This document reports on a study that investigated the aging process in rat liver from 8-12 weeks old to 20 weeks old. It examined age-dependent changes, the effects of the liver toxin carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and the hepatoprotective effects of the seeds of Vitis vinifera (grapevine). Biochemical markers and histological analysis showed that aging leads to changes in liver structure similar to low doses of CCl4. CCl4 treatment significantly increased liver damage markers and oxidative stress. Treatment with an ethanolic extract of grape seeds significantly reduced liver damage markers, oxidative stress, and improved liver structure compared to CCl4 treatment alone. The results suggest the grape seed extract has hepatoprotect
Hepatoprotective Effect of Cestrum parqui L. aerial parts and Phytochemical ...Jing Zang
This study deals with the investigation of hepatoprotective effect of 70% methanolic extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts and determination of the bioactive components of the plant. The hepatoprotective effect of Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) was analysed on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. The administration of a single dose of 40% CCl4 (1ml/kg b.w.) causes an increase in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspirate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes and so pretreated orally of a dose from Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) for three consecutive days prior to The administration of a single dose of CCl4 significantly prevented the increase in the activities of these enzymes. Histological analysis showed that Cestrum parqui methanol extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg and silymarin reduced the incidence of liver lesions including vacuole formation, neutrophil infiltration and necrosis of hepatocytes induced by CCl4. The extract cause a negative result on the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver, as compared to those in the CCl4-treated group and this suggests that the hepatoprotective activity of the extract is due to the antioxidant effect of the extract. Phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts showed that it contained different phytoconstituents, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes and carbohydrates.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
This study investigated the antioxidant activity of Cee'Rich Vitamin C supplement in rats with chemically-induced liver toxicity. Rats were given carbon tetrachloride to cause liver damage and were treated with Cee'Rich Vitamin C supplement at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg for 10 days. Biomarkers of liver damage (serum SGPT, SGOT, LDH) were decreased and antioxidant enzyme levels (SOD) were increased in rats treated with Cee'Rich compared to those that received only carbon tetrachloride, indicating a protective effect on the liver. The presence of flavonoids in Cee'Rich were found to exhibit significant antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties, protecting
Olive (Olea europaea) Leaf Extract and Chronic Myelogenous LeukemiaHakeem Zamano
Olive (Olea europaea) Leaf Extract Induces Apoptosis and
Monocyte/Macrophage Differentiation in Human Chronic
Myelogenous Leukemia K562 Cells: Insight into the Underlying
Mechanism
This document summarizes a study that investigated the phytochemical composition, cytotoxic, and hypoglycemic effects of methanolic extracts of Citrus sinensis (orange) peel. Phytochemical screening of the peel extract revealed the presence of bioactive compounds like flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. In a brine shrimp lethality test, the peel extract showed minimum lethal effects compared to the standard drug. In glucose-induced diabetic mice, both 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg doses of the peel extract significantly reduced blood glucose levels after 120 minutes, demonstrating anti-hyperglycemic activity. The study suggests the orange peel extract has hypoglycemic properties and relatively low
Biochemical evaluation of antioxidant activity in extracts and polysaccharide...GJESM Publication
In the present study ethanol and water extracts of 15 seaweeds, Dictyota dichotoma var. velutricata,
Dictyota indica, Iyengaria stellata, Padina pavonia, Sargassum swartzii, Sargassum variegatum, Stoechospermum marginatum, Stokeyia indica, Jolyna laminarioides, Caulerpa taxifolia, Halimeda tuna, Ulva fasciata, Ulva lactuca, Solieria robusta, and elanothamnus afaqhusainii, were evaluated for their antioxidant potential by ABTS, superoxide and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assays. The activity was concentration dependent and the variation in antioxidant potential was also observed by different assays in both extracts. Ethanol extract ofD. dichotoma var. velutricata,D. indica and S. marginatum demonstrated highest activity by TAC assay. The antioxidant potential in organic solvent fractions of
seaweeds namely P. pavonia, S. swartzii, S. marginatum andM. afaqhusainii was also determined and chloroform fraction of all the four seaweeds showed highest activity by superoxide assay. Antioxidant activity of extracted fractions of polysaccharides from S. indica, C. taxifolia and D. dichotoma var. velutricata was also evaluated by superoxide method. Polysaccharide fractions of S. indica obtained from HCl (at 70 0C and room temperature) and water extract demonstrated highest activity respectively. All the polysaccharide fractions of C. taxifolia showed excellent activity except CaClF70 °C. Polysaccharide fractions of D. dichotoma var. velutricata also exhibited very good activity.
This research paper evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of Tephrosia purpurea Linn stem. The stem was extracted with methanol and subjected to phytochemical screening which revealed the presence of flavonoids, phytosterols, alkaloids and proteins. An acute toxicity study found the extract was safe up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg. Hepatoprotective activity was evaluated against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Biochemical parameters (SGPT, SGOT, ALP, bilirubin) were assessed. The methanol extract reduced these serum levels and exhibited dose-dependent hepatoprotective activity comparable to the standard drug silymarin. Phytoc
The Effect Of Roselle Extract (Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linn.) On Blood Glucose ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Hepatoprotective Effect of Cestrum parqui L. aerial parts and Phytochemical ...Jing Zang
This study deals with the investigation of hepatoprotective effect of 70% methanolic extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts and determination of the bioactive components of the plant. The hepatoprotective effect of Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) was analysed on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. The administration of a single dose of 40% CCl4 (1ml/kg b.w.) causes an increase in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspirate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes and so pretreated orally of a dose from Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) for three consecutive days prior to The administration of a single dose of CCl4 significantly prevented the increase in the activities of these enzymes. Histological analysis showed that Cestrum parqui methanol extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg and silymarin reduced the incidence of liver lesions including vacuole formation, neutrophil infiltration and necrosis of hepatocytes induced by CCl4. The extract cause a negative result on the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver, as compared to those in the CCl4-treated group and this suggests that the hepatoprotective activity of the extract is due to the antioxidant effect of the extract. Phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts showed that it contained different phytoconstituents, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes and carbohydrates.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
This study investigated the antioxidant activity of Cee'Rich Vitamin C supplement in rats with chemically-induced liver toxicity. Rats were given carbon tetrachloride to cause liver damage and were treated with Cee'Rich Vitamin C supplement at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg for 10 days. Biomarkers of liver damage (serum SGPT, SGOT, LDH) were decreased and antioxidant enzyme levels (SOD) were increased in rats treated with Cee'Rich compared to those that received only carbon tetrachloride, indicating a protective effect on the liver. The presence of flavonoids in Cee'Rich were found to exhibit significant antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties, protecting
Olive (Olea europaea) Leaf Extract and Chronic Myelogenous LeukemiaHakeem Zamano
Olive (Olea europaea) Leaf Extract Induces Apoptosis and
Monocyte/Macrophage Differentiation in Human Chronic
Myelogenous Leukemia K562 Cells: Insight into the Underlying
Mechanism
This document summarizes a study that investigated the phytochemical composition, cytotoxic, and hypoglycemic effects of methanolic extracts of Citrus sinensis (orange) peel. Phytochemical screening of the peel extract revealed the presence of bioactive compounds like flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. In a brine shrimp lethality test, the peel extract showed minimum lethal effects compared to the standard drug. In glucose-induced diabetic mice, both 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg doses of the peel extract significantly reduced blood glucose levels after 120 minutes, demonstrating anti-hyperglycemic activity. The study suggests the orange peel extract has hypoglycemic properties and relatively low
Biochemical evaluation of antioxidant activity in extracts and polysaccharide...GJESM Publication
In the present study ethanol and water extracts of 15 seaweeds, Dictyota dichotoma var. velutricata,
Dictyota indica, Iyengaria stellata, Padina pavonia, Sargassum swartzii, Sargassum variegatum, Stoechospermum marginatum, Stokeyia indica, Jolyna laminarioides, Caulerpa taxifolia, Halimeda tuna, Ulva fasciata, Ulva lactuca, Solieria robusta, and elanothamnus afaqhusainii, were evaluated for their antioxidant potential by ABTS, superoxide and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assays. The activity was concentration dependent and the variation in antioxidant potential was also observed by different assays in both extracts. Ethanol extract ofD. dichotoma var. velutricata,D. indica and S. marginatum demonstrated highest activity by TAC assay. The antioxidant potential in organic solvent fractions of
seaweeds namely P. pavonia, S. swartzii, S. marginatum andM. afaqhusainii was also determined and chloroform fraction of all the four seaweeds showed highest activity by superoxide assay. Antioxidant activity of extracted fractions of polysaccharides from S. indica, C. taxifolia and D. dichotoma var. velutricata was also evaluated by superoxide method. Polysaccharide fractions of S. indica obtained from HCl (at 70 0C and room temperature) and water extract demonstrated highest activity respectively. All the polysaccharide fractions of C. taxifolia showed excellent activity except CaClF70 °C. Polysaccharide fractions of D. dichotoma var. velutricata also exhibited very good activity.
