Gherkin pickled is a favorite lunch substitute in West Sibanda and Chitale (1999) 80 reported that the juice of “cucumis anguria L”, fruit is being used to treat the wounds in liverstock and antifeedant in granaries. Gherkin is also an important source of earning foreign exchange that is needed for importing capital goods for the rapidly expanding industrial sector.
The detail cultivation practices of Banana fruit crop.
HORT-243 Production technology of fruit crops and plantation crops.
Here, within this ppt the detail cultivation of banana fruit crop is included.
Radish is a popular vegetable in both tropical as well as temperate regions. It is cultivated under glass house conditions for early market, but large scale cultivation in the field is more I common. Being a quick growing crop it can be easily planted as a companion crop or intercrop between the rows of the other vegetables. It can also be planted on ridges, separating one plot from another. It is cultivated all over India, especially near the city markets. Radish originated probably in China. In India, it seems to have been cultivated from ancient times. It was popular among the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. The botanical name of radish is Raphanus sativus. The enlarged edible roots are fusiform and differ in colour from white to red.
a brief description on diseases of pea their symptom and casual organism.
Content is for eduacational purpose and truly for students ,scientist and farmers.
students presentation
CULTIVATION OF OKRA , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF OKRA ,Arvind Yadav
OKRA
Scientific Name : Abelmoschus esculentus
Family : Malvaceae,
Chromosome number : 2n=72, 108,130
Origin : Asiatic region /Etthiopea/Africa.
Common names : Bhendi, Lady’s FingerEconomic importance and uses :-
Okra is more remunerative than the leafy vegetables.
Tender green fruits are cooked in curry and also used in soups. The root and stem are useful for clearing cane juice in preparation of jaggery.
Okra is rich in vitamins, calcium, potassium and other minerals. 100g consumable unripe bhendi fruits contain 10.4g dry matter, 3,100 calorie energy, 1.8g protein.
The dry seeds contain 13-22% edible oil and 20-24% protein.Area and production:-
India is the largest producer of okra in the world. The major bhendi growing states are Utter Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal.
Popular varieties:-
Pusa Makhmali
Pusa Sawani
Arka Anamika (Selection 10)
Arka Abhay (Selection
Punjab Padmini
Punjab -7
Parbhani Kranti
Varsha Uphar (HRB 9-2)
Gujarat Bhendi 1
What is Rouging?
Rouging for quality seed production,
A major source of off-type plant,
Rouging in Certified Seed Production,
Rouging During rice seed production.
Potato is one of the most important food crop of the world . Potato is also known as Irish Potato / white potato ,is an herbaceous annual plant cultivated for it's underground modified stem known as Tuber .
Potato is grwon all over India accept Kerela and mostly grown in northern plains during shorten days in winter .
The name potato is thought to be originates from word Papa .
It's thoight to be originated in South America , and in India it introduced by Portuguese during 17 century.
Soil play an important role in high and quality yield of any crop
In potato cultivation , being a tuber crop it is well develop in sandy loam to sil-clay loam .
Soil rich in organic matter , free from clods .
The most optimum soil reaction in potato cultivation is 5.2 - 7.0 pH.
Avoid the soil having high salinity or sodicity problem .
The detail cultivation practices of Banana fruit crop.
HORT-243 Production technology of fruit crops and plantation crops.
Here, within this ppt the detail cultivation of banana fruit crop is included.
Radish is a popular vegetable in both tropical as well as temperate regions. It is cultivated under glass house conditions for early market, but large scale cultivation in the field is more I common. Being a quick growing crop it can be easily planted as a companion crop or intercrop between the rows of the other vegetables. It can also be planted on ridges, separating one plot from another. It is cultivated all over India, especially near the city markets. Radish originated probably in China. In India, it seems to have been cultivated from ancient times. It was popular among the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. The botanical name of radish is Raphanus sativus. The enlarged edible roots are fusiform and differ in colour from white to red.
a brief description on diseases of pea their symptom and casual organism.
Content is for eduacational purpose and truly for students ,scientist and farmers.
students presentation
CULTIVATION OF OKRA , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF OKRA ,Arvind Yadav
OKRA
Scientific Name : Abelmoschus esculentus
Family : Malvaceae,
Chromosome number : 2n=72, 108,130
Origin : Asiatic region /Etthiopea/Africa.
Common names : Bhendi, Lady’s FingerEconomic importance and uses :-
Okra is more remunerative than the leafy vegetables.
Tender green fruits are cooked in curry and also used in soups. The root and stem are useful for clearing cane juice in preparation of jaggery.
