372x + 0.2704
0.0258
0.0188
0.0372
0.983
0.974
0.951
R2
Adsorbate
Line equation K1
(1/min) R2
Line equation K2
(L/mg/min)
Second orderPseudo first order
Table 2: Pseudo first and second order kinetics for GAC
with molecular size.Aplot of (1/(X/M)) against (1/Ce
)
gave a straight line.
The linearised form of the Freundlich isotherm is
expressed in equation 8:
where:
X = the mass of adsorbate (mg)
M = the mass of adsorbent (mg)
Ce
= the concentration of solute remaining at equilibrium
in mg/L
Kf
and n – constants derived from the adsorption
isotherm by plotting (X/M) against Ce
on log-log paper
which produces a straight line with a slope 1/n while
the y-intercept is Kf.
The Temkin isotherm model is one which presumes
that as a result of sorbate-sorbate interactions, the
temperature of all molecules in a layer declines linearly
with coverage. The sorption is also described by
consistent distribution of binding energies (Shah et
al.,2012)
The linearised form of the Temkin isotherm is
expressed in equation 9 and 10 as:
qe
= B ln AT
+ B ln Ce
with B = RT/bT
Where:
AT
= Temkinisothermequilibriumbindingconstant(L/mg)
bT
= Temkin isotherm constant
R = Universal gas constant (8.314 J/mol/K)
B = Constant related to heat of adsorption (J/mol).
The Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin coefficients
for single solute adsorption isotherms and their
corresponding correlation coefficients are presented
in Table 3. The fitting of the adsorption isotherm data
for E2 EE2 and BPA showed relatively good fit to all
three isotherm model with the Langmuir isotherm being
superior based on the highest correlation coefficients.
From Table 3 it can be seen that TLH
had a comparative
adsorption capacity to GAC for E2, EE2 and BPA.
The Freundlich isotherm is an empirical equation
that assumes the adsorption processes take place on
heterogeneous surfaces and adsorption capacity is
related to the concentration of the test chemical (E2,
EE2 and BPA) at equilibrium. KF
(mg/g) and n provide
an indication of the adsorption capacity and the
adsorption intensity respectively (Hameed, 2009). The
magnitude of the exponent 1/n gives an indication of
the favourability of adsorption with values of n>1
represents favourable adsorption conditions (Treybal,
1968; Ho and McKay, 1998). With n values greater than
unity for all adsorbate, it demonstrates that the EDCs
are all favourably adsorbed onto TLH,
similar to GAC.
The mechanism for most EDCs on all adsorbents is
believed to be of a different nature, which may involve
non – specific molecular interactions between
adsorbent and adsorbate with focused explanation on
physical adsorption, hydrogen bonding and
coordination complexes (Saha et al., 2010).
Effect of Temperature and Adsorption Thermodynamics
Temperature was also found to play a significant
role in the adsorption thermodynamics of the two
adsorbent studied. The temperature effects were
(10)
(9)
(8)log X/M = log kf
+ 1/n log Ce
210
7. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(3): 205-214, Summer 2015
studied at 15, 20, 25 and 30o
C. Sorption of two of the
test chemicals (E2 and EE2) exhibited an increase with
temperature (Fig. 4). This could be as a result of
decreased solution viscosity hence, a higher mass
transfer and diffusion rates of E2 and EE2 molecules.
Fig. 4 also showed that BPA showed increased
adsorption at lower temperatures. This decreased
adsorption capacity with increasing temperature for
BPA was also observed by Liu et al., (2009a) when
investigating BPA adsorption onto various forms of
activated carbon. Similarly, Park et al., (2014) when
studying BPA adsorption onto organo-clay, observed
that the value of the free energy became more negative
with a decrease in temperature indicating that BPA
adsorption was more favourable at lower temperatures.
To better understand the adsorptive properties and
temperature effects, the thermodynamic parameters
(Gibb’s free energy ( G0
), enthalpy ( H0
) and entropy
( S0
)) were evaluated from equations 11 to 13:
( G0
) = - RTlnKD
( G0
) = ( H0
) -T ( S0
)
RTlnKD
= ( H0
) -T ( S0
)
Where R is universal gas constant, T is the
temperature in Kelvin (0
K) and kD
= (qe
/ Ce
) = quantity
of adsorbate that adsorbed onto the adsorbent l/g.