This research paper evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of Tephrosia purpurea Linn stem. The stem was extracted with methanol and subjected to phytochemical screening which revealed the presence of flavonoids, phytosterols, alkaloids and proteins. An acute toxicity study found the extract was safe up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg. Hepatoprotective activity was evaluated against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Biochemical parameters (SGPT, SGOT, ALP, bilirubin) were assessed. The methanol extract reduced these serum levels and exhibited dose-dependent hepatoprotective activity comparable to the standard drug silymarin. Phytoc
The Effect Of Roselle Extract (Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linn.) On Blood Glucose ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Hepatoprotective Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Some Medicinal Plant Mixtures ...IOSRJPBS
The rhizomes of Ginger (Zingiberofficinale), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Licorice (Glycyrrhizaglabra), the bark of Cinnamon tree,(Cinnamomumzeylanicum) and the calyces of red Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)are herbs used in thishepatoprotective studies. This study evaluates the hepatoprotective activity of water extract mixtures using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in rats.In vitroantioxidant activity of plant water extracts was determined using DPPH. The water extractmixtures wereadministered for 10 days; on the 10thday all rats were challenged with CCl4 except control group animals. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and albumin levels were determined to prove the hepatoprotectiveeffect.The enzyme activities were significantly increased in CCl4 treated rats. The four water extract mixtures exhibited significant (P<0.05)><0.05) increased in all the water extract mixtures used.
This research article studied the anti-obesity effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MEMOL) in rats with high fat diet-induced obesity. Rats were fed a high fat diet to induce obesity over 49 days. Treatment with MEMOL for 49 days significantly reduced body weight, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels in obese rats, and increased body temperature, compared to untreated obese rats. MEMOL treated rats also showed decreased levels of liver enzymes and blood glucose. The results indicate that MEMOL attenuated body weight gain in obese rats without affecting food intake, and demonstrated hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects, suggesting it may help treat obesity and related disorders.
Involvement of Physicochemical Parameters on Pectinase Production by Aspergil...Haritharan Weloosamy
This study investigated the effect of physicochemical parameters on pectinase production by Aspergillus niger HFD5A-1 under submerged fermentation. The optimal conditions found were pH 4.5, temperature of 30°C, inoculum size of 2% (v/v) 1 × 106 cell/mL, agitation speed of 150 rpm, 1.80% (w/v) citrus pectin as the carbon source, and 0.40% (w/v) peptone as the nitrogen source. Under these conditions, pectinase production reached 2.51 U/mL after 6 days, representing a 97.6% increase compared to the initial conditions. The
This study investigated the effects of methanolic extract of Dissotis rotundifolia on cadmium-induced testicular damage in rats. Thirty rats were divided into seven groups, with some groups receiving cadmium chloride and/or varying doses of the D. rotundifolia extract or vitamin E. Administration of cadmium decreased testicular weights and antioxidant enzyme levels and increased lipid peroxidation compared to the control group. Co-administration of the extract with cadmium showed signs of ameliorating the cadmium-induced damage at a dose of 50mg/kg. The extract alone also showed signs of pro-fertility effects by improving testicular histology and sperm parameters at 50mg
B428 study on pharmacog. standardizationMustafa Khan
This document summarizes research on the pharmacognostic standardization and antioxidant activity of Vitis vinifera L. seeds. Microscopic analysis of the seeds showed structures like testa, tegmen, endospermic cells, embryonal axis and endospermic cells. Physicochemical evaluation found the total ash to be 4.15% w/w and moisture content to be 15.76% w/w. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, resins, lipids, phenolics and flavonoids. The seeds were found to have significant antioxidant activity, with total phenolic content of 780毺g/mg and an IC50 value of 5.
Cumulative effect of modified atmospheric packaging on the textural and chemi...SukhveerSingh31
Fruits and vegetables have been consumed by humans since ancient times. Scientific
investigations have proved that an increased consumption of fruits and vegetables is known to
reduce instances of cancer and cardiovascular mortality (Bhardwaj et al., 2014)
Hepatoprotective Activity of Chara Parpam in Ccl4 Induced RatsIOSR Journals
Siddha system of medicine provides most frequently and to the extent possible and promising therapy for the relief of signs and symptoms of liver disorder over the generations. Their high therapeutic quality and lack of toxicity are exceptional. The present experimental work was to evaluate the hepatoprotective properties of Siddha herbo-mineral formulation Chara Parpam by CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Two doses of Chara Parpam (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) were administered to rats. Protection of hepatocytes was evaluated by estimate the level of ALT, AST, ALP, serum bilirubin, total protein, serum albumin, sodium and potassium during the exposure of CCL4 on wistar albino rats and to evaluate the effect of different doses of Chara Parpam against hepatotoxicity induced by CCL4. Liver histology was performed 24 hours after the administration of trial drug Chara Parpam. The result indicated that the concentration of ALT, AST, and ALP, released by hepatocytes were significantly reduced in the presence of Chara Parpam. The cytoprotective effects of the Chara Parpam are dose-dependent. Through this work, we demonstrate for the first time the direct protection of liver cells by administration of Chara Parpam confirming its hepatoprotective properties.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Biochemical effect of Aqueous Carica papaya Seed and Leaf Extracts on Serum B...iosrjce
The cost of administering modern anti diabetic drugs is usually beyond the reach of most people in
the low income group especially those in the developing world where the disease is on the increase. This has led
to the current shift to the use of preparations from various parts of plants because of the current increase in the
knowledge of their toxicity, side effects, active constituents and doses. This study was conducted to compare the
effects of the aqueous Carica papaya seed and leaf extracts on serum biochemistry of alloxan induced diabetic
rats especially glucose level. Male Wister rats weighing 150-200g were induced with single freshly prepared
alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg body weight).Diabetes was confirmed after seven days in alloxan-induced rats
showing fasting blood glucose levels ≥ 200mg/dl. The diabetic rats were randomly allocated into three
experimental groups which received Seed extract, leaf extract or normal saline depending on the group. The
extracts were administered orally for twenty-eight days after which the animals were sacrificed and blood
samples were collected for Biochemical analyses. The results showed that both extracts have significant
hypoglycaemic, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects although extract of the seed proved to be more
potent than that of the leaf
Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotox...ijtsrd
Alysicarpus monilifer L. is a widely used plant in the north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, India, has been used in indigenous system of medicine. The roots are used for the treatment of leprosy and urinary troubles. The decoction of roots is prescribed for cough. The boiled leaves are used as purgative. The herb is credited with anti- pyretic, anti- periodic and expectorant properties, febrifuge and also recommended for cutanious scabies and boils and to cure pain. Acute toxicity tests were conducted as per OECD guidelines on Alysicarpus monilifer L. whole plant. The hydro-alcoholic extract of the aerial parts at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg b.w., was tested in Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity of rats followed by histopathological examination of the isolated livers of the control and the treated groups . The potential effects in protecting liver function by reducing the elevated levels of various serum biochemical parameters in a dose dependent manner, reducing oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations in the rat model of CCl4 “induced liver damage was demonstrated. The results showed significant protective effect against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. The study on qualitative phytochemical screening also identified some important bioactive phytochemical principles such as steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates and glycosides in this plant which were also validated as antioxidants and biologically active phytoconstituents. This report of hepatoprotective activity of Alysicarpus monilifer L. throws light on attenuation of hepatotoxic effects of CCl4 challenged rats by membrane stabilization through antioxidation K. Manikya Kumari | V. Padmaja"Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd114.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/114/protective-effect-of-alysicarpus-monilifer-l-against-ccl4-induced-hepatotoxicity-in-albino-rats/k-manikya-kumari
Evaluation of anti diabetic potential of leaves of nelumbo nucifera in strept...pharmaindexing
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the anti-diabetic potential of leaves from the Nelumbo nucifera plant in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. A methanolic extract of N. nucifera leaves was tested for anti-diabetic effects over 15 days in diabetic rats. Oral administration of the extract at doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg significantly reduced blood glucose levels and body weight loss compared to diabetic controls, demonstrating anti-diabetic effects. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like saponins and carbohydrates in the extract that may contribute to its anti-diabetic activity.
This document summarizes the results of a study that investigated the dose-dependent effects of ginger in inhibiting oxidative stress and genotoxicity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Male rats were divided into several groups, including a control group, diabetic non-treated group, and diabetic groups treated with 0.5%, 1%, or 5% ginger powder. Ginger treatment was found to reduce blood glucose and lipid levels, modulate antioxidant enzymes, and reduce DNA damage and genotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner compared to untreated diabetic rats. The study suggests that ginger exerts protective effects against diabetes by reducing oxidative stress and genotoxicity in a dose-response manner.
Bryophyllum Pinnatum: A Potential Attenuator of Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Str...IOSR Journals
Cadmium has been famously implicated in the stimulation of free radical production in biosystems resulting in oxidative deterioration of lipids, proteins and DNA, and initiating various pathological conditions in humans and animals. This study therefore, examined the antidotal and ameliorative capacity of crude ethanolic extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum on cadmium-induced oxidative stress using rabbit models. A total of fifteen rabbits (1.30±0.05kg) were used for the study. After two weeks of acclimatization, the rabbits were randomly rifted into three experimental groups- (N, CD & CB) with five animals per group. The control group (N) was injected normal saline intraperitoneally (3mg/kg body weight) and the test groups (CD & CB) were administered cadmium once daily by subcutaneous injection (3mg/kg body weight). The ethanolic extract of the plant was orally administered once daily at a dose of 100mg/kg body weight. The oxidative and antioxidative stress parameters were assessed in tissues. The results showed significant difference (p˂ 0.05)in treated groups relative to the control group with the exception of glutathione peroxidase activity in leg muscles. Therefore, the results obtained in this study confirmed the potency of the plant to annihilate cadmium toxicity in animals
Protective Effect of Leaves of Ficus carica Against Carbon Tetrachloride-Indu...UKJPB Journal
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the hepatoprotective effects of leaves of Ficus carica (fig leaves) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in rats. Various extracts (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol) of F. carica leaves were prepared and screened for phytochemicals. The ethyl acetate extract was evaluated for its ability to reduce CCl4-induced increases in serum markers of liver damage (SGOT, SGPT, bilirubin) and protect against histological liver damage. Results showed the ethyl acetate extract significantly reduced the elevated serum markers and reversed histological liver changes caused by CCl4, demonstrating hepatoprotective effects
This document describes a study that investigated the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties of the leaf of Diplazium esculentum. The leaf was extracted using chloroform and methanol. Assays were performed to determine the extracts' total phenol and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity using several methods, antimicrobial activity against 8 bacteria, and cytotoxicity using brine shrimp. The extracts showed moderate antioxidant activity and strong antimicrobial effects, with minimum inhibitory concentration values between 1.6-12.5 mg/ml against the tested bacteria. The brine shrimp lethality bioassay also indicated cytotoxic effects. Overall, the results suggest the leaf possesses significant antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties, supporting traditional
This study evaluated the prophylactic (preventive) and curative effects of a hydro-alcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera pods on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in rats. Rats were pre-treated or post-treated with three different doses of the extract (100, 250, 500 mg/kg) for 14 days before or after being administered CCl4 to induce liver injury. Biochemical markers, glutathione, malondialdehyde, and histopathological examination of the liver were used to assess the degree of liver damage and the protective effects of the extract. The extract was found to significantly reduce liver damage markers and bilirubin levels in a dose-dependent
This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of the marine microalga Dunaliella salina against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver toxicity in rats. Rats were fed D. salina at doses of 2.5 g/kg and 5 g/kg body weight for 2 weeks. Their liver enzymes and total protein were measured after being given carbon tetrachloride and compared to controls. Rats fed 5 g/kg D. salina showed the highest levels of protection, with serum AST and ALT levels 61.3% and 80.7% of the controls respectively, compared to 90.8% and 144.7% for rats fed synthetic beta-carotene. Total protein levels were also better
El documento describe las relaciones entre el narcotráfico y el fútbol en Colombia. Explica que los capos de la droga como Pablo Escobar y Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha lavaban grandes cantidades de dinero a través de la compra y operación de equipos de fútbol populares como Atlético Nacional y Millonarios. Esto les permitió ocultar el origen ilícito de sus fondos y ganar más dinero a través de apuestas en los partidos.
El documento describe la teoría del aprendizaje significativo propuesta por David Ausubel, la cual sostiene que el aprendizaje es más efectivo cuando los nuevos conceptos se relacionan con conocimientos previos. El aprendizaje significativo requiere motivación, deseos de aprender, y la habilidad de relacionar nueva información con conceptos ya existentes para crear significado. Este enfoque facilita la adquisición de conocimientos, retención duradera de la información, y un aprendizaje activo y personalizado.
This document summarizes Rayner Mendes' honors thesis on simulating Stokes shifts of boron difluoride (BF2) formazanate complexes using density functional theory. The study aims to model the absorption, emission, and Stokes shifts of BF2 complexes and analyze how structural tuning affects their spectroscopic properties. A training set of naphthalene and fluorene was used to optimize the computational methodology. Density functional theory with time-dependent DFT and a polarizable continuum model was employed to simulate the complexes in solvent and calculate vertical excitation energies, optimized geometries, and spectroscopic properties. A quantitative structure-property relationship analysis was also conducted to determine electronic and steric descriptors that influence absorption and emission and
Hepatoprotective Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Some Medicinal Plant Mixtures ...IOSRJPBS
The rhizomes of Ginger (Zingiberofficinale), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Licorice (Glycyrrhizaglabra), the bark of Cinnamon tree,(Cinnamomumzeylanicum) and the calyces of red Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)are herbs used in thishepatoprotective studies. This study evaluates the hepatoprotective activity of water extract mixtures using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in rats.In vitroantioxidant activity of plant water extracts was determined using DPPH. The water extractmixtures wereadministered for 10 days; on the 10thday all rats were challenged with CCl4 except control group animals. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and albumin levels were determined to prove the hepatoprotectiveeffect.The enzyme activities were significantly increased in CCl4 treated rats. The four water extract mixtures exhibited significant (P<0.05)><0.05) increased in all the water extract mixtures used.
This research article studied the anti-obesity effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MEMOL) in rats with high fat diet-induced obesity. Rats were fed a high fat diet to induce obesity over 49 days. Treatment with MEMOL for 49 days significantly reduced body weight, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels in obese rats, and increased body temperature, compared to untreated obese rats. MEMOL treated rats also showed decreased levels of liver enzymes and blood glucose. The results indicate that MEMOL attenuated body weight gain in obese rats without affecting food intake, and demonstrated hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects, suggesting it may help treat obesity and related disorders.
Involvement of Physicochemical Parameters on Pectinase Production by Aspergil...Haritharan Weloosamy
This study investigated the effect of physicochemical parameters on pectinase production by Aspergillus niger HFD5A-1 under submerged fermentation. The optimal conditions found were pH 4.5, temperature of 30°C, inoculum size of 2% (v/v) 1 × 106 cell/mL, agitation speed of 150 rpm, 1.80% (w/v) citrus pectin as the carbon source, and 0.40% (w/v) peptone as the nitrogen source. Under these conditions, pectinase production reached 2.51 U/mL after 6 days, representing a 97.6% increase compared to the initial conditions. The
This study investigated the effects of methanolic extract of Dissotis rotundifolia on cadmium-induced testicular damage in rats. Thirty rats were divided into seven groups, with some groups receiving cadmium chloride and/or varying doses of the D. rotundifolia extract or vitamin E. Administration of cadmium decreased testicular weights and antioxidant enzyme levels and increased lipid peroxidation compared to the control group. Co-administration of the extract with cadmium showed signs of ameliorating the cadmium-induced damage at a dose of 50mg/kg. The extract alone also showed signs of pro-fertility effects by improving testicular histology and sperm parameters at 50mg
B428 study on pharmacog. standardizationMustafa Khan
This document summarizes research on the pharmacognostic standardization and antioxidant activity of Vitis vinifera L. seeds. Microscopic analysis of the seeds showed structures like testa, tegmen, endospermic cells, embryonal axis and endospermic cells. Physicochemical evaluation found the total ash to be 4.15% w/w and moisture content to be 15.76% w/w. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, resins, lipids, phenolics and flavonoids. The seeds were found to have significant antioxidant activity, with total phenolic content of 780毺g/mg and an IC50 value of 5.