Okra is rich in vitamins, calcium, potassium and other minerals. 100g consumable unripe bhendi fruits contain 10.4g dry matter, 3,100 calorie energy, 1.8g protein.
The dry seeds contain 13-22% edible oil and 20-24% protein.Area and production:-
India is the largest producer of okra in the world. The major bhendi growing states are Utter Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal.
Popular varieties:-
Pusa Makhmali
Pusa Sawani
Arka Anamika (Selection 10)
Arka Abhay (Selection
Punjab Padmini
Punjab -7
Parbhani Kranti
Varsha Uphar (HRB 9-2)
Gujarat Bhendi 1
What is Rouging?
Rouging for quality seed production,
A major source of off-type plant,
Rouging in Certified Seed Production,
Rouging During rice seed production.
Potato is one of the most important food crop of the world . Potato is also known as Irish Potato / white potato ,is an herbaceous annual plant cultivated for it's underground modified stem known as Tuber .
Potato is grwon all over India accept Kerela and mostly grown in northern plains during shorten days in winter .
The name potato is thought to be originates from word Papa .
It's thoight to be originated in South America , and in India it introduced by Portuguese during 17 century.
Soil play an important role in high and quality yield of any crop
In potato cultivation , being a tuber crop it is well develop in sandy loam to sil-clay loam .
Soil rich in organic matter , free from clods .
The most optimum soil reaction in potato cultivation is 5.2 - 7.0 pH.
Avoid the soil having high salinity or sodicity problem .
In this PPT you will come to know about the cultivation practices of FODDER SORGHUM, its cultivation aspects, climate, varieties, type of soils, weed management,ETC.,
Corona viruses are a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds.
In humans, these viruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal.
Mild illnesses include some cases of the common cold (which is also caused by other viruses, predominantly rhinoviruses), while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19.
What is named COVID – 19 ?
Curry leaf is an important perennial tree vegetable. Its leaves are used mainly to improve the taste and flavour of foods. Leaves are slightly pungent and retain their flavour even after drying. Ground curry leaf with mature coconut kernel and spices forms an excellent preserve.
Phylanthus niruri Hook F.
Cyperus rotundus L.
Chenopodium album L.
Cynodon dactylon (L)
Tridax procumbence L.
Ephorbia hirta L
Lantana camera L.
Amaranthus viridis
Xanthium strumerium L.
Nursery types, Structure, Components, Planning and Lay out of NurseryParmarManishkumarNar
A nursery is a place, where seedling, saplings, trees, shrubs, and other plant materials are grown and maintained until they are placed in a permanent place.
The inability or Failure of two different plant Grafted together to produce a successful graft union is called Graft incompatibility.
Some pear cultivars are successfully grafted on quince rootstock, whereas, the other may die soon. However the reverse combination i.e. the quince on pear rootstock is always a failure
Leaf Apex :- leaf apex is a protruding part of a leaf.
Acute :- Gradually tapering to a point. Margins straight to convex forming a terminal angle 45 -900.
Acuminate/Caudate:-Margins straight to convex forming a terminal angle of less than 450. Tip resembles a tail. Apex is drawn out into a long slender tail
Apiculate :- The leaf blade ends in a short, sharp, flexible tip.
Cuspidate :- The tip ends in a long, sharp (spiny) point (cusp)
Loss due to diseases range from 20 to 30 %, in case of severe infection, total crop may be lost.
Estimated global loss due to insect pests in potential yields of all crops is -14%.
In India losses due to insect pests ranges from 10 to 20 %
Abiotic stresses reduce average yield of crops by upto50% (Bray EA 1997)
Annually about 42% of the crop productivity is lost due to various abiotic stress factors (Oerkeet.al.,1994).
Though concrete of historical records , tomato was fist introduce in the 1600 in Europe. It is believed that tomato was introduced in India during British period in the year 1828 by Royal Agri-Horticultural society , Culcutta. The story of tomato transformation from an exotic fruit to a popular dietary item and a major item of commerce all over the world. As recently as 1900,tomato was avoided in the belief that it was poisonous because of its known relation to Nightshade and other toxic members of the nightshade family. The tamotine is a predominant alkoloid mainly present in foliage and green fruits. However, at the stage of ripening, tomatine is degraded into an inert compound which is not toxic.
Spine gourd, popularly known as kankad and kartoli.
Its vines are annual. The crop planted, once will give yield at least three to four years or so.
The tubers are left in situ and they over winter.
Spine gourd is underutilized vegetables of high nutritional, