This study investigated the effect, on reactor performance and biomass retention inside the bed, of the material used to make the supports of anaerobic fixed-bed reactors. Three inert supports of similar shape but made of three different materials polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, high-density polyethylene were manufactured and used. All three supports had the same specific surface area but different relative densities. Three identical 10 L lab-scale upflow anaerobic fixed-bed reactors were filled (80% of the working volume) each respectively with polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene and polyethylene support, and fed with vinasse (44 g total COD/L) for 140 days at 35 °C. The organic loading rates were increased from 0.5 g/L.d to the maximum acceptable by each reactor. Fairly similar maximum organic loading rates were reached for each type of support, with values above 20 g of COD/L.d and more than 80 % soluble chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency. A very large amount of biomass was entrapped and attached in all the supports and represented more than 95% of the total biomass inside the reactors. In terms of performance and biomass accumulation, this study demonstrated quite similar behavior for anaerobic fixed-bed reactors with supports made of different materials, which suggests that the nature of the material used to make the supports has no major influence. The chemical nature of the support material clearly has negligible effect and thus the size, shape, and porosity of the support must be more influential.
Uptake of Silver from Polyvinylpyrrolidine Coated Silver Nanoparticles in a T...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The widespread use of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) has facilitated their uninterrupted entry into various ecosystems. Nanoparticles are stabilized using a variety of approaches for various applications. The present study has investigated the uptake of polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP) coated Ag NPs in a terrestrial system. Two insect (Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor) and two plant species (Sorghum vulgare and Helianthus annuus) were used in the study. The effect of concentration and size of PVP-coated Ag NPs was investigated. The test species were maintained in soil spiked with 0, 1, 5, 25, 125, and 625 mg/kg PVP-coated 30-50 nm Ag NPs to test the effect of concentration of Ag NPs on uptake. Similarly, the test species were maintained in soil spiked with 25 mg/kg of 20, 30-50, and 50-80 nm PVP-coated Ag NPs to study the effect of size of nanoparticles on uptake. The PVP-coated Ag NPs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and powder X-ray diffraction techniques. The levels of silver in test samples were measured using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. A concentration dependent increase in the levels of Ag in both the insect species was observed as a function of increasing concentrations of coated Ag NPs in soil. An increase in the levels of Ag as a function of increasing size of coated Ag NPs was observed with Acheta domesticus. No apparent trend was observed with Tenebrio molitor species. A concentration dependent increase in the levels of Ag in the roots of both the plants was observed as a function of increasing concentrations of coated Ag NPs in soil. Additionally, the translocation of Ag to other plant tissues was observed in Helianthus annuus, a dicot plant.
Aboveground to root biomass ratios in pea and vetch after treatment with orga...GJESM Publication
Some growth parameters of pea (cv. Pleven 4) and vetch (cv. Obrazets 666) after treatment with organic fertilizer were studied in a field trial carried out at the Institute of Forage Crops, Pleven, Bulgaria. Humustim as
organic fertilizer was applied through presowing treatment of seeds, treatment during vegetation and combination
between both, at different doses. Ratios of aboveground weight to root system weight, aboveground height to root
system length, as well as specific root length were determined. It was found that the growth variables of plants were positively influenced by organic fertilizer. The aboveground weight to root system weight ratios of pea ranged from 4.80 to 6.29 and was higher than vetch. Aboveground height to root system length ratio in pea ranged from 6.95 to 7.93, and in vetch from 5.30 to 7.39. The use of organic fertilizer at the dose of 1.2 L/t and treatment during vegetation resulted in better performance of root system and specific root length was 78.6 for pea and 84.3 for vetch.
Uptake of Silver from Polyvinylpyrrolidine Coated Silver Nanoparticles in a T...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The widespread use of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) has facilitated their uninterrupted entry into various ecosystems. Nanoparticles are stabilized using a variety of approaches for various applications. The present study has investigated the uptake of polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP) coated Ag NPs in a terrestrial system. Two insect (Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor) and two plant species (Sorghum vulgare and Helianthus annuus) were used in the study. The effect of concentration and size of PVP-coated Ag NPs was investigated. The test species were maintained in soil spiked with 0, 1, 5, 25, 125, and 625 mg/kg PVP-coated 30-50 nm Ag NPs to test the effect of concentration of Ag NPs on uptake. Similarly, the test species were maintained in soil spiked with 25 mg/kg of 20, 30-50, and 50-80 nm PVP-coated Ag NPs to study the effect of size of nanoparticles on uptake. The PVP-coated Ag NPs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and powder X-ray diffraction techniques. The levels of silver in test samples were measured using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. A concentration dependent increase in the levels of Ag in both the insect species was observed as a function of increasing concentrations of coated Ag NPs in soil. An increase in the levels of Ag as a function of increasing size of coated Ag NPs was observed with Acheta domesticus. No apparent trend was observed with Tenebrio molitor species. A concentration dependent increase in the levels of Ag in the roots of both the plants was observed as a function of increasing concentrations of coated Ag NPs in soil. Additionally, the translocation of Ag to other plant tissues was observed in Helianthus annuus, a dicot plant.
Aboveground to root biomass ratios in pea and vetch after treatment with orga...GJESM Publication
Some growth parameters of pea (cv. Pleven 4) and vetch (cv. Obrazets 666) after treatment with organic fertilizer were studied in a field trial carried out at the Institute of Forage Crops, Pleven, Bulgaria. Humustim as
organic fertilizer was applied through presowing treatment of seeds, treatment during vegetation and combination
between both, at different doses. Ratios of aboveground weight to root system weight, aboveground height to root
system length, as well as specific root length were determined. It was found that the growth variables of plants were positively influenced by organic fertilizer. The aboveground weight to root system weight ratios of pea ranged from 4.80 to 6.29 and was higher than vetch. Aboveground height to root system length ratio in pea ranged from 6.95 to 7.93, and in vetch from 5.30 to 7.39. The use of organic fertilizer at the dose of 1.2 L/t and treatment during vegetation resulted in better performance of root system and specific root length was 78.6 for pea and 84.3 for vetch.
The objectives of this topic are to understand, acquire, and demonstrate the concept of nanomineral synthesis, their absorption in the body, and effect on livestock productivity.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals
Improving the growth of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) by magnetized wat...Innspub Net
Magnetic water is considered one of several physical factors affects plant growth and development. A pot experiment was carried out in research farm of the Shahre-Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran during summer 2012 to comparison between magnetic and non magnetic water on some traits of cowpea. Results showed that Irrigation with magnetized water increased leaf, stem and root fresh and dry weight as well as total biomass as compared to ordinary water. Magnetic water also raised stomatal conductance, water use efficiency (WUE) (in term of total biomass produced to amount of water consumed), leaf area, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area ratio (LAR), and root weight ratio (RWR) than that the control. However magnetized water decreased shoot root ratio (SRR) and also had not significant effect on leaf weight ratio (LWR) and stem weight ratio (SWR) as compared to non magnetized water. The stimulatory impact of magnetic water may be ascribed to the increasing of root growth and stomatal conductance which increase absorption and assimilation of nutrients. It appears that irrigation with magnetic water may be considered a promising technique to improving growth and WUE of cowpea. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-3-number-1-january-2013-2/
The effects of cadmium and cow manure on nodulation and growth attributes of ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Different biotic and abiotic factors are involved in the availability of heavy metals in soil including organic matter. In order to study the effects of cow manure on cadmium availability and their interactions on common bean nodulation and growth parameters, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions. The treatments included five cadmium levels (0, 2, 5, 10, 20 mg cadmium per kg soil) and four cow manure levels (0, 15, 30, 60 t ha-1) based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Results indicated that increased soil cadmium concentrations caused higher cadmium uptake by root tissues whereas, Root nodulation and total N content of shoot tissues decreased significantly at all cadmium concentration levels except for 2 mg Kg-1. In addition, the interaction of cow manure and high concentrations of cadmium caused a decrease in nodule number, nodule fresh weights and total N content of shoot in common bean.