Cumulative effect of modified atmospheric packaging on the textural and chemi...SukhveerSingh31
Fruits and vegetables have been consumed by humans since ancient times. Scientific
investigations have proved that an increased consumption of fruits and vegetables is known to
reduce instances of cancer and cardiovascular mortality (Bhardwaj et al., 2014)
Hepatoprotective Activity of Chara Parpam in Ccl4 Induced RatsIOSR Journals
Siddha system of medicine provides most frequently and to the extent possible and promising therapy for the relief of signs and symptoms of liver disorder over the generations. Their high therapeutic quality and lack of toxicity are exceptional. The present experimental work was to evaluate the hepatoprotective properties of Siddha herbo-mineral formulation Chara Parpam by CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Two doses of Chara Parpam (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) were administered to rats. Protection of hepatocytes was evaluated by estimate the level of ALT, AST, ALP, serum bilirubin, total protein, serum albumin, sodium and potassium during the exposure of CCL4 on wistar albino rats and to evaluate the effect of different doses of Chara Parpam against hepatotoxicity induced by CCL4. Liver histology was performed 24 hours after the administration of trial drug Chara Parpam. The result indicated that the concentration of ALT, AST, and ALP, released by hepatocytes were significantly reduced in the presence of Chara Parpam. The cytoprotective effects of the Chara Parpam are dose-dependent. Through this work, we demonstrate for the first time the direct protection of liver cells by administration of Chara Parpam confirming its hepatoprotective properties.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Biochemical effect of Aqueous Carica papaya Seed and Leaf Extracts on Serum B...iosrjce
The cost of administering modern anti diabetic drugs is usually beyond the reach of most people in
the low income group especially those in the developing world where the disease is on the increase. This has led
to the current shift to the use of preparations from various parts of plants because of the current increase in the
knowledge of their toxicity, side effects, active constituents and doses. This study was conducted to compare the
effects of the aqueous Carica papaya seed and leaf extracts on serum biochemistry of alloxan induced diabetic
rats especially glucose level. Male Wister rats weighing 150-200g were induced with single freshly prepared
alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg body weight).Diabetes was confirmed after seven days in alloxan-induced rats
showing fasting blood glucose levels ≥ 200mg/dl. The diabetic rats were randomly allocated into three
experimental groups which received Seed extract, leaf extract or normal saline depending on the group. The
extracts were administered orally for twenty-eight days after which the animals were sacrificed and blood
samples were collected for Biochemical analyses. The results showed that both extracts have significant
hypoglycaemic, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects although extract of the seed proved to be more
potent than that of the leaf
Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotox...ijtsrd
Alysicarpus monilifer L. is a widely used plant in the north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, India, has been used in indigenous system of medicine. The roots are used for the treatment of leprosy and urinary troubles. The decoction of roots is prescribed for cough. The boiled leaves are used as purgative. The herb is credited with anti- pyretic, anti- periodic and expectorant properties, febrifuge and also recommended for cutanious scabies and boils and to cure pain. Acute toxicity tests were conducted as per OECD guidelines on Alysicarpus monilifer L. whole plant. The hydro-alcoholic extract of the aerial parts at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg b.w., was tested in Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity of rats followed by histopathological examination of the isolated livers of the control and the treated groups . The potential effects in protecting liver function by reducing the elevated levels of various serum biochemical parameters in a dose dependent manner, reducing oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations in the rat model of CCl4 “induced liver damage was demonstrated. The results showed significant protective effect against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. The study on qualitative phytochemical screening also identified some important bioactive phytochemical principles such as steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates and glycosides in this plant which were also validated as antioxidants and biologically active phytoconstituents. This report of hepatoprotective activity of Alysicarpus monilifer L. throws light on attenuation of hepatotoxic effects of CCl4 challenged rats by membrane stabilization through antioxidation K. Manikya Kumari | V. Padmaja"Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd114.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/114/protective-effect-of-alysicarpus-monilifer-l-against-ccl4-induced-hepatotoxicity-in-albino-rats/k-manikya-kumari
Evaluation of anti diabetic potential of leaves of nelumbo nucifera in strept...pharmaindexing
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the anti-diabetic potential of leaves from the Nelumbo nucifera plant in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. A methanolic extract of N. nucifera leaves was tested for anti-diabetic effects over 15 days in diabetic rats. Oral administration of the extract at doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg significantly reduced blood glucose levels and body weight loss compared to diabetic controls, demonstrating anti-diabetic effects. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like saponins and carbohydrates in the extract that may contribute to its anti-diabetic activity.
This document summarizes the results of a study that investigated the dose-dependent effects of ginger in inhibiting oxidative stress and genotoxicity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Male rats were divided into several groups, including a control group, diabetic non-treated group, and diabetic groups treated with 0.5%, 1%, or 5% ginger powder. Ginger treatment was found to reduce blood glucose and lipid levels, modulate antioxidant enzymes, and reduce DNA damage and genotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner compared to untreated diabetic rats. The study suggests that ginger exerts protective effects against diabetes by reducing oxidative stress and genotoxicity in a dose-response manner.
Bryophyllum Pinnatum: A Potential Attenuator of Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Str...IOSR Journals
Cadmium has been famously implicated in the stimulation of free radical production in biosystems resulting in oxidative deterioration of lipids, proteins and DNA, and initiating various pathological conditions in humans and animals. This study therefore, examined the antidotal and ameliorative capacity of crude ethanolic extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum on cadmium-induced oxidative stress using rabbit models. A total of fifteen rabbits (1.30±0.05kg) were used for the study. After two weeks of acclimatization, the rabbits were randomly rifted into three experimental groups- (N, CD & CB) with five animals per group. The control group (N) was injected normal saline intraperitoneally (3mg/kg body weight) and the test groups (CD & CB) were administered cadmium once daily by subcutaneous injection (3mg/kg body weight). The ethanolic extract of the plant was orally administered once daily at a dose of 100mg/kg body weight. The oxidative and antioxidative stress parameters were assessed in tissues. The results showed significant difference (p˂ 0.05)in treated groups relative to the control group with the exception of glutathione peroxidase activity in leg muscles. Therefore, the results obtained in this study confirmed the potency of the plant to annihilate cadmium toxicity in animals
Protective Effect of Leaves of Ficus carica Against Carbon Tetrachloride-Indu...UKJPB Journal
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the hepatoprotective effects of leaves of Ficus carica (fig leaves) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in rats. Various extracts (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol) of F. carica leaves were prepared and screened for phytochemicals. The ethyl acetate extract was evaluated for its ability to reduce CCl4-induced increases in serum markers of liver damage (SGOT, SGPT, bilirubin) and protect against histological liver damage. Results showed the ethyl acetate extract significantly reduced the elevated serum markers and reversed histological liver changes caused by CCl4, demonstrating hepatoprotective effects
This document describes a study that investigated the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties of the leaf of Diplazium esculentum. The leaf was extracted using chloroform and methanol. Assays were performed to determine the extracts' total phenol and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity using several methods, antimicrobial activity against 8 bacteria, and cytotoxicity using brine shrimp. The extracts showed moderate antioxidant activity and strong antimicrobial effects, with minimum inhibitory concentration values between 1.6-12.5 mg/ml against the tested bacteria. The brine shrimp lethality bioassay also indicated cytotoxic effects. Overall, the results suggest the leaf possesses significant antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties, supporting traditional
This study evaluated the prophylactic (preventive) and curative effects of a hydro-alcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera pods on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in rats. Rats were pre-treated or post-treated with three different doses of the extract (100, 250, 500 mg/kg) for 14 days before or after being administered CCl4 to induce liver injury. Biochemical markers, glutathione, malondialdehyde, and histopathological examination of the liver were used to assess the degree of liver damage and the protective effects of the extract. The extract was found to significantly reduce liver damage markers and bilirubin levels in a dose-dependent
This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of the marine microalga Dunaliella salina against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver toxicity in rats. Rats were fed D. salina at doses of 2.5 g/kg and 5 g/kg body weight for 2 weeks. Their liver enzymes and total protein were measured after being given carbon tetrachloride and compared to controls. Rats fed 5 g/kg D. salina showed the highest levels of protection, with serum AST and ALT levels 61.3% and 80.7% of the controls respectively, compared to 90.8% and 144.7% for rats fed synthetic beta-carotene. Total protein levels were also better
El documento describe las relaciones entre el narcotráfico y el fútbol en Colombia. Explica que los capos de la droga como Pablo Escobar y Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha lavaban grandes cantidades de dinero a través de la compra y operación de equipos de fútbol populares como Atlético Nacional y Millonarios. Esto les permitió ocultar el origen ilícito de sus fondos y ganar más dinero a través de apuestas en los partidos.
El documento describe la teoría del aprendizaje significativo propuesta por David Ausubel, la cual sostiene que el aprendizaje es más efectivo cuando los nuevos conceptos se relacionan con conocimientos previos. El aprendizaje significativo requiere motivación, deseos de aprender, y la habilidad de relacionar nueva información con conceptos ya existentes para crear significado. Este enfoque facilita la adquisición de conocimientos, retención duradera de la información, y un aprendizaje activo y personalizado.
This document summarizes Rayner Mendes' honors thesis on simulating Stokes shifts of boron difluoride (BF2) formazanate complexes using density functional theory. The study aims to model the absorption, emission, and Stokes shifts of BF2 complexes and analyze how structural tuning affects their spectroscopic properties. A training set of naphthalene and fluorene was used to optimize the computational methodology. Density functional theory with time-dependent DFT and a polarizable continuum model was employed to simulate the complexes in solvent and calculate vertical excitation energies, optimized geometries, and spectroscopic properties. A quantitative structure-property relationship analysis was also conducted to determine electronic and steric descriptors that influence absorption and emission and
This document provides an overview of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including its definition, causes, characteristics, and treatment guidelines. ASD is a developmental disorder defined by challenges with social skills, communication, and restricted/repetitive behaviors. It occurs along a wide spectrum, from mild to severe. While the specific causes are unknown, genetics and environmental factors are thought to play a role. Characteristics of ASD include delays in motor skills, social skills, communication, and understanding others' perspectives. Treatment focuses on specialized education programs to help individuals with ASD build skills and manage symptoms.