The plot of ln kD
vs 1/T gave a straight line with H0
and S0
values obtained from the slope and intercept
of the graph respectively. The thermodynamic
parameters obtained from the graph are shown in Table
4. The negative values of Go
at – 27.68, - 24.03 and
-10.11 for E2, EE2 and BPArespectively for TLH
and
-10.94 (E2), -11.83 (EE2) and -3.58 for GAC indicates
the feasibility and spontaneity of the adsorption
process for both adsorbents. The negative values of
Go
compare favourably with the values reported by
Turku et al., (2009) for the adsorption of E2 onto
polymeric adsorbents and GAC. The enthalpy of
reaction for the adsorption of E2, EE2 and BPA onto
TLH
and BPAonto GAC are all negative indicating the
physical nature of the adsorption process. Positive
enthalpy values of 91 and 95 KJ/mol were obtained for
E2 and EE2 respectively, for their adsorption onto GAC.
Positive values are not common, but similar positive
values have been reported previously by Turku et al.,
(2009); Liu et al., (2009a) and Ifelebuegu, (2012).Also
Al-Degs et al., (2008) reported similar positive values
for the adsorption of dyes unto GAC. A positive
enthalpy values indicate a feasible but non
spontaneous endothermic reaction with predominantly
chemical interaction between the adsorbate and
adsorbent. A positive entropy change for both TLH
and GAC(93 to 339 J/moland 2 to 37J/mol,respectively)
suggests an increased randomness at the solid/
solution interface. This also corresponds to an increase
in the degree of freedom of the adsorbed species.
CONCLUSION
Waste tea leaves were effective in the adsorption of
E2, EE2 and BPAfrom aqueous solutions and showed
comparable adsorption capacity to GAC. Adsorption
capacity was highest at acidic to neutral pH with
equilibrium being reached at within 20 to 40 minutes
for TLH
. Maximum adsorption capacities for E2, EE2
and BPA, were 3.46, 2.44, 18.35 mg/g for TLH
and 4.01,
2.97 and 16.26 mg/g for GAC respectively. The negative
values of “Go
at – 27.68, - 24.03 and - 10.11 for E2, EE2
(11)
(12)
E2
EE2
BPA
GAC
E2
EE2
BPA
3.4610
2.4420
18.3250
GAC
4.0126
2.9740
16.2610
0.1490
0.1880
0.0390
GAC
0.2000
0.2480
0.0930
0.9960
0.9930
0.9990
GAC
0.9770
0.9760
0.9790
TLH
1.7640
3.7740
15.4240
GAC
4.2510
3.6120
10.5490
0.3760
0.4780
0.1310
GAC
0.4860
0.5540
0.2710
0.9500
0.9690
0.9440
GAC
0.9560
0.9640
0.9250
1.7180
1.6700
1.9970
GAC
1.8590
1.6970
1.9670
3.5350
3.0870
9.5260
GAC
3.3920
3.0290
5.0650
0.9490
0.9780
0.9490
GAC
0.9830
0.9870
0.9600
R2
qm
(mg/g) KL
(L/mg) R2
Kf
1/n R2
A (L/mg) B
TemkinCompound Langmuir Freundlich
Table 3: Langmuir and Freundlich, Temkin isotherm parameters for TLH
and GAC at 298K
(13)
211
8. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(3): 205-214, Summer 2015Comparative potential of black tea leaves waste to granular activated carbon
Fig. 4: Effect of temperature on the adsorption and percentage removal
of E2, EE2 and BPA on GAC and TLH
adsorbent at pH 7
E2
EE2
BPA
-27.68 ± 1.8
-24.03 ± 2.8
-10.11 ± 0.5
-22.70± 5
-19.21± 5
-99.80± 5
92.81± 4.5
86.56 ± 3.8
338.9 ± 22.6
-10.94± 1.5
-11.83± 2.4
-3.58± 0.5
91.00 ± 5.1
95.00 ± 4.5
-8.04 ± 1.5
37.00 ±6.2
40.00 ± 4.3
11.99± 2.0
Entropy
(J/mol)
Gibbs free energy
(kJ/mol)
Enthalpy
(kJ/mol)
Entropy
(J/mol)
Gibbs free energy
(kJ/mol)
Enthalpy
(kJ/mol)
GACTLH
Table 4: Enthalpy, entropy and gibbs free energy for TLH
and GAC at 298K
212
9. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(3): 205-214, Summer 2015
and BPA respectively for TLH
and -10.94 (E2), -11.83
(EE2) and -3.58 for GAC indicated the feasibility and
spontaneity of the adsorption process for both
adsorbents. The enthalpy of reaction for the adsorption
of E2, EE2 and BPAonto TLH
and BPAonto GAC are all
negative indicating the physical nature of the
adsorption process. While the positive value of 91 and
95 KJ/mol for E2 and EE2 respectively for their
adsorption onto GAC indicate a feasible but non-
spontaneous endothermic reaction with predominantly
chemical interaction between the adsorbate and
adsorbent. A positive entropy change for both TLH
and GAC (92.81 to 338.9 J/mol for TLH
and 1.99 to 37 J/
mol) suggests an increased randomness at the solid/
solution interface. This also corresponds to an increase
in the degree of freedom of the adsorbed species. The
adsorption equilibrium data for both TLH
and GAC were
fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm
models and the Langmuir isotherm model showed the
best fit for all the adsorbates. Waste tea leaves can,
therefore, be used as an economic alternative to GAC
for the adsorptive removal of EDCs from water and
wastewater.
CONFLICTOFINTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of
interests regarding the publication of this manuscript.
REFERENCES
Bennotti, M. J.; Trenholm, R. A.; Vanderford, B. J.; Holady, J.
C.; Stanford B. D. Snyder, S. A., (2008). Pharmaceuticals
and endocrine disrupting compounds in U.S. drinking water,
Environ. Sci. Tech., (43): 597-603 (7 pages).
Cases, V.; Alonso, V.; Argandona, V.; Rodriguez, M.; Prats, D.,
(2011). Endocrine disrupting compounds: A comparison of
removal between conventional activated sludge and
membrane bioreactors, Desalination, 272(1-3): 240-245
(6 pages).
Chang, E.E.; Chen, Y.; Lin Y.; Chiang P., (2009a). Reduction
of natural organic matter by nanofiltration process,
Chemosphere, (76): 1265-1272 (8 pages).
Chang, H.; Choo, K.; Lee B.; Choi, S., (2009b). The method
of identification, analysis and removal of endocrine
disrupting compounds (EDCs) in water, J. Hazard. Mater.,
(172): 1-12 (12 pages).
Cardoso, N.F.; Lima, E.C.; Pinto, I. S.; Amavisca, C.V.; Royer,
B.; Pinto, R. B.; Pereira, S. F., (2011). Application of
cupuassu shell as biosorbent for the removal of textile dyes
from aqueous solution, J. Environ. Manag., 92(4): 1237-
1247 (11 pages).
Cuerda-Correa, EM.; Domínguez-Vargas, J.R.; Olivares-Marín,
F.J.; de Heredia, J.B., (2010). On the use of carbon blacks as
potential low-cost adsorbents for the removal of non-
steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from river water, J. Hazard.
Mater., 177 (1): 1046-1053 (8 pages).
Ghaedi, M.; Ghaedi, A.M.; Negintaji, E.; Ansari, A.; Vafaei, A.;
Rajabi, M., (2014). Random forest models for the removal
of bromophenol blue using activated carbon obtained from
Astragalus Bisulcatus tree, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., (20): 1793 -
1803 (11 pages).
Gultekin, I.; Ince, N.H., (2007). Synthetic endocrine disruptors in
the environment and water remediation by advanced oxidation
processes, J. Environ. Manag., 85(4): 816-832 (17 pages).
Hameed, B.H., (2009). A new non - conventional and low -
cost adsorbent for removal of basic dye from aqueous
solutions, J. Hazard. Mater., 161(2-3): 753-759 (7 pages).
Helland, J., (2006). Endocrine disrupters as emerging contaminants
in wastewater. Minnosota House of Representatives.
Ho, Y. S.; McKay, G., (1998). Sorption of dye from aqueous
solution by peat, Chem. Eng. J., (70): 115-124 (10 pages).
Huang, X.; Gao, N.; Zhang, Q., (2007). Thermodynamics and
kinetics of cadmium adsorption unto oxidized granulated
activated carbon, J. Environ. Sci., (19): 1287-1292 (5 pages).
Ifelebuegu, A.O.; Lester, J.N.; Churchley, J.; Cartmell, E.,
(2006). Removal of an endocrine disrupting chemical
(17alpha-ethinyloestradiol) from wastewater effluent by
activated carbon adsorption: effects of activated carbon
type and competitive adsorption, Environ. Tech., (27):
1343-1349 (7 pages).
Ifelebuegu, A.O.; Theophilus, S.C.; Bateman, M.J., (2010).
Mechanistic evaluation of the sorption properties of
endocrine disrupting chemicals in sewage sludge, Int. J.
Environ. Sci. Tech., 7(4): 617-622 (6 pages).
Ifelebuegu, A.O., (2011). The fate and behaviour of selected
endocrine disrupting chemicals in full scale wastewater and
sludge treatment unit processes, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech.,
8(2): 245-254 (10 pages).
Ifelebuegu, A.O., (2012). Removal of steroid hormones by
activated carbon adsorption kinetic and thermodynamic
studies, J. Environ. Protect., 3(6): 469 - 475 (7 pages).
Ifelebuegu, A.O.; Nguyen, T.V.A.; Ukotije-Ikwut, P.; Momoh,
Z., (2015). Liquid-phase sorption characteristics of human
hair as a natural oil spill sorbent, J. Eviron. Chem. Eng., .
doi:10.1016/j.jece.2015.02.015
Koh, Y.K.K.; Chiu, T.Y.; Boobis, A.; Cartmell, E.; Scrimshaw.