The Influence of Soil Organic Matter on the Uptake of Silver Nanoparticles in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated in the presence of increasing concentrations of soil organic matter. Especially, the effect of Humus component of soil organic matter on the uptake of Ag from silver nanoparticles was studied. Two insect species, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two plant species, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to silver nanoparticles(25 ppm in the presence of increasing concentrations of Humus (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20% Humus) in soil (by weight). The techniques of transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the silver nanoparticles used in the study. An inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer was used to measure the levels of silver in test samples. Increasing concentrations of Humus in soil has resulted in an increase in the sulfur content and cation exchange capacity of the soil. A general decrease in the concentrations of silver was observed in Acheta domesticus and both the plant species, as a function of increasing concentrations of Humus in soil. In the case of plant species, the accumulation of silver nanoparticles was predominantly observed in the root tissue. Additionally, the translocation of silver from the roots to other plant tissues was observed in the case of Helianthus annuus. Results from this study suggest that the presence of Humus in soil could possibly decrease the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles by insect and plant species.
Bijay Thapa, Nawa Raj Khatiwada, Anish Ghimire and Bikash Adhikari . “Study of Pollutant Removal in Activated Sludge Process Using Lab Scale Plant by Intermittent Aeration” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.2 (2019): 01-07.
The objectives of this topic are to understand, acquire, and demonstrate the concept of nanomineral synthesis, their absorption in the body, and effect on livestock productivity.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals
Improving the growth of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) by magnetized wat...Innspub Net
Magnetic water is considered one of several physical factors affects plant growth and development. A pot experiment was carried out in research farm of the Shahre-Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran during summer 2012 to comparison between magnetic and non magnetic water on some traits of cowpea. Results showed that Irrigation with magnetized water increased leaf, stem and root fresh and dry weight as well as total biomass as compared to ordinary water. Magnetic water also raised stomatal conductance, water use efficiency (WUE) (in term of total biomass produced to amount of water consumed), leaf area, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area ratio (LAR), and root weight ratio (RWR) than that the control. However magnetized water decreased shoot root ratio (SRR) and also had not significant effect on leaf weight ratio (LWR) and stem weight ratio (SWR) as compared to non magnetized water. The stimulatory impact of magnetic water may be ascribed to the increasing of root growth and stomatal conductance which increase absorption and assimilation of nutrients. It appears that irrigation with magnetic water may be considered a promising technique to improving growth and WUE of cowpea. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-3-number-1-january-2013-2/
The effects of cadmium and cow manure on nodulation and growth attributes of ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Different biotic and abiotic factors are involved in the availability of heavy metals in soil including organic matter. In order to study the effects of cow manure on cadmium availability and their interactions on common bean nodulation and growth parameters, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions. The treatments included five cadmium levels (0, 2, 5, 10, 20 mg cadmium per kg soil) and four cow manure levels (0, 15, 30, 60 t ha-1) based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Results indicated that increased soil cadmium concentrations caused higher cadmium uptake by root tissues whereas, Root nodulation and total N content of shoot tissues decreased significantly at all cadmium concentration levels except for 2 mg Kg-1. In addition, the interaction of cow manure and high concentrations of cadmium caused a decrease in nodule number, nodule fresh weights and total N content of shoot in common bean.
The Influence of Soil Organic Matter on the Uptake of Silver Nanoparticles in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated in the presence of increasing concentrations of soil organic matter. Especially, the effect of Humus component of soil organic matter on the uptake of Ag from silver nanoparticles was studied. Two insect species, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two plant species, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to silver nanoparticles(25 ppm in the presence of increasing concentrations of Humus (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20% Humus) in soil (by weight). The techniques of transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the silver nanoparticles used in the study. An inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer was used to measure the levels of silver in test samples. Increasing concentrations of Humus in soil has resulted in an increase in the sulfur content and cation exchange capacity of the soil. A general decrease in the concentrations of silver was observed in Acheta domesticus and both the plant species, as a function of increasing concentrations of Humus in soil. In the case of plant species, the accumulation of silver nanoparticles was predominantly observed in the root tissue. Additionally, the translocation of silver from the roots to other plant tissues was observed in the case of Helianthus annuus. Results from this study suggest that the presence of Humus in soil could possibly decrease the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles by insect and plant species.
Bijay Thapa, Nawa Raj Khatiwada, Anish Ghimire and Bikash Adhikari . “Study of Pollutant Removal in Activated Sludge Process Using Lab Scale Plant by Intermittent Aeration” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.2 (2019): 01-07.
Reflux it's impact on the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from sewage wat...eSAT Journals
Abstract A/O BAF system has been used in the treatment of nitrogen and phosphorus and other nutrients present in wastewater, This economical and effective way of nutrients removal uses different parameters in the actualization of desired objectives, one of them is the Reflux ratio, this research focuses on the influence and roles of Reflux, Sponge Iron and Manganese sand on the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater. The following experimental operational parameters was set up for the purpose of this experiment, Hydraulic load of 0.5 m3 / m2 • h., Air/Water ratio of 10:1 (0.42L/min) and reflux ratio of 100 and 200 percent. The experiment is divided into two main areas: The effects of reflux ratio presence and absences on removal efficiency of the BAF system. The reflux water was introduced into the anaerobic column and sometimes in aerobic column. The results were examined to note the extent to which reflux plays a part on the removal rate of the nutrients when introduced into the aerobic column instead of the anaerobic column and vice versa. sponge iron and manganese sand column were also introduced, and the results of the nitrifying bacteria shown it supports the removal efficiency observed in the BAF system. The results were all investigated, compared and the analysis showed that reflux helped more in the removal of nitrogen and ammonia, while sponge iron and manganese sand increased the removal efficiency of phosphorus from waste water Key Word: BAF: Biological Aeration Filter; Total Phosphorus; Total Nitrogen; Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD); Removal Efficiency;
Bioremediation and Biodegradation of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soils: A Reviewiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Comparison of kinetic models for biogas production rate from saw dusteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Sub critical water as a green solvent for production of valuable materialsGJESM Publication
gricultural waste biomass generated from agricultural production and food processing industry are abundant, such as durian peel, mango peel, corn straw, rice bran, corn shell, potato peel and many more. Due to low commercial value, these wastes are disposed in landfill, which if not managed properly may cause environmental problems. Currently, environmental laws and regulations pertaining to the pollution from agricultural waste streams by regulatory agencies are stringent and hence the application of toxic solvents during processing has become public concern. Recent development in valuable materials extraction from the decomposition of agricultural waste by sub-critical water treatment from the published literature was review. Physico-chemical characteristic (reaction temperature, reaction time and solid to liquid ratio) of the sub-critical water affecting its yield were also reviewed. The utilization of biomass residue from agriculture, forest wood production and from food and feed processing industry may be an important alternative renewable energy supply. The paper also presents future research on sub-critical water.
Sub critical water as a green solvent for production of valuable materialsGJESM Publication
Agricultural waste biomass generated from agricultural production and food processing industry are abundant, such as durian peel, mango peel, corn straw, rice bran, corn shell, potato peel and many more. Due to low commercial value, these wastes are disposed in landfill, which if not managed properly may cause environmental problems. Currently, environmental laws and regulations pertaining to the pollution from agricultural waste streams by regulatory agencies are stringent and hence the application of toxic solvents during processing has become public concern. Recent development in valuable materials extraction from the decomposition of agricultural waste by sub-critical water treatment from the published literature was review. Physico-chemical characteristic (reaction temperature, reaction time and solid to liquid ratio) of the sub-critical water affecting its yield were also reviewed. The utilization of biomass residue from agriculture, forest wood production and from food and feed processing industry may be an important alternative renewable energy supply. The paper also presents future research on sub-critical water.
2009 - Efficiency of nitrogen removal and protist communities the potential f...WALEBUBLÉ
Article published in the International Workshop on Integrated vision of urban and agro-industrial wastewater treatment, monitoring and reclamation: key role played by the Waste Water Treatment Plant. 2-3 Julio, 2009. ISRIM / LIFE (CEE n. 1973/92 EU Financial Instrument for the Environment) , Terni, Italy.
Review of research on bio reactors used in wastewater ijsit 2.4.6IJSIT Editor
The review presented in this paper focuses on reactors used in wastewater treatment for bio
hydrogen production (e.g. batch reactors, complete mix reactors, plug flow reactors, bio-film reactors,
suspended reactors, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, anaerobic baffled reactors, upflow packed-bed
attached growth reactors, attached growth fluidized bed reactors, anaerobic sequencing batch reactor, hybrid
/ high rate reactors and membrane separation reactors. It is clear from the review that development of these
reactors can be considered a grown up research for which good design and scale-up guidelines are available
The Efficiency of Eicchornia crassipes in the Phytoremediation of Waste Water...iosrjce
The study involved a laboratory experiment on the use of Eicchornia crassipes in the
phytoremediation of a stream polluted by waste water from Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company. The
physiochemical characteristics of the waste water were determined before and after the treatment. The
experiment lasted for three weeks and the rate of reduction was recorded. The highest rate of mean reduction
were for heavy metals accounting 99.0%, 95.0%, 96.3%, 100%, 99.3% and 94.3% of Cd, Hg, Zn, Mn, Pb and
Ag respectively. Other physiochemical parameters include Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 90%, Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD) 54.3%, Nitrate 86.3%, Biochemical Oxygen demand (BOD) 13.7%, Conductivity 11%, Total
suspended Solids (TSS) 55.7%, Turbidity 18%, 87% Total Solids (TS) and the pH 4%. Ecchornia crassipes is a
suitable candidate for effective phytoremediation of water from Romi stream.
A Study on Biological Treatment of Bio-Diesel Industrial Effluent Using FBBRijceronline
The present study involves experimentation on the treatment of bio-diesel industrial effluent using a laboratory scale model of Fluidized Bed Bioreactor (FBBR) with three different bed materials viz., MBBR Plastic media, Pumice Stones, high density Foam material. The experiment mainly focuses on the removal of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) from the bio-diesel industrial effluent. The experiment is conducted for a period over 2 to 3 weeks at daily intervals, till the reactor gets stabilized and a maximum and uniform rates of percent removal of BOD and COD are obtained. The experimental data is analyzed and the results are presented in suitable formats. From the Bio-kinetic study involving reaction rate kinetics and microbial growth kinetics it is observed that, the bio-kinetic reactions taking place in the reactor conform to First order rate of reactions and the Foam pieces are proved to be a good alternative material when compared with that of the Commercially available MBBR (plastic) media
Similar to Effect of the chemical nature of fixed bed reactor support materials on (20)
Fertilizer plant waste carbon slurry has been investigated after some processing as an adsorbent for the removal of dyes and phenols using columns. The results show that the carbonaceous adsorbent prepared from carbon slurry being porous and having appreciable surface area (380 m2/g) can remove dyes both cationic (meldola blue, methylene blue, chrysoidine G, crystal violet) as well as anionic (ethyl orange, metanil yellow, acid blue 113), and phenols (phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol) fruitfully from water. The column type continuous flow operations were used to obtain the breakthrough curves. The breakthrough capacity, exhaustion capacity and degree of column utilization were evaluated from the plots. The results shows that the degree of column utilization for dyes lies in the range 60 to 76% while for phenols was in the range 53-58%. The exhaustion capacities were quite high as compared to the breakthrough capacities and were found to be 217, 211, 104, 126, 233, 248, 267 mg/g for meldola blue, crystal violet, chrysoidine G, methylene blue, ethyl orange, metanil yellow, acid blue 113, respectively and 25.6, 72.2, 82.2 and 197.3 mg/g for phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol, respectively
Reforestation is one of the Philippines’ government efforts to restore and rehabilitate degraded mangrove ecosystems. Although there is recovery of the ecosystem in terms of vegetation, the recovery of closely-linked faunal species in terms of community structure is still understudied. This research investigates the community structure of mangrove crabs under two different management schemes: protected mangroves and reforested mangroves. The transect-plot method was employed in each management scheme to quantify the vegetation, crab assemblages and environmental variables. Community composition of crabs and mangrove trees were compared between protected and reforested mangroves using non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and analysis of similarity in PRIMER 6. Chi-squared was used to test the variance of sex ration of the crabs. Canonical Correspondence Analysis was used to determine the relationship between crabs and environmental parameters. A total of twelve species of crabs belonging to six families were identified in protected mangroves while only four species were documented in reforested mangroves. Perisesarma indiarum and Baptozius vinosus were the most dominant species in protected and reforested mangrove, respectively. Univariate analysis of variance of crab assemblage data revealed significant differences in crab composition and abundance between protected mangroves and from reforested mangroves (P<0.05).><0.05).Environmental factors and human intervention had contributed to the difference in crab assemblages in mangrove ecosystems.
Estuaries are well known for their potential in removing metal from fresh water to provide micro-nutrients to aquatic life. In the present investigation, we have tried to bring out the metal removal potential of estuaries during accidental spills. For this purpose artificial river water containing high concentration of Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb were mixed with sea water at different salinity regimes. Water samples were taken from a station on the main branch of Tajan River that flows in to the Caspian Sea. For this purpose, solutions with a concentration of 5 mg/L of each studied metal (Mn,Cu, Zn, Pb) were prepared in Tajan River water. The salinity regimes include 3, 6, 8, 10 and 11 ppt. It was noted that metal concentration decreased by increasing salinity. Metals were flocculated at different rates: Cu (88%) > Ni (86%) > Pb (84%) > Mn (74%).Thus, as average about 80% of total elemental content flocculates. Hence, it was concluded that a large amount of micro nutrients is carried by the river and flocculated in the estuary where the river water mixes with the sea water which may play a vital role in supplying nutrients to the aquatic animals. Cluster analyses have shown that Mn and Ni are governed by EC, pH and salinity.
The current investigation presents the role of gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus) seeds as an effective biosorbent for remediating chromium (VI)), a toxic heavy metal pollutant commonly found in effluents from tanneries and relevant industries. Biosorption was affected by pH, temperature and initial metal concentration. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the holistic effect of all variables to ascertain the best possible conditions for adsorption, therefore, these factors were considered and a total of 17 trials were run according to the Box Behnken design. Quadratic model had maximum R2 value (0.9984) and larger F value (1109.92). From the Analysis Of Variance table and R2 value, quadratic model was predicted to be the significant model with the best fit to the generated experimental data. The optimal parameters obtained from the contour plot for the maximum removal of chromium(VI) were initial metal concentration of 60 mg/L, pH value of 2, and temperature of 27°C. Under these conditions, maximum removal of 92% was obtained. Thus this biosorbent substantially eliminates chromium(VI) under optimized conditions, enabling its use in larger scale.
The present work was carried out to evaluate the removal of p-nitrophenol by adsorption onto olive cake based activated carbon having a BET surface area of 672 m²/g. The batch adsorption experimental results indicated that the equilibrium time for nitrophenol adsorption by olive cake-based activated carbon was 120min. The adsorption data was modeled by equilibrium and kinetic models. The pseudo- first and second order as well as the Elovichkinetic models were applied to fit the experimental data and the intraparticle diffusion model was assessed for describing the mechanism of adsorption. The data were found to be best fitted to the pseudo-second order model with a correlation coefficient (R2=0.986). The intraparticle diffusion mechanism also showed a good fit to the experimental data, showing two distinct linear parts assuming that more than one step could be involved in the adsorption of nitrophenol by the activated carbon. The equilibrium study was performed using three models including Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin. The results revealed that the Temkin equilibrium model is the best model fitting the experimental data (R2=0.944). The results of the present study proved the efficiency of using olive cake based activated carbon as a novel adsorbent for the removal of nitrophenol from aqueous solution.
his study investigated the microbial community in a full scale anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor system for oil-produced water treatment in summer and winter. The community structures of fungi and bacteria were analyzed through polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and Illumina high-throughput sequencing, respectively. Chemical oxygen demand effluent concentration achieved lower than 50 mg/L level after the system in both summer and winter, however, chemical oxygen demand removal rates after anaerobic baffled reactor treatment system were significant higher in summer than that in winter, which conformed to the microbial community diversity. Saccharomycotina, Fusarium, and Aspergillus were detected in both anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor during summer and winter. The fungal communities in anaerobic baffled reactor and sequencing batch reactor were shaped by seasons and treatment units, while there was no correlation between abundance of fungi and chemical oxygen demand removal rates. Compared to summer, the total amount of the dominant hydrocarbon degrading bacteria decreased by 10.2% in anaerobic baffled reactor, resulting in only around 23% of chemical oxygen demand was removed in winter. Although microbial community significantly varied in the three parallel sulfide reducing bacteria, the performance of these bioreactors had no significant difference between summer and winter.