This document provides examples and strategies for saving costs, including identifying direct and indirect expenses, categorizing expenses as direct/mandatory or indirect/optional, renegotiating mobile plans and avoiding unnecessary purchases, sharing rent and grouping for food and transport to reduce costs, exploring options to reduce credit and loan costs, staying positive by focusing on people, ideas, and actions, and thanking the reader.
The document discusses the Tata Nano, a low-cost car manufactured in India by Tata Motors. The Nano was initially launched at a price of 100,000 rupees to target India's growing middle class and lure people away from motorcycles. Tata aims to produce up to 250,000 Nanos per year to meet demand. The Nano was developed using a least-cost planning methodology to keep costs low. It faces competition from the Maruti 800 and Tata focuses on maintaining a low price with comparable features.
This document summarizes information about mood disorders such as unipolar depression and bipolar disorder. It discusses the symptoms, diagnosis, causes, and treatment of these conditions. For unipolar depression, key points include that it affects about 19% of US adults, is more common in women, and has emotional, motivational, behavioral, cognitive and physical symptoms. Bipolar disorder involves alternating periods of depression and mania, with symptoms of inappropriate mood rises and poor judgment during manic episodes. Biological factors like neurotransmitters, brain structures and genetics may contribute to causing mood disorders.
Upper class women in 19th century America began advocating for women's rights and played a key role in social reform movements. They helped establish voluntary societies focused on issues like abolition and temperance. Notable leaders included Lucy Stone, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony. They fought for legal rights like control over wages and property upon marriage or divorce. Their activism helped pave the way for women's suffrage and higher education opportunities in the later 19th century.
The document provides mnemonics to help remember how to respond to a fire and operate a fire extinguisher. For responding to a fire, it recommends the mnemonic RACE which stands for Rescue, Alarm, Contain, Extinguish. For operating a fire extinguisher, it recommends the mnemonic PASS which stands for Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep. The document teaches fire safety procedures through easy to remember acronyms.
The document provides personal and professional details about Mostafa Mohammed Ezzat Ali. It includes his name, contact information, objective, work experience at three companies, special projects, education information, courses and certificates, languages, and computer/technical skills. His work experience includes roles as a quality control engineer, mechanical planner engineer, and senior mechanical planner engineer at cement plants.
1) Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is prevalent in the US, affecting 1 in 68 children, and physical activity can benefit those with autism.
2) A study found "clusters" in California where children were twice as likely to be diagnosed with autism, potentially linked to environmental factors and educated parents' consumer product exposure.
3) Exercise can improve physical fitness, behaviors, and social skills for those with autism, as shown in a study where a child's skills improved after a swimming program.
Este manual proporciona instrucciones para realizar mantenimiento correctivo y preventivo de hardware y software. Explica los componentes internos de una computadora y las herramientas necesarias para su mantenimiento. Además, detalla los pasos a seguir para instalar Windows 7 y realizar mantenimiento de hardware de forma segura, incluyendo la limpieza y el reemplazo de piezas cuando sea necesario. El objetivo es brindar una guía completa sobre cómo realizar mantenimiento de computadoras para mejorar su rendimiento y vida útil.
Este documento resume la historia de la contabilidad desde sus orígenes en Mesopotamia hasta la actualidad. Explica que la contabilidad surgió hace aproximadamente 8000 a.C. en Mesopotamia y que los primeros registros contables eran fichas de barro. También destaca dos hitos importantes entre los siglos XV y XVIII: la introducción de los números arábicos y la invención de la imprenta. Finalmente, explica que la Revolución Industrial condujo a una evolución acelerada de la actividad económica y, por
The document provides descriptions of and excerpts from 20 books related to travel in Asia and India. It includes summaries of each book, usually 1-2 sentences pulled from reviews or descriptions, as well as short biographies of the authors. The books cover a wide range of topics from histories of the Silk Road to mountain climbing adventures to colonial-era stories.
IFP Team 56 Final Report Bryan Walkey V33 MasterRayner Mendes
A&L Canada Laboratories Inc. is exploring opportunities in the precision agriculture industry with their UAV product. They aim to break even within 18 months and realize an 18% ROI within the second year. The recommendations include targeting consultants and large farms over 2,000 acres, using various marketing strategies, and pricing the UAV between $24,670-$28,670. Hiring a division manager is also recommended. The projections show a 19.2% ROI can be achieved by breaking even in 2016 and selling 88 units by 2019, implying a value of $1.63 million.
This document provides details on the qualifications and experience of Mr. Dusan Dijan, who is applying for the position of Electrical Engineer/Electrician. It includes information on his education and certifications in engineering and maritime fields, as well as a record of his past sea service spanning over 15 years working on cargo and bulk carrier vessels as an Electrical Engineer. His objective is to obtain a position on a specialized vessel where he can utilize his skills and experience.
Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes in Metabolic Syndrome Patients after Consumpti...science journals
Increased oxidative stress has been suggested as an early event in the development of the metabolic syndrome and, as such, might contribute to disease progression.
Evaluation of antioxidant activities of Cyperusrotundus (Ethanolic extract an...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
1) The study evaluated the antiulcer activity of an aqueous extract of Brassica oleraceae (cabbage) leaves in laboratory rat models of gastric and duodenal ulcers.
2) Cabbage extract showed dose-dependent protection against ethanol/HCl-induced gastric ulcers and indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers compared to control groups. The highest dose of 750 mg/kg provided over 90% protection against indomethacin-induced ulcers.
3) In a cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer model, the lowest dose of 100 mg/kg cabbage extract gave 85% protection, higher than the standard drug omeprazole.
Protective effects of commelina benghalensis linn (root) extract on ethanol i...IJSIT Editor
The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect and possible mechanism of
alcoholic (AlE) and aqueous extract (AqE) from Commelina benghalensis root (CB) on EtOH-induced hepatic
injury in Wistar rat. Hepatotoxic parameters studied in vivo include serum transaminases (AST, and ALT),
ALP, bilirubin, protein, lipid profile (Cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL and HDL) and level of antioxidants
together with histopathological examination. Liv 52® was used as a reference hepatoprotective agent
(5ml/kg-1b.w.). AlE and AqE (200 mg/kg-1b.w.) on oral administration decreased the level of AST, ALP, ALT,
bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, MDA and increased the level of protein, HDL and antioxidants (SOD,
GSH and CAT) in rats being treated with ethanol (EtOH). Pentobarbitone -induced sleeping time study was
carried out to verify the effect on microsomal enzymes Histopathological observations confirmed the
beneficial roles of MF against EtOH-induced liver injury in rats. Possible mechanism may involve their
antioxidant activity
1) The document describes a study that evaluated the hepatoprotective potential of extracts from in vitro regenerated Boerhaavia diffusa plants compared to extracts from naturally grown plants.
2) Mice of both sexes were intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride to induce hepatic injury, then treated with extracts from in vitro plants or natural plants. Serum levels of liver enzymes (SGOT and SGPT) were measured to assess hepatoprotection.
3) Treatment with both in vitro and natural plant extracts significantly reduced elevated liver enzyme levels compared to untreated intoxicated mice, indicating both were effective at protecting the liver from carbon tetrachloride toxicity. This suggests the in vitro regenerated plants produced bioactive molecules with
Blood glucose and lipid reducing activities of the oral administration of aqu...Alexander Decker
1. The study investigated the effects of repeated oral administration of an aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves on blood glucose and lipid levels in male Wistar rats over 56 days.
2. The extract significantly reduced blood glucose and serum lipid levels like total cholesterol and triglycerides in a dose-dependent manner. It also significantly increased HDL cholesterol.
3. The extract maintained or slightly reduced body weight in the rats. It significantly reduced food intake, which may be due to effects on appetite or metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract.
Effect of lyophilized aqueous leaf extract of Aquilaria subintegra on aphrodi...Mohammed Muayad TA
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of Aquilaria subintegra leaf aqueous extracts on parameters related to aphrodisiac properties in mice. 30 male mice were divided into groups receiving various doses of the extract or saline by oral gavage for 21 days. Sexual behavior was observed by introducing females and recording mounts and intromissions. Offspring number, sex ratio, and pregnancy rate were measured. Blood was collected to measure testosterone. Results showed the 50 mg/kg dose increased mounts initially, while the 100, 500, 1000 mg/kg doses increased offspring number but did not affect other parameters compared to controls. The study suggests the extract may increase breeding rate but not have strong aphrodis
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
1) The aqueous extract of Sida rhombifolia ssp. retusa roots showed hepatoprotective effects against liver damage induced by thioacetamide and allyl alcohol in rats.