M.D.; Lester, J.N., (2008). Treatment and removal strategies
for estrogen from wastewater, Environ. Technol., (29): 245-
267 (33 pages).
Koplin, D.W.; Furlong, E.T.; Meyer, M.T.; Thurman, E. M.; Zaugg,
S.D.; Barber, L.B.; Buxton, H.T., (2002). Pharmaceuticals,
hormones and other organic wastewater contaminants in US
streams 1999-2000: a national reconnaissance, Sci. Total
Environ., (36): 1202-1211 (10 pages).
Kouras, A.; Zouboulis, A.; Samara, C.; Kouimtzia, T., (1995).
Removal of pesticide from surface water by combined physico
- chemical process, Chemosphere, (30): 2307-2315 (9 pages).
Liu, G.; Ma, J.; Li, X.; Qin, Q., (2009a). Adsorption of
bisphenol A from aqueous solution onto activated carbons
with different modification treatments, J. Hazard. Mater.,
164 (2): 1275-1280 (6 pages).
Liu, Z.H.; Kanjo, Y.; Mizutani, S., (2009b). Removal
mechanisms for endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in
wastewater treatment - physical means, biodegradation and
chemical advanced oxidation: A review, Sci. Total Environ.,
407(1): 731-748 (18 pages).
Park, Y.; Sun, Z.; Ayoko, G.A.; Frost, R.L., (2014). Bisphenol
A sorption by organo-montmorillonite: Implications for
213
10. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(3): 205-214, Summer 2015
the removal of organic contaminants from water,
Chemosphere, (107): 249-256 (8 pages).
Saha, B.; Karounou, E.; Streat, M., (2010). Removal of 17 b-
oestradiol and 17 a-ethinyl oestradiol from water by
activated carbons and hypercrosslinked polymeric phases,
React. Funct. Polym., 70(8): 531-544 (14 pages).
Shah, J.; Jan, M. R.; Haq, A.; Zeeshan, M., (2012). Equilibrium,
kinetic and thermodynamic studies for sorption of Ni (ii)
from aqueous solution using formaldehyde treated waste
tea leave, J. Saudi Chem. Soc., doi:10.1016/
j.jscs.2012.04.004
Sun, K.; Gao, B.; Zhang, Z.; Zhang, G.; Liu, X.; Zhao, Y.; Xing,
B., (2010). Sorption of endocrine disrupting chemicals by
condensed organic matter in soils and sediments,
Chemosphere, (80): 709-715 (7 pages).
Treybal, R.E., (1968). Mass transfer operations. New York,
McGraw Hill.
AUTHOR (S) BIOSKETCHES
Ifelebuegu, A.O., Ph.D., Professor; Department of Geography, Environment and Society, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK.
Email: a.ifelebuegu@coventry.ac.uk
Ukpebor, J.E., Ph.D., Professor; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ UK.
Email: jukpebor@yahoo.com
Obidiegwu, C.C., MSc Student; Department of Geography, Environment and Society, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK.
Email: obidiegwuc@uni.coventry.ac.uk
Kwofi, B.C., MSc Student; Department of Geography, Environment and Society, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK.
Email: kwofib@uni.coventry.ac.uk
How to cite this article: (Harvard style)
Ifelebuegu, A.O.; Ukpebor, J.E.; Obidiegwu, C.C.; Kwofi, B.C., (2015). Comparative potential of black tea leaves waste to granular activated
carbon in adsorption of endocrine disrupting compounds from aqueous solution, Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(3): 205-214.
A.O. Ifelebuegu et al.
Yoon, Y., Ryu, J.; Oh, J.; Choi, B.G.; Snyder, S.A., (2010). Occurrence
of endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals and personal
care products in the Hans River (Seoul, South Korea), Sci. Total
Environ., (408): 636-643 (8 pages).
Yoon, Y.; Westerhoff, P.; Snyder, S.A., Esparza, M., (2003).
HPLC fluorescence detection and adsorption of bisphenol
A, 17 b-estradiol and 17 a-ethynyl estradiol on powdered
activated carbon, Water Res., 37(14): 3530-3537 (8 pages).
Yoshita, A.; Lu, J.L.; Ye, J.H.; Liang, Y.R., (2009). Sorption of
lead from aqueous solutions by spent tea leaf, African J.
Biotechnol., 8(10): 2212-2217 (6 pages).
Zhang, Y.; Zhou, J. L., (2005). Removal of estrone and 17 b-
estradiol from water by adsorption, Water Res., 39 (16):
3991-4003 (13 pages).
Zhang, Y.; Zhou, J.L., (2008). Occurrences and removal of
endocrine disrupting chemicals in wastewater, Chemosphere,
73 (5): 848-853 (6 pages).
214