In recent decades, necessity to protect environment has been a serious concern for all people and international communities. In appropriate development of human economic activities, subsistence dependence of the growing world population on nature decreases the natural diversity of ecosystems and habitats day by day and provides additional constraints for life and survival of wildlife. As a result, implementation of programs to protect species and ecosystems is of great importance. The current study was carried out to implement a comprehensive strategic environmental management plan in the Mond protected area in southern Iran. Accordingly, the protected area was zoned using multi criteria decision method. According to the numerical models, fifteen data layer were obtained on a scale of 1:50,000. The results revealed that 28.35% out of the entire study area belongs to nature conservation zone. In the following step, in order to offer the strategic planning using strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats method, a total number of 154 questionnaires were prepared and filled by the relevant experts. For this purpose, after identifying the internal and external factors, they were weighted in the form of matrices as; internal factor evaluation and external factor evaluation. Analytical hierarchy process and expert choice software were applied to weight the factors. At the end, by considering the socioeconomic and environmental issues, the strategy of using protective strategies in line with international standards as well as a strong support of governmental national execution with a score of 6.05 was chosen as the final approach.
The major aim of the present study was to investigate element (Fe, Ni, Pb, V, Zn) concentrations in sediment and different tissues of Phragmities australis and Typha latifolia in Hor al-Azim Wetland Southwest Iran. Sampling of sediments and aquatic plants was carried out during spring and summer 2014. Results showed that the mean concentrations of elements in Phragmities australis in root and stem-leaf were as follows: Iron:4448 mg/kg, Nickel: 28 mg/kg, Lead:8 mg/kg, Vanadium:10 mg/kg and Zinc 15.5 mg/kg in root and: Fe:645 mg/kg, Ni:15 mg/kg, Pb:4 mg/kg, V:4 mg/kg and Zinc 16 mg/kg respectively. Also, the mean concentrations of Fe, Ni, Pb, V and Zn in roots of Typha latifolia were 8696 mg/kg, 34 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 19 mg/kg and 27 mg/kg respectively. The mean concentrations of Fe, Ni, V, Pb, Zn in stem-leaves of Typha latifolia were as follows: 321 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 7 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg and 14 mg/kg respectively. The mean concentrations of Fe, Ni, V, Pb and zinc were as: 40991 mg/kg, 65 mg/kg, 60 mg/kg, 31 mg/kg, 60 mg/kg respectively in surface sediment of study area. Concentration pattern of elements in sediment were as: Fe>Ni>Zn>V>Pb. The highest concentration of elements in the plant was seen in the roots. Also, Typha latifolia can uptake more concentration of elements than Phragmities australis. Based on the enrichment factor, Ni in summer had the highest EF values among the elements studied and it has a moderate enrichment.
In recent years managing solid wastes has been one of the burning problems in front of state and local municipal authorities. This is mainly due to scarcity of lands for landfill sites. In this context experts suggest that conversion of solid waste to energy and useful component is the best approach to reduce space and public health related problems. The entire process has to be managed by technologies that prevent pollution and protect the environment and at the same time minimize the cost through recovery of energy. Energy recovery in the form of electricity, heat and fuel from the waste using different technologies is possible through a variety of processes, including incineration, gasification, pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion. These processes are often grouped under “Waste to Energy technologies”. The objective of the study is twofold. First authors assessed the current status of solid waste management practices in India. Secondly the leading barriers are identified and Interpretive structural modeling technique and MICMAC analysis is performed to identify the contextual interrelationships between leading barriers influencing the solid waste to energy programs in the country. Finally the conclusions are drawn which will assist policy makers in designing sustainable waste management programs.
Water is a unique natural resource among all sources available on earth. It plays an important role in economic development and the general well-being of the country. This study aimed at using the application of water quality index in evaluating the ground water quality innorth-east area of Jaipur in pre and post monsoon for public usage. Total eleven physico–chemical characteristics; total dissolved solids, total hardness,chloride, nitrate, electrical conductance, sodium, fluorideand potassium, pH, turbidity, temperature) were analyzed and observed values were compared with standard values recommended by Indian standard and World Health Organization. Most of parameter show higher value than permissible limit in pre and post monsoon. Water quality index study showed that drinking water in Amer (221.58,277.70), Lalawas (362.74,396.67), Jaisinghpura area (286.00,273.78) were found to be highly contaminated due to high value of total dissolved solids, electrical conductance, total hardness, chloride, nitrate and sodium.Saipura (122.52, 131.00), Naila (120.25, 239.86), Galta (160.9, 204.1) were found to be moderately contaminated for both monsoons. People dependent on this water may prone to health hazard. Therefore some effective measures are urgently required to enhance the quality of water in these areas.
Priming of prosopis cineraria (l.) druce and acacia tortilis (forssk) seedsGJESM Publication
Composting of waste plant materials and its use in agriculture and landscape sites is an environmental friendly way of reducing waste material and conserving the environment. In this perspectives a survey has been performed at the Dubai based International Center for Biosaline Agriculture to compost the plants based waste material (lawn cuttings-grass) to compost. The material was inoculated with a consortium of microbes leading to form stable and mature compost with high organic matter (38%). In order to conduct seed germination tests, Fulvic acid was extracted from the compost. A pot experiment was conducted over a period of 30 days in the green house to study the effect of Fulvic acid on the seed germination, and plant growth of Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce (Ghaff) and Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne. Seeds of both trees were treated with Fulvic acid at 0.5% and 1% and water treatment was used as control. Generally seed germination and biomass were increased at both rates of fulvic acid. However, a pronounced increase was found in seed germination when fulvic acid was used at 1.0% (Prosopis cineraria 27%; Acacia tortilis 20% increase over control). Similarly biomass (shoot and root) of A. tortilis and P. cineraria was increase 34% and 94% respectively.
Methylene blue is widely used in various industrial branches. Due to insufficient treatment, its occurrence in wastewater is frequently detected, which may result in serious environment problems to aquatic organisms. Hydroponic experiments were conducted with rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L. cv. XZX 45) exposed to methylene blue to determine the effective concentration using relative growth rate and water use efficiency as response endpoints. Results showed that acute toxicity of methylene blue to rice seedlings was evident. Although a linear decrease in relative growth rate and water use efficiency was observed in rice seedlings with increasing methylene blue concentrations, relative growth rate of rice seedlings was more sensitive to change of methylene blue than water use efficiency. Using non-linear regression, EC-48 h values for 10%, 20% and 50% inhibition of the relative growth rate were estimated to be 1.54, 3.22 and 10.13 mg MB/L for rice seedlings exposed to methylene blue, respectively, while smaller EC were obtained for 96 h exposure. In conclusion, the toxic response of young rice seedlings to methylene blue is obvious and inhibitory effects are highly dependent on response endpoints and the duration of exposure period.
Equilibrium and kinetic study on chromium (vi) removal from simulatedGJESM Publication
Gooseberry seed (Phyllanthus acidus) was used as an adsorbent to determine its feasibility for the removal of Cr(VI). Various parameters such as pH, temperature, contact time, initial metal concentration and adsorbent dosage were investigated to determine the biosorption performance. Equilibrium was attained within 60 minutes and maximum removal of 96% was achieved under the optimum conditions at pH 2. The adsorption phenomenon demonstrated here was monolayer represented by Langmuir isotherm with R2 value of 0.992 and the Langmuir constants k and q0 was found to be 0.0061 (L/mg) and 19.23 (mg/g). The adsorption system obeyed Pseudo second order kinetics with R2 value of 0.999. The results of the present study indicated that gooseberry seed powder can be employed as adsorbent for the effective removal of hexavalent chromium economically.
Deposition of carbon nanotubes in commonly used sample filter mediaGJESM Publication
There is no single standard technique or methodology to characterize the size, structure, number, and chemical composition of airborne carbon nanotubes. Existing analytical instruments and analytical techniques for evaluating nanoparticle concentrations cannot simultaneously provide morphology, state of agglomeration, surface area, mass, size distribution and chemical composition data critical to making occupational health assessments. This research utilized scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis to assess the morphology and mass of carbon nanotubes collected using various commercial sample filters. It illustrated carbon nanotube agglomeration, deposition and distribution in commonly used sample filter media. It also illustrated that a sufficient mass for carbon nanotube analysis by thermogravimetric analysis is uncommon under most current research and production uses of carbon nanotubes. Individual carbon nanotubes were found to readily agglomerate with diameters ranging from 1 – 63 µm. They were collected at the face of or within the filter. They were not evenly distributed across the face of the filters.
Comparative potential of black tea leaves waste to granular activated carbonGJESM Publication
The adsorption properties and mechanics of selected endocrine disrupting compounds; 17 β-estradiol, 17 α – ethinylestradiol and bisphenol A on locally available black tea leaves waste and granular activated carbon were investigated. The results obtained indicated that the kinetics of adsorption were pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and temperature dependent with equilibrium being reached at 20 to 40 minutes for tea leaves waste and 40 to 60 minutes for granular activated compound. Maximum adsorption capacities of 3.46, 2.44 and 18.35 mg/g were achieved for tea leaves waste compared to granular activated compound capacities of 4.01, 2.97 and 16.26 mg/g for 17 β- estradiol, 17 α-ethinylestradiol and bisphenol A respectively. Tea leaves waste adsorption followed pseudo-first order kinetics while granular activated compound fitted better to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The experimental isotherm data for both tea leaves waste and granular activated compound showed a good fit to the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models with the Langmuir model showing the best fit. The thermodynamic and kinetic data for the adsorption indicated that the adsorption process for tea leaves waste was predominantly by physical adsorption while the granular activated compound adsorption was more chemical in nature. The results have demonstrated the potential of waste tea leaves for the adsorptive removal of endocrine disrupting compounds from water.
Keywords
Biochar impact on physiological and biochemical attributes of spinachGJESM Publication
Disastrous effect of nickel on spinach was discussed by number of authors but the effect of amendments like biochar with nickel on Spinacea oleraceaL. is not still discussed by any author of the world because biochar was used as soil amendments which play a vital role in reducing mobilization and uptake of nickel by spinach plants. As nickel contaminated plants are very harmful for the consumption by living organisms. Nickel can be gathered in agronomic soils by anthropogenic actions such as Ni-Cd batteries. In this study, the growth, physiological, photosynthetic and biochemical responses of Spinacia oleracea grown in Ni-spiked soil (0, 25, 50 and 100 mg Ni/Kg soil) at three levels of cotton-sticks-derived biochar “CSB” (0, 3 and 5 %) were evaluated. The results exposed significant decrease in growth, photosynthetic, physiological, and biochemical traits of S. oleracea when grown in Ni-polluted soil. However, this decrease was less pronounced in CSB amended soil. A steady rise in the MDA (0.66 µg/g to 2.08 µg g-1), ascorbic acid (1.24 mg/g to 1.57 mg/g)and sugar concentrations (1.73 mg/g to 2.16 mg/g)was observed with increased concentration of Ni. The increasing percentages of CSB from 3 % to 5 % decreased Ni concentrations in root and shoot of experimental plant. Higher production of chlorophyll, amino acids and protein with CSB amendment looked like alleviation in Ni toxicity. Therefore, it is concluded that, Ni toxicity and availability to the plants can be reduced by CSB amendments.
Particulate matter effect on biometric and biochemical attributes of fruiting...GJESM Publication
Dust accumulation capacity of Ficus carica L. and Psidium guajava L. was investigated from eight
different sites of Multan, Pakistan. Leaves of both plants were used for analyzing biometric (leaf area, fresh and dry
weights) and biochemical attributes (chlorophyll contents, carotenoids and ascorbic acid). Maximum dust accumulation was occurred in the plants growing near road sites, while, minimum dust accumulation occurred in the plants of Bahauddin Zakariya University. Most of the biometric and biochemical attributes of F. carica showed significant response towards dust but it had not significant influence on some attributes of P. guajava. Biochemical traits of P. guajava appeared to be more prone than foliage ones. A positive correlation was found between dust accumulation and foliage attributes in F. carica. On the other hand, in P. guajava opposite was observed, however, the reverse was true for leaf biomass. Biochemical contents had shown an inconsistency as chlorophylls (a, b & total), carotenoid contents declined but ascorbic acid increased with an increase in dust accumulation in both species.
Plankton diversity and aquatic ecology of a freshwater lake (L3) at Bharti Is...GJESM Publication
The Larsemann Hills range is an ice-free oasis on the Ingrid Christensen Coast of Princess Elizabeth
Land, East Antarctica, which includes Bharti Island, Fisher Island, McLeod Island, Broknes Peninsula, Stornes
Peninsula, and several other islands, promontories, and nunataks. The Larsemann Hills is an ice-free area of
approximately 50 km2, located halfway between the Vestfold Hills and the Amery Ice Shelf on the south-eastern
coast of Prydz Bay, Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica. The ice-free area consists of two major peninsulas (Stornes and Broknes), four minor peninsulas, and approximately 130 near shore islands. The Larsemann Hills area contains more than 150 lakes at different Islands and peninsulas. Bharti Island of Larsemann Hills in east Antarctica was selected as a sampling site for the present study. Water sample was collected from a freshwater lake during XXXth Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica (ISEA) and analyzed for the physico-chemical parameters, major elements, trace metals and major plankton diversity in surface lake water by following standard methodology. The concentrations of metals Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn and Cr were measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Phytoplankton and zooplankton were also assessed in the aquatic ecosystem of Lake L3 at Bharti Island, Larsemann Hills over east Antarctica. Psychrophillic bacteria were found 71 cfu in lake water, while total bacterial count was found to be 5.4 × 102cfu.
Removal of ammonium ions from wastewater A short review in development of eff...GJESM Publication
Ammonium ions wastewater pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems
today. The treatment of ammonium ions is a special concern due to their recalcitrance and persistence in the environment. In recent years, various methods for ammonium ion removal from wastewater have been extensively studied. This paper reviews the current methods that have been used to treat ammonium ion wastewater and evaluates these techniques. These technologies include ion exchange, adsorption, biosorption, wet air oxidation, biofiltration, diffused
aeration, nitrification and denitrification methods. About 75 published studies (1979-2015) are reviewed in this paper.
It is evident from the literature survey articles that ion exchange, adsorption and biological technology are the most frequently studied for the treatment of ammonium ion wastewater.
Isolation and partial characterization of a new strain of Klebsiella pneumoni...GJESM Publication
Glycerol is a promising feedstock for microbial cultivation and production of 1,3 propanediol (1,3 PDO). Here we report a newly isolated bacterial strain BA11 from soil, capable of fermenting glycerol to 1,3 PDO, and
has been identified to be a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Strain BA11 was fast growing showing peak 1,3 PDO production in 6 h of cultivation with productivity of 1.2 g/L-h without the addition of Vitamin B12. Based on the
optimum glycerol utilization (75%) and 1,3 PDO production (8.3 g/L) and yield (0.56 mol/mol glycerol utilized), the
most appropriate glycerol concentration for cultivation was 20 g/L. The strain BA11 could tolerate the pH range of 6
to 8.5 as no inhibitory effects were seen on growth as well as 1,3 PDO production. Strain BA11 was most active and
could produce high 1,3 PDO in the incubation temperature range of 25 to 40 oC. The production of 1,3 PDO was
maximum (9.3 g/L) under aerobic condition with 95.8% glycerol utilization. Addition of glucose to the glycerol fermentation led to increased cell mass but no improvement in the 1,3 PDO production.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
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and write to us if you have any questions:
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Effect of the chemical nature of fixed bed reactor support materials on
1. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(3): 215-224, Summer 2015
*Corresponding Author Email: bisen0102@gmail.com
Tel.: +91-124-2334015; Fax: +91-124-233-7637
Note. This manuscript was submitted on March 10, 2015;
approved on May 1, 2015; published online on June 1, 2015.
Discussion period open until October 1, 2015; discussion can
be performed online on the Website “Show article” section
for this article. This paper is part of the Global Journal of
Environmental Science and Management (GJESM).
Effect of the chemical nature of fixed-bed reactor support materials on
bioreactor performance and biomass accumulation
1,2*
B. Sen; 1
M. Torrijos; 1
P. Sousbie; 1
J.P. Steyer
1
INRA, UR0050, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l’Environnement, Avenue des Etangs, Narbonne, F-
11100, France
2
Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, 122413, India
ABSTRACT: This study investigated the effect, on reactor performance and biomass retention inside the bed, of the
material used to make the supports of anaerobic fixed-bed reactors. Three inert supports of similar shape but made of
three different materials polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, high-density polyethylene were manufactured and used.
All three supports had the same specific surface area but different relative densities. Three identical 10 L lab-scale up-
flow anaerobic fixed-bed reactors were filled (80% of the working volume) each respectively with polyvinyl chloride,
polypropylene and polyethylene support, and fed with vinasse (44 g total COD/L) for 140 days at 35 °C. The organic
loading rates were increased from 0.5 g/L.d. to the maximum acceptable by each reactor. Fairly similar maximum organic
loading rates were reached for each type of support, with values above 20 g of COD/L.d. and more than 80 % soluble
chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency. A very large amount of biomass was entrapped and attached in all the
supports and represented more than 95% of the total biomass inside the reactors. In terms of performance and biomass
accumulation, this study demonstrated quite similar behavior for anaerobic fixed-bed reactors with supports made of
different materials, which suggests that the nature of the material used to make the supports has no major influence. The
chemical nature of the support material clearly has negligible effect and thus the size, shape, and porosity of the support
must be more influential.
Keywords: Anaerobic fixed-bed reactors (AFBRs), Organic loading rates (OLR), Polyethylene (HDPE), Polypropylene
(PP), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Specific biomass activity, Vinasse
Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(3): 215-224, Summer 2015
ISSN 2383 - 3572
Received 10 March 2015; revised 24 April 2015; accepted 1 May 2015; available online 1 June 2015
INTRODUCTION
High-rate anaerobic treatment of wastewater is a
commonly accepted practice in the industry due to
its low energy consumption, methane production
which can be used to produce energy and a lower
sludge production than aerobic processes (Di
Berardino et al., 1997; Weiland and Wulfert, 1986).
These systems are extremely efficient in the treatment
of industrial and highly polluted wastewaters with
short hydraulic retention times (HRTs) and high
organic loading rates (OLRs) (Banu et al., 2006;
Rajinikanth et al., 2009). High-rate anaerobic reactors
may be classified into three broad groups depending
on the mechanism used to achieve biomass retention,
namely granulation (including UASB reactors, EGSB
reactors) (Banu et al., 2006; Fang et al., 2011),
attachment on supports (including fixed-bed reactors,
fluidized-bed reactors) (Ganesh et al., 2010; Nikolaeva
et al., 2009; Sandhya and Swaminathan, 2006) and
hybrid systems (Roca et al., 2007; Tawfik and El-
Kamah, 2012; Tran et al., 2003; Yang et al., 2004).
Worldwide, there are many full-scale installations
of up-flow anaerobic sludge blankets (Mirsepasi et
al., 2006; Parawira et al., 2005), anaerobic filters,
2. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(3): 215-224, Summer 2015B. Sen et al.
anaerobic attached-film expanded-bed reactors
(Connaughton et al., 2006), anaerobic baffled reactors
(Liu et al., 2010) and anaerobic sequencing batch
biofilm reactors (Venkata Mohan et al., 2005). The
UASB and EGSB processes are the most widely
applied full scale technologies for treatment of
industrial wastewaters in the world (Frankin, 2001).
Among all these, the up-flow anaerobic fixed-bed is
a relatively simple technology with well-defined
characteristics and is not as complex as fluidized-
bed reactors. It can be a good option, for example,
for the treatment of effluents generating granulation
problems which make the application of the UASB
process problematic. The anaerobic fixed-bed
process is stable and resistant to stress such as
organic and hydraulic shock loadings. The good
performance of an anaerobic fixed-bed reactor largely
depends on the design of the support medium (for
e.g. media pore size and porosity) which is packed
inside the working volume of the reactor (Ganesh et
al., 2010, Show and Tay, 1999; Tay et al., 1996). The
support medium serves to attach the biomass, acts
as a biofiltration bed and helps avoid a washout of
the biomass from the reactor (Ganesh et al., 2010;
Rajinikanth et al., 2009).
Several studies have been carried out on the
properties of supports (Banu et al., 2006; Ganesh et
al., 2010; Rajinikanth et al., 2009; Tay et al., 1996;
Weiland, 1987; Young and Dahab, 1983). A number
of materials have been tested as supports for
biomass growth and retention in anaerobic fixed-bed
reactors and the performance of these materials
appear to be directly related to the ease with which
bacteria can become entrapped or attached
(Rajinikanth et al., 2009; Show and Tay, 1999; Tay et
al., 1996; Weiland, 1987). The use of many natural
and synthetic support materials such as coir, sand,
anthracite, activated C, nylon fibres, polyurethane
foam, perspex, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), sponge,
carbon felt, and glass beads has been reported in
literature (Hickey et al., 1991; Lee et al., 2007;
Weiland, 1987; Yang et al., 2004). It has been
suggested that preferably a good support should
have high porosity, a large surface area, and
adequate surface properties, be lightweight, must
avoid clogging due to excess biomass and should
be economical (Acharya et al., 2008; Weiland, 1987).
Moreover, it has been reported that the most
important parameter is to have supports with a high
capacity for entrapping and preventing biomass
washout from the reactor than a high specific surface
area (Young and Dahab, 1983). Accordingly, a
material with high porosity will perform better. In
fact many studies have been conducted with different
types of support materials for fixed-bed reactors
including plastic cylinders, Raschig rings, string-
shaped plastic media saddles, pall rings, and clay
blocks, and each type showed different results (Choi
et al., 1989; Young and Dahab, 1983; Yu et al., 2006).
From the above, it can be considered that several
factors are responsible for biofilm growth and
biomass entrapment, and the resulting good
performance of fixed-bed reactors. Recent studies
have shown that low-density floating supports are
very good packing media in anaerobic fixed-bed
reactors (AFBRs) for the treatment of effluent from
the agro-food industry, distillery vinasse and winery
wastewaters (Ganesh et al., 2010; Rajinikanth et al.,
2009; Thanikal et al., 2007). These studies, which
have reported promising results, were conducted
with loose supports of the same shape made with
the same material (polyethylene). The aim of this
work was to study the effect of the chemical nature
of loose supports on the performance of anaerobic
fixed-bed reactor for the treatment of high-strength
industrial effluents. All support media were designed
with the same shape (Fig. 6A) but with different
materials: high density polyethylene (HDPE),
polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride. The
influence of the material used to make the supports
on biomass retention and activity and on reactor
performance was investigated.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Design of lab-scale anaerobic fixed-bed reactors
Three up-flow anaerobic fixed-bed reactors, all of
height 100 cm and diameter 12.5 cm, were used in this
study. The double-walled reactors were made of
plexiglass with an effective volume of 10 L and
maintained at 35 °C with water recirculation from a
thermostatically-regulated water bath. The feed was
pumped into the bottom of each reactor by a
Masterflex® peristaltic pump. The liquid inside the
reactor was recirculated from top to bottom for
homogenous distribution of the liquid using a
Masterflex® peristaltic pump at a rate of 10 L/h. Two
wire meshes, one at the bottom and one at the top of
the liquid level of the reactors, were placed to maintain
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3. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(3): 215-224, Summer 2015
the supports. At the top of each reactor, an outlet
port connected through a U-tube was made for
separation of biogas. Temperature and pH were
measured on-line using a pH probe inserted at the
top of each reactor. Each reactor was filled to 80% of
effective volume with randomly-distributed supports
of one type. The biogas production rate was measured
on-line by anAalborg mass flowmeter (0 to 50 mL/min)
fitted with a 4-20 mA output. The “Modular SPC”
software developed at our laboratory was used to log
the data (gas output and pH).