2) Pretreatment with the extract significantly reduced elevated liver enzymes and normalized liver weight and volume caused by thioacetamide toxicity. The extract also prevented decreases in body weight and reduced necrosis caused by allyl alcohol.
3) The study demonstrates that the roots of Sida rhombifolia ssp. retusa have potent hepatoprotective properties against chemically-induced liver damage in rats.
Comparative Study of The Antioxidant Activities of Monodora Myristica And A. ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Diabetes mellitus was induced in rats using streptozotocin. Creatinine, urea, and inflammatory biomarkers were measured in the rats' blood serum. Creatinine and urea levels were significantly increased in diabetic rats, while an inflammatory marker (IL-10) decreased. Administration of Jatropha curcas extracts to diabetic rats resulted in reductions in creatinine, urea, and inflammatory biomarkers, similar to effects of the antidiabetic drug glibenclamide. The extracts showed protective effects against kidney disorders associated with diabetes mellitus.
Preliminary phytochemical studies and evaluation of Antipyretic property of t...researchplantsciences
Purpose-The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata was claimed to have anti pyretic, analgesic and antimicrobial properties. The people of Idemili area in Anambra State of Nigeria use the decoction of it to treat wounds, running stomach, aches and pains as well as fever. It is to this backdrop that this investigation was carried out to ascertain the veracity of the claim.
Methodology-The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata was collected and dried at ambient temperature. It was pulverized into powder. 500 gm of the powdered drug was placed into a two litre beaker containing one litre of methanol. It was allowed to stand with occasional shaking for 48 h. The content was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated using rotary evaporator. The extract contains the following secondary metabolites-alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and glycosides. The antipyretic activity was investigated using brewer’s yeast to induce pyrexia.
Result -The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata exhibited significant (p<0.05) antipyretic effect at 600 mg/kg from 1 h to 4 h and at 3 h to 4 h at 300 mg/kg compared with the control.
Conclusion-The claim of Idemili people of Anambra State Nigeria on the use of Ritchiea longipedicellata appears to be obvious in line with the results of the investigation.
Article Citation:
Chinedu Fred Anowi, Ezugwu CO, Ilodigwe EE, Ajaghaku DL.
Preliminary Phytochemical Studies and Evaluation of Antipyretic Property of the Methanol Extract of the Rootbark of Ritchiea longipedicellata Gilg (capparidaceae)
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 192-195.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0048.pdf
Study of Hepatoprotective Activity of Saussurea Lappa Root Extractijtsrd
The plant under evaluation was Saussure a lappa, a plant of Asteraceae, one of the best-known species within this genus, was commonly known as costus in English Based on the literature survey, it was reported that various pharmacological activities were reported on Saussure a lappa After authentification, the collected plant root material it was reduced into small pieces The plant material was extracted by using ethanol by the cold maceration method The study concluded that the root extract have potential bioactive substances that may be used to formulate new drugs The Flavo-Glycosides content in Ethonolic extract of Saussure a lappa root extract for Hepatoprotective activity was evaluated The results were compared with the standard using statistical method However further investigation was required for structural elucidation and pharmacological properties Juluri Krishna Dutta Tejaswi | Dr. R. Govinda Rajan | P. Sara "Study of Hepatoprotective Activity of Saussurea Lappa Root Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18390.pdf
Toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extractIOSRJPBS
The document summarizes a study on the toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extract. The study found:
1) The tolerated dose of the extract in rats was 800mg/kg while the toxic dose was 1600mg/kg, with behavioral and neurological signs observed at toxic doses.
2) The median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was calculated to be 2663.92 mg/kg in acute toxicity testing.
3) In a 28-day sub-acute toxicity study, rats administered 800mg/kg of the extract daily showed no changes in body weight, hematological, or biochemical parameters compared to controls.
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...IJARIIT
Pharmaceutical industries are still in the hunt of effective scavengers for free radicals from the unexplored
medicinal plants. About 80,000 species of plants are utilized for treating various diseases in different systems of Indian
medicine. Many pharmaceutical companies giving importance in plant-derived drugs mainly due to the current widespread
belief that 'Green Medicine' is safe and more dependable than the costly synthetic drugs, which have adverse side effects.
The objective of the study is isolation of Phytochemical active constituents, Antidiabetic, antimicrobial and
antioxidant activities of the rare Antidiabetic medicinal plant Epaltes divaricata (Linn.) since the selected plant has varied
medicinal properties used in Ayurveda. This valuable plant is used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to alleviate jaundice,
diabetes mellitus, urethral discharges and acute dyspepsia. It is also regarded as a diaphoretic, diuretic and a stimulating
expectorant.
The methanol extract of Epaltes divaricata L. showed excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.
Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the same extract by two different standard methods and which confirmed the
presence of steroids, triterpenoids and phenolic compounds. Decreasing of postprandial hyperglycemia is a therapeutic
approach for treating diabetes mellitus. This can be achieved in current trends through the inhibition of carbohydrate
hydrolyzing enzymes such as alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase. Agents with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity are very useful as oral anti hypoglycemic agents for the control of hyperglycemia in patients who have diabetes
mellitus. In this study the methanol extract exhibited above 50% of inhibition in all standard concentration.
Hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Hibiscus Sabdariffa on alcoho...Bhavana Gundavarapu
The aim of present study was to investigate the Hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Malvaceace) leaves in albino rats on alcohol induced hepatotoxic activity. .
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
1) The document describes a study that investigated the protective effects of the bark of Dalbergia sisso on liver and kidney toxicity in rats.
2) Rats were given an aqueous extract of D. sisso bark at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg daily for 7 days before being exposed to paracetamol or carbon tetrachloride to induce liver and kidney damage.
3) Biochemical markers and antioxidant enzyme levels were measured and histopathological examinations were performed to evaluate the protective effects on the liver and kidneys. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the bark extract was also conducted.
Effects of Metformin, Pioglitazone and Aqueous Extract of Delonix Regia on Bl...iosrjce
The effects of Delonix regia extract (d200mg, d300mg, and d400mg), metformin (m8.3mg, m12.5mg
and m16.5mg), pioglitazone (p0.5mg, p0.7mg and p0.9mg) and combined formulation of metformin and extract
(m6.25d150mg) on glycated hemoglobin status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Albino wistar rats. Diabetic
status of these rats was assessed by estimating fasting blood glucose levels. A total of 150 albino rats were used
for the investigation and were grouped into twelve groups of twelve rats each as follows; Group I: normal
control rats (NCR). Group II: Diabetic control rats (DCR). Group III: Diabetic rats treated with d200mg.
Group IV: Diabetic rats treated with d300mg. Group V: Diabetic rats treated with d400mg. Group VI: Diabetic
rats treated with m8.3mg. Group VII: Diabetic rats treated with m12.5mg. Group VIII: Diabetic rats treated
with m16.5mg. Group IX: Diabetic rats treated with p0.5mg. Group X: Diabetic rats treated with p0.75mg.
Group XI: Diabetic rats treated with p1.0mg. Group XII: Diabetic rats treated with m125d300mg each for male
and female respectively, for a total of 56 days. After every two weeks interval of treatment for eight weeks three
rats from each group were sacrificed and blood sample were collected and analyzed for various parameters.
The result obtained showed an elevated level of glycated hemoglobin in diabetic-induced wistar albino rats
compared with normal control rats. However, there was reversal of the effects when treated with the
drug/extract. Also there was reduction in the blood glucose level of the diabetic rats treated with metformin
(from 6.37±0.69 to 5.20±0.62mmol/l), pioglitazone (from 7.30±0.21mmol/l to 4.70±0.46), aqueous extract of
Delonixregia (from 8.20±0.81mmol/l to 6.10±0.60) and combined formulation of metformin and extract (from
7.81±0.34 to 4.80±0.17), at p<0.05 confidence level when compared with diabetic control rats in the various
weeks of treatment respectively
Effects of Metformin, Pioglitazone and Aqueous Extract of Delonix Regia on Bl...
aging study
1. S1770
Document heading doi: 襃 襃 2012 by the Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. All rights reserved.
Study of Aging and Hepatoprotective Activity of Vitis vinifera L. Seeds
in Albino Rats
Ghulam Mustafa Khan1*
, S.H Ansari1
, Z.A.Bhat2
, Feroz ahmad2
1
Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, 110062
2
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, J&K, India,
193201
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine (2012)S1770-S1774
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apjtb
*Corresponding author: Ghulam Mustafa Khan, Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Kashmir,
Hazratbal, Srinagar, J&K, India, 193201.
Tel: +91-9697359523
E-mail: ferozahmad85@gmail.com
1. Introduction
The aging is a very complex biological process. In addition
to individual genetic factors, the external influences such
as nutrition, smoking, alcohol, environmental conditions
etc. can strongly contribute to its anticipated appearance[1].
A particular attention in this respect has been paid to the
biological action of free radicals, especially to oxygen
species (OH, peroxyl, ozone and other oxidizing species),
which are causing ‘oxidative stess’[2]. The liver regulates
many important metabolic functions. Hepatic injury is
associated with distortion of these metabolic functions[3].
Additionally it is the key organ of metabolism and excretion.
Morphological changes in the hepatic sinusoid with old
age are increasingly recognized. These include thickening
and defenestration of the liver sinusoidal endothelial cell,
sporadic deposition of collagen and basal lamina in the
extracellular space of Disse, and increased numbers of
fat engorged, non-activated stellate cells[4]. Antioxidants
of natural origin have attracted special interest because
they can protect human body from free radicals without
producing toxic effects[5]. It is already reported that natural
antioxidants, especially phenolics and flavonoids, found in
plants are the most bioactive. Plants available worldwide
already reported for their antioxidant activity are well
known, famous for their uses and readily available[6]. Grapes
(Vitis vinifera) have been heralded for their medicinal and
nutritional value for thousands of years. Grape seeds are a
particularly rich source of complex polymers of flavonoids
such as gallic acid, the monomeric flavan-3-ols catechin,
epicatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin-
3-ogallate, dimeric, trimeric and even more polymeric
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received 13 August 2012
Received in revised from 6 September 2012
Accepted 18 December 2012
Available online 28 December 2012
Keywords:
Vitis vinifera
Grapevine
Grape seeds
Hepatoprotective
Antiaging
Objective: Present study was conducted to investigate in liver of rats from 8-12 weeks old to
20 weeks old, the age dependent changes, carbon tetrachloride mediated changes, and the
hepatoprotective effect shown by the seeds of Vitis vinifera L. Method: The hepatoprotective
activity was studied by observing the effect of 100 mg/kg dose of ethanolic extract of grape seeds
on carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats and results were compared with
those of the aged group results. Results: 100 mg/kg b.w. of ethanolic extract of Vitis vinifera
seeds produced highly significant decrease in AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, albumin levels and
significant decrease in the TSP levels compared to the toxic group levels. The levels of AST, ALT,
ALP, bilirubin and albumin in aged control rats were found to be significantly higher than the
levels in young control animals. MDA levels were slightly higher while GSH levels were lower in
aged control rats as compared to young control rats. MDA levels in the toxic group showed highly
significant increase compared to the young control levels. Ethanolic extract of seeds of Vitis
vinifera significantly lowered the MDA levels. Histopathology results reveal that 100mg/kg/day
dose of ethanolic extract of seeds of Vitis vinifera L. cured the hepatic damage to a great extent
which was induced by CCl4. Conclusions: Aging leads to the changes in the hepatic structure
which are comparable to the changes induced by low doses of a hepatotoxin and the ethanolic
extract of seeds of Vitis vinifera L. was effective in bringing about functional improvement of
hepatocytes exposed to free radical attack, which was confirmed by biochemical and histological
observations.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
2. G.Mustafa et al ./Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine (2012)S1770-S1774
S1771
proanthocyanidins. Grape seed extract of Vitis vinifera L.
has in vivo antioxidant property and could be as important
as vitamin E in preventing oxidative damage in tissues by
reducing the lipid oxidation and/or inhibiting the production
of free radicals[7].
The aim of the present study was to investigate in liver of
rats from 8-12 weeks old to 20 weeks old, the age dependent
changes, carbon tetrachloride mediated changes, and the
hepatoprotective effect shown by the seeds of Vitis vinifera
L. by examining the systems involved in the glutathione
redox cycle and the concerted action of antioxidant enzyme
defenses.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Plant material and preparation of extract
Grape seeds were bought from a local supermarket (Khari
bavli) in Delhi. They were dried for 1hour at 60 °C in an oven.
Seeds were identified as Vitis vinifera L. by M.P. Sharma,
Prof. Department of Botany Jamia Hamdard University, New
Delhi.
After collection and authentication the plant materials were
shade dried and powdered separately. All plant material
was passed through sieve no. 40 and used for extraction.
Ethanolic extract of the powdered plant material was
prepared by the method given by Alkofahi et al[8].
2.2. Animals and treatments
The study was carried out for 21 days. Five groups of male
albino rats of Wistar strain, four young (8-12 weeks old)
and one old age group (16-20 weeks old) weighing 200-250
g and 300-350 g respectively were procured from central
animal house facility Jamia Hamdard. The animals were
kept in polypropylene cages (6 in each cage) under standard
laboratory conditions (12 hour light and 12 hour dark: day
and night cycle) and had a free access to commercial
pelleted diet and tap water ad libitum. All studies were
performed in accordance with the guidelines of Institutional
Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC)
Group first served as young control and received a single
daily dose of normal saline (0.3 mL). Group two served as
aged control and received a daily single dose of normal
saline as in group I rats. Group three animals received
carbon tetrachloride (0.7 ml/kg body weight, i.p. 1:1 v/v
mixture of CCl4 and liquid paraffin) alone on first day and
served as toxic young control[9]. Fourth group served as
young standard control and the animals received a single
dose of CCl4 (as in group 2 animals) on first day along with
a single dose of standard Silymarin (Sivylar-140, Ranbaxy)
(25mg/kg p.o.) daily for 20 days[10]. Group five animals
received a single dose of CCl4 (0.7 ml/kg i.p. in liquid
paraffin) and a daily single dose (100mg/kg b.w.) of ethanolic
extract of Vitis vinifera. Animals were sacrificed 48 h after
the last dose of the drug. The blood was collected and liver
samples were dissected.
2.3. Estimations in serum
The collected blood was allowed to clot and serum was
separated at 2 500 rpm for 15 min and the biochemical
parameters like serum enzymes: aspartate aminotransferase
(AST, U/L)[11], serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (ALT,
U/L)[11], serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP, IU/L)[12] and total
bilirubin (mg/dL)[13] were assayed using assay kits.
2.4. Estimations in liver
2.4.1. Assessment of lipid peroxidation (LPO)
The dissected out liver samples were washed immediately
with ice cold saline to remove as much blood as possible.
10% w/v tissue homogenate was prepared in ice cold 0.15
M KCl for TBARS. 1 ml of suspension medium was taken
from the 10% tissue homogenate. A total of 5 mL of 30% TCA
was added to it, followed by 0.5 mL of 0.8% TBA reagent.
The tubes were then covered with aluminium foil and kept
in shaking water bath for 30 min at 80 °C. After 30 min
tubes were taken out and kept in ice cold water for 30 min.
These were then centrifuged at 3 000 rpm for 15 min. The
absorbance of the supernatant was read at 540 nm at room
temperature against blank. Blank consisted of 1 mL distilled
water, 0.5 mL of 30% TCA and 0.5 mL of 0.8% TBA[14].
2.4.2. Assessment of reduced glutathione (GSH) activity
This spectrophotometric procedure is based on the method
of Ellman i.e. 5,5’-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) or DTNB,
is reduced by SH groups to form 1 mole of 2-nitro-5-
mercaptobenzoic acid per mole of SH. The reaction mixture
contained equal volumes of 4% sulfosalicylic acid and tissue
samples homogenized in 4 vol. of ice cold 0.1 mL phosphate
buffer (pH 7.4). The method used for estimating GSH in this
study also measures non-protein sulfhydryl concentration
inclusive of GSH. However, 80-90% of the non-protein
sulfhydryl content of the cell represents free endogenous
GSH. Enzyme activity was expressed as milligram per
hundred grams[15].
2.4.3. Protein estimation
Protein reacts with Folin’s ciocalteau phenol reagent to
give a coloured complex. The colour so formed is due to the
reaction of alkaline copper with protein as in Biuret test
and the reduction of phosphomolybdate by tyrosine and
tryptophan present in the protein[16]. 500 mg of liver tissue
was homogenized in 5 mL 0.15 M KCl and centrifuged at
10000 rpm for 10 min. 1 ml of supernatant was mixed with 5
mL of alkaline copper solution and allowed to stand at room
temperature for 10 min. 0.5 mL of Folin’s reagent (1:2) was
added and tubes were shaken to mix the solution. After 30
3. G.Mustafa et al ./Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine (2012)S1770-S1774S1772
min the absorbance was read at 750 nm against appropriate
blank. The protein content was expressed in mg.
2.5. Histopathological studies
For histological studies, the liver tissues were fixed with
10% phosphate buffered neutral formalin, dehydrated
in graded (50-100%) alcohol and embedded in paraffin.