Support media
Three support media, each made ofa different plastic
material (PVC, PP and HDPE), were used to fill the filter
beds. Each cylindrically shaped support had a
dimension of 30/35 cm x 29 cm and a specific surface
area of 320 m2
/m3
, as shown in Fig. 6A. The relative
densitieswere1.35,0.90,and0.95forPVC,PPandHDPE,
respectively.
Characteristics of the wastewater and inoculum
Vinasse (residue obtained after wine distillation)
was used as the substrate. Total COD of the vinasse
was around 44 g/L. The feed was made alkaline with
the addition of NaOH and was supplemented with
nutrients, corresponding to a COD: N: P ratio of 400:
7: 1, and with 0.5 mL/L of Vitane (a commercial
mixture of trace-elements). Two litres of granular
sludge, with a VSS concentration of 50.8 g/L, were
mixed with 8 L of effluent from a pilot-scale reactor
treating distillery vinasse and then added into each
reactor. The initial solid concentration in the reactors
was 10 g VSS/L.
Measurements and analysis
pH and biogas were measured on-line. VFA
concentrations, soluble COD, the alkalinity of the
discharged effluent were determined through off-line
analysis after centrifugation at 15,000 rpm for 15 min
(APHA, 2005). VFAs were measured using a flame
ionization detector gas chromatograph Varion 3900
attached with an automatic sampler. A semi-capillary
Econocap FFAP column of 15 m length, 0.53 cm
diameter, and Phase ECTM
1000 film 1.2 micro m was
used. The temperatures of the injector and detector
were, respectively, 250 °C and 275 °C. The carrier gas
was nitrogen (25 kPa). The margin for error for this
measurement was between 2% and 5%, with a
quantification threshold of 0.1 g/L. Biogas composition
(CO2,
O2
, N2
and CH4
) was determined using a gas
chromatograph (Shimadzu GC-8A) connected to a C-
R8A integrator. The carrier gas was argon at 2.8 bars.
The temperatures were 30 °C for the oven and 100 °C
for the injector and the detector. The margin for error
for this measurement was 5%. Soluble COD was
measured by a colorimetric method using Hach 0-1,500
mg/L vials. Other parameters (SS and VSS) were
measured following (APHA, 2005). Biomass
development within the reactors at the end of the
experiment was determined by measuring the amount
of solids attached and entrapped by the supports after
24 h at 105 °C.
Experimental design
A “classical” start-up strategy was followed and
the OLR was increased from a low value of 0.5 g/L.d.
(for avoiding reactor overloading during the first day
of start-up) to the maximum OLR acceptable by each
reactor, that isto saythe maximum OLR with a minimum
COD removal efficiency of 80 %. The OLR was
increased 15-20% each week on condition that COD
removal efficiency was 80% or more. To increase the
OLR, the HRT was decreased by increasing the feed
flow-rate while maintaining the feed concentration
constant throughout the experiment.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Performance of the reactors
Evolution of OLR, soluble COD and COD removal
efficiency
The three reactors, each with a different support
material (PVC, PP or HDPE), were started initially with
a low OLR of about 0.5 g COD/L.d. with a
corresponding HRT of more than 60 days. The reactor
operation with a low OLR of 0.5 g COD/L.d. was useful
in the biomass growth and retention, resulting in a
successful start-up. The OLR was then raised by
increasing the feed pump flow rate, once or twice a
week at the rate of 15-20% at each step, on condition
that the COD removal rate was at least 80%. A COD
removal of above 80% was kept as the cut-off value
as suggested elsewhere (Thanikal et al., 2007). Figs.
1, 2 and 3 present for each reactor the evolution over
time of its OLR applied, soluble CODand COD removal
efficiency. During the first 60 days, the soluble COD
at the outlet of all the reactors was very low (0.67 g/L
on average) and quite constant.Average COD removal
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4. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(3): 215-224, Summer 2015Effect of the chemical nature of fixed-bed reactor support materials
efficiency was very high (98.5%) as the COD of the
feed was more than 40 g/L. After day 60, a rapid
increase of the COD at the outlet of the reactors was
observed for all three reactors simultaneously. All the
reactors showed very similar behaviour. The use of a
new batch of vinasse was the reason for this sudden
overloading. The OLR was first maintained constant
for 15 days but as the COD at outlet continued to
increase during that period, the OLR was then
decreased from day 75 to day 80. After day 75, a rapid
decrease in the COD at outlet was observed,
indicating that the reactors were recovering from the
Fig. 1: Evolution over time of OLR, soluble COD and purification efficiency of the
anaerobic fixed-bed reactor filled with supports made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Fig. 2: Evolution over time of OLR, soluble COD and purification efficiency of the
anaerobic fixed-bed reactor filled with supports made of polypropylene (PP)
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5. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(3): 215-224, Summer 2015
change of feed and, thus, from day 80 the OLR was
increased regularly for the next 60 days, from 3.3 g/
L.d on day 80 to around 20 g/L.d at the end of the
experiment. During this period, the soluble COD at
outlet increased very slowly (from 3.2 g/L on day 80
to around 6.5 g/L on day 130) and the COD removal
efficiency always remained above 80%.
High OLR could be applied after 135 days of
operation for the three reactors with an OLR of more
than 20 g COD/l.d. The minimum HRT was 1.7 days for
PVC, 2.2 days for PP and 1.8 days for HDPE. These
results indicate that the behaviour of the three reactors
was quite similar and they could treat quite a high OLR
without any sign of overloading at an OLR of around
20 g/L.d. The experimental evidence indicates that the
nature of the support material has negligible effect on
reactor performance. Therefore the shape and size of
supports are more crucial than the material which
determines the differential behaviour of reactors in
wastewater treatment (Ganesh et al., 2010; Weiland,
1987). Besides, it has been also shown that pore size
and porosity also plays a critical role than media surface
area in the performance of anaerobic packed-bed
reactors (Tay et al., 1996).
Evolution of volatile fatty acids concentration
The concentration of VFAs inside the reactor
determines the pH of the process. Any accumulation
of VFAs may lead to a drop in pH resulting in the drop
of methane yield and reactor performance (Chen et al.,
2008). The VFAprofiles of the three reactors are shown
in Fig. 4 and can be divided into three phases. In the
first phase (days 0-60), no VFAs were measured in the
liquid phase as the reactors were operated at quite a
low OLR. During the second phase (days 60-80), an
increase in soluble COD was observed after feeding of
the reactors with a new vinasse (Figs. 1, 2 and 3). This
was linked to an increase in the propionic acid
concentration (Fig. 4), a phenomenon which is often
observed during an overloading of a reactor fed with
distillery vinasse. A previous study on winery effluent
also showed accumulation of propionic acid with
increased OLR (Ganesh et al., 2010). However, the
decrease in the OLR helped to rapidly eliminate the
propionic acid accumulated in the reactor. In the third
phase (days 80-135), acetic acid and propionic acid
concentrations had a tendency to increase slightly with
the increase in the OLR, but their concentrations
always remained lower than 1.8 g/L and 3.2 g/L,
respectively. Similar values of VFAs concentrations
below 3.2 g/L are also reported in a previous study on
anaerobic fixed bed reactors (Ganesh et al., 2010).
Evolution of total suspended solids at outlet
The measurement of TSS at outlet is an important
parameter because it reflects the filtration capacity of
Fig. 3: Evolution over time of OLR, soluble COD and purification efficiency
of the anaerobic fixed-bed reactor filled with supports made of high-
density polyethylene (HDPE)
Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(3): , Summer 2015
219
6. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(3): 215-224, Summer 2015B. Sen et al.
the supports inside the reactor. The evolution of
suspended solids concentrations for the three reactors
is shown in Fig. 5. During the first 30 days, the three
reactors behaved identically with very high TSS
concentrations at outlet (up to 11 g/L), showing loss
of biomass and low filtration of the suspended solids
by the supports. After day 30, two kinds of support
(HDPE and PP) showed quite similar results. For both
these reactors, TSS slowly decreased until day 60-70
and then remained low (2 g/L on average) until the end
of theexperiment. For PVC supports, the filtration effect
started much earlier and from day 33 until day 103 the
solid concentrations at the outlet were low (1.2 g/L on
average), except for an increase (3 g/L on average) on
days 55-65. This increase could be attributed to low
capacity of PVC to retain the increase in organic matter
due to organic overload from feeding new vinasse. It
can therefore be assumed that PP and HDPE are good
materials for organic load shocks during reactor
operation.
From day 108, solid concentrations at the outlet of
all the three reactors started to increase, indicating a
loss of solids from the reactor, consequently, the
reactor needed to be unclogged as high
Fig. 4: Acetate and propionate accumulation during anaerobic digestion of vinasse in fixed-bed reactors packed with
(A) PVC (B) PP and (C) HDPE.
Fig. 5: Changes in the volatile suspended solids concentration at the outlet of three reactors packed with (A) PVC (B)
PP and (C) HDPE.
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7. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(3): 215-224, Summer 2015
concentrations of biomass started to be discharged
from the reactor. The concentrations of TSS in the
effluent was found to be independent of OLR shifts
or flow rates as also reported in a previous study
(Rajinikanth et al., 2009). Although the performance
of the three reactors was satisfactory, the
concentration of solids in the effluent remained above
the discharge limits. This necessitates the post-
treatment of the effluent from the AFBR for safe
discharge into the environment.
Evaluation of the quantity of biomass inside the reactors
After 140 days of operation, the three reactors were
stopped and opened to quantify: (i) the biomass
attached to the supports or entrapped inside the
supports and; (ii) the biomass in the liquid phase and
the biomass trapped between the supports. The
results are presented in Table 1. The average weight
of the modules was 5 g for HDPE, 4.83 g for PP and
8.58 g for PVC. The supports were removed in batches
from the top of the reactor. Six batches of supports
were removed, first 5 batches with 40 supports each
and the last batch with 19 supports for HDPE, 13
supports for PP and 29 supports for PVC. Photographs
of the three supports taken from the reactors are
presented in Fig. 6 (B-D). Table 1 shows that the
quantity of total solids attached/entrapped was 406 g
for PVC supports, 387 g for PP supports and 368 g for
HDPE supports. The difference between the supports
is not significant, with only a 10% difference between
the reactor with the lowest quantity of attached/
entrapped biomass (HDPE supports) and that with
the highest (PVC supports). The volatile fraction of
the attached/entrapped biomass was around 50% of
the total solids for all the three supports.
It was found that most of the biomass adhering to
the three kinds of supports was easily washed away
under normal tap water flow. This clearly suggested
that the adhered biomass was not a real biofilm but,
rather, was entrapped in the support media, an
observation also recorded in the case of the commercial
B i o f l o w
®
30 (Thanikal et al., 2007). The fractions of
total biomass in the liquid phase were very low in all
three reactors compared to the attached/entrapped
biomass, representing only 3.6% of the total biomass
for HDPE and PVC and 4.2% for PP. This indicates that
the major fraction of reactor biomass was inside the
support media (>95%). Specific biomass activities were
Table 1: Overview of the biomass distribution inside the reactors and specific activity
Number of modules
Weight of 1 module (g)
Attached/entrapped biomass:
Quantity of attached/entrapped total solids (g)
Quantity of attached/entrapped volatile solids (g)
Organic fraction of the total solids: Volatile solids/Total solids (%)
Average quantity of total solids/module (g/module)
Biomass in the liquid phase:
Volume of liquid in the reactors at the end of the experiment (L)
Quantity of total solids in the liquid phase (g)
Quantity of volatile solids in the liquid phase (g)
Maximum OLR (g COD/L.d.)
Soluble COD removal (%)
Specific activity (g COD/g VSS.d.)
229
8.58
406
198
48.7
1.81
7.1
12
7.5
24
86
1.17
213
4.83
387
192
49.7
1.92
7.3
12.4
8.4
23
80
0.92
219
5.0
368
184
50
1.75
6.9
10.4
6.9
22
86
1.15
Reactor with
PVC modules
Reactor with
PP modules
Reactor with
HDPE modules
221
Bioflow
8. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(3): 215-224, Summer 2015Effect of the chemical nature of fixed-bed reactor support materials
Fig. 6: Photograph of support module (A) before biomass entrapment (B) PVC module
after biomass entrapment (C) PP module after biomass entrapment and (D)
HDPE module after biomass entrapment.
around 1.0 g COD/g VSS.d. which is much higher than
those earlier reported in anaerobic SBR reactors with
suspended biomass (Ruiz et al., 2002) and anaerobic
filters with floating supports (Rajinikanth et al., 2009).
The results show that the supports made it possible to
increase dramatically the quantity of biomass inside
the reactors while maintaining quite a high biomass
specific activity.
CONCLUSION
Three anaerobic fixed-bed reactors of 10 L, each
one filled with loose 3-cm supports, were followed
for 140 days to study the influence of the chemical
nature of the support on reactor performance and
biomass accumulation. The supports had the same
shape but each one was made with a different
material, PVC, PP or HDPE. The results did not show
significantly different behavior and after four months
of operation all three reactors were able to reach an
OLR above 20 g COD/L.d. with more than 80 %
removal efficiency. Quite a high quantity of biomass
was entrapped inside the reactors (between 370 and
410 g solids/reactor) and there was no major
difference according to the chemical nature of the
material used to make the supports. These results
show that the behavior of the reactors in terms of
OLR and quantity of accumulated biomass was not
different enough to decide that any one material was
really better than another. Indeed, at industrial scale,
anaerobic fixed-bed reactors will be designed with
an OLR of around 10 to 15 g COD/L.d. and, for the
three reactors, this OLR was reached after 100 days
of operation and no significant difference was
observed between the three materials. The results
also suggest that the supports’ main mechanism of
biomass retention is entrapment inside the supports,
with only very limited biofilm formation on the
supports. It was shown in a previous study that the
size of the support (0.9, 3 and 4 cm) had a clear
influence on reactor performance and biomass
retention (Ganesh et al., 2010) but the present study
shows that for a given size and shape, the material
used is not an important parameter. Thus, the main
criteria for the choice of the material used for the
supports should be their ease of use and their
production cost.
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9. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(3): 215-224, Summer 2015
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The work was funded through Project No. 7109
by the Indo-French Centre for the promotion of
advanced research (CEFIPRA, India).
CONFLICTOFINTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of
interests regarding the publication of this manuscript.
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AUTHOR (S) BIOSKETCHES
Sen, B., Ph.D., Assistant Professor, INRA, UR0050, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l’Environnement, Avenue des Etangs, Narbonne,
F-11100, France. Current Affiliation: Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon 122413, India.
Email: bisen0102@gmail.com
Torrijos, M., Ph.D., Research Engineer, INRA, UR0050, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l’Environnement, Avenue des Etangs, Narbonne,
F-11100, France. Email: michel.torrijos@supagro.inra.fr
Sousbie, P., BTS (HND), Research Technician, INRA, UR0050, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l’Environnement, Avenue des Etangs,
Narbonne, F-11100, France. Email: philippe.sousbie@supagro.inra.fr
Steyer, J.P., Ph.D., Research Director, INRA, UR0050, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l’Environnement, Avenue des Etangs, Narbonne,
F-11100, France. Email: jean-philippe.steyer@supagro.inra.fr
How to cite this article: (Harvard style)
Sen, B.; Torrijos, M.; Sousbie, P.; Steyer, J.P., (2015). Effect of the chemical nature of fixed-bed reactor support materials on bioreactor
performance and biomass accumulation, Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage. 1(3): 215-224.
224