Thin sections (5 毺m) were cut and stained with routine
hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) stain for photo microscopic
assessment. The initial examination was qualitative, with
the purpose of determining histopathological lesions in liver
tissue[17].
2.6. Statistical analysis
Results are presented as Mean依SEM of six animals used
in each group. Data were subjected to statistical analysis
through one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) taking
significant at 5% level of probability followed by Student’s
t-test taking significant at P曑0.05[18].
3. Results
3.1. Serum enzymes
Levels of the serum marker enzymes of hepatic damage,
AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin and albumin increased
significantly (while level of total serum proteins (TSP)
decreased significantly) in group 3 rats which were treated
with only CCl4 compared to both young control (group 1) and
aged control (group 2) rats. The levels of AST, ALT, ALP,
bilirubin and albumin in aged control rats were found to be
significantly higher than the levels in young control animals.
100 mg/kg b.w. of ethanolic extract of Vitis vinifera seeds
produced highly significant decrease in AST, ALT, ALP,
bilirubin, albumin levels and significant decrease in the TSP
levels compared to the toxic group levels. (Table 1)
3.2. Tissue estimations
The levels of MDA were slightly higher in aged control rats
(group 2) as compared to young control rats (group 1). MDA
levels in the toxic group showed highly significant increase
compared to the young control levels. Ethanolic extract of
seeds of Vitis vinifera significantly lowered the MDA levels
in the group 5 rats. GSH levels were found slightly lower in
the aged control rats compared to the young control rats. CCl4
produced a highly significant fall in the GSH levels. Grape
seed extract produced significant fall in the GSH levels in
the group 5 rats. There was seen a significant different in the
tissue protein levels of young control and aged control rats.
CCl4 produced a highly significant increase in the protein
levels (group 3), while 100 mg/kg p.o. dose of Vitis vinifera
seed extract reduced the levels significantly towards the
normal level (Table 2).
3.3. Histopathological results
The results are shown in Figure 1. Histopathological
examination of the liver slides of rats of young (group 1) and
aged (group 2) normal control showed normal parenchyma
and normal portal tract. Livers of the rats administered only
Table 1
Analysis of different serum parameters.
Treatments AST (IU/mL) ALT (IU/mL) ALP (KA units) TSP (g/dL) Bilirubin (g/dL) Albumin (g/dL)
Group 1 28.3依3.38c 34.8依1.72c 29.1依0.98c 15.2依0.9b 0.75依0.03c 4.9依0.29c
Group 2 61.6依2.66cz 84.4依7.9cy 30.4依0.5cy 12.9依1.1 2.3依0.1cz 5.36依0.19cx
Group 3 136.1依5.6z 104.5依3.76z 48.8依0.45z 9.5依0.54y 8.5依0.33z 10.5依0.28z
Group 4 79.8依2.83cz 39.5依5.03c 30.7依0.69c 14.3依0.66b 1.0依0.04c 6.4依0.04cz
Group 5 96.9依3.55cz 47.7依6.1c 27.2依1.2c 14.9依1.03b 2.5依0.07c 3.9依0.22c
a P<0.05, b P<0.01, c P<0.001 compared with the toxic group
x P<0.05, y P<0.01, z P<0.001 compared with the young control group
Each observation is expressed as Mean依SEM and n=6
Table 2
Analysis of different liver tissue parameters.
Treatments MDA (nmol/g) GSH (毺g/mg) Tissue protein (mg/mL)
Group 1 0.9依0.19c 17.5依2.17c 1.5依0.08c
Group 2 1.3依0.02c 15.8依0.98c 1.8依0.11cx
Group 3 4.6依0.24z 3.4依0.4z 2.8依0.19z
Group 4 3.0依0.18cz 8.3依0.25y 2.6依0.06z
Group 5 1.2依0.27c 13.5依2.79c 1.9依0.1c
a P<0.05, b P<0.01, c P<0.001 compared with the toxic group
x P<0.05, y P<0.01, z P<0.001 compared with the young control group
Each observation is expressed as Mean依SEM and n=6
4. G.Mustafa et al ./Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine (2012)S1770-S1774
S1773
CCl4 (toxic control, group 3) showed moderate inflammation
of the portal triad; fatty change and necrosis of the periportal
zone and they also showed severe necrosis, sinusoidal
dilatation, inflammation, hemorrhage and vascular
congestion of the centrizonal area. Rat livers treated with
CCl4 along with Silymarin (100 mg/kg/day) showed almost
normal appearance of liver parenchyma. However, a
necrotic focus was seen in the periportal area. Animals
that had received CCl4 along with extract of Vitis vinifera
(100 mg/kg/day) showed a little fatty change in periportal
zone. Centrizonal area showed mild sinusoidal dilatation,
moderate inflammation and mild haemorrhage.
Figure 1.
1(A): Liver from young control group animal showing normal liver
parenchyma.
1(B): Liver from aged control group animal showing normal liver
parenchyma.
1(C): Liver from animal treated with CCl4 only showing sinusoidal
dilatation and a focus of necrosis with inflammatory cell infiltration
and haemorrhage.
1(D): Liver from animal treated with CCl4 and Silymarin showing the
necrotic focus in the periportal area. 1(E): Photomicrograph of liver
from animal treated with CCl4 and 100 mg/kg b.w. of alcoholic extract
of Vitis vinifers L. seed extract showing a normal hepatic parenchyma
and a normal portal triad.
4. Discussion
The aim of the present study was to investigate in liver of
rats from 8-12 weeks old to 20 weeks old, the age dependent
changes, carbon tetrachloride mediated changes, and the
hepatoprotective effect shown by the seeds of Vitis vinifera
L. by examining the systems involved in the glutathione
redox cycle and the concerted action of antioxidant enzyme
defenses. The aged control group was included in this
study to ascertain that there are age associated changes
prevalent in the structure and functional capacity of the
hepatocytes. These age associated changes can be correlated
to the toxic control group which was given a onetime low
dose of CCl4. It has been reported that CCl4 produces lipid
peroxidation which may cause peroxidative tissue damage
in inflammation, cancer, aging, ulcers, cirrhosis and
atherosclerosis. Therefore inhibition of cytochrome P450-
dependent oxygenase activity could cause a reduction in the
level of toxic reactive metabolites and a decrease in tissue
injury. On the other hand, an elevation of plasma AST, ALT,
ALP activities could be regarded as a sign of damage to the
liver membrane.
In this study AST, ALT and liver MDA levels decreased
significantly (P<0.001) by 28.82%, 54.3% and 74.5%
respectively in rats treated with ethanolic extract of Vitis
vinifera L. seed extract (100 mg/kg b.w.) in comparison
with the toxic group. GSH level was significantly increased
(P<0.001) by 74.83% with grape seed extract. Levels of
other enzymes in which significant changes (P<0.001) were
observed are ALP (-44%), bilirubin (-84%), albumin (-59.7),
total serum protein (+35.84, P<0.01) as compared to the young
toxic group. The reversal of the damage in CCl4 induced
hepatic damage by ethanolic extract by Vitis vinifera could
be explained by the prevention of leakage of intracellular
enzymes through its membrane stabilizing effects[19].
Glutathione (GSH), extensively found in cells, protects them
against electrophillic attacks provided by xenobiotics such
as free radicals and peroxides. The elevation of MDA levels,
which is one of the end products of lipid peroxidation in
the liver tissue, and the reduction of hepatic GSH levels
are important indicators of liver damage in CCl4 intoxicated
rats[20]. In this study it was ascertained that MDA levels have
been suppressed and CCl4 induced depletion of GSH was
prevented significantly (p<0.001) by 74.83% when compared
with toxic group by treatment with Vitis vinifera L.
Histopathology results reveal that 100mg/kg/day dose
of ethanolic extract of seeds of Vitis vinifera L. cured the
hepatic damage to a great extent which was induced by CCl4.
On the other hand, the liver enzyme levels in the aged
control group were increased as AST -54% (P<0.001),
ALT-58.73% ( P<0.01), ALP-4.3% , bilirubin-67% (P<0.001),
albumin-8% (P<0.05), MDA-31.39% (P<0.001) and tissue
protein-16.6% (P<0.05) when compared with the young
control group. This implies that there were age associated
changes in antioxidant defense of hepatocytes. From
histological observations no significant changes were seen
in the aged group.
It can be concluded that aging leads to the changes in
the hepatic structure which are comparable to the changes
induced by low doses of a hepatotoxin and the ethanolic
5. G.Mustafa et al ./Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine (2012)S1770-S1774S1774
extract of seeds of Vitis vinifera L. was effective in bringing
about functional improvement of hepatocytes exposed to
free radical attack, which was also confirmed by histological
observations.
Conflict of interest statement
We declare that we have no conflict of interest.
6. Acknowledgement
The research was supported by Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia
Hamdard University (Mpharm/JH/08).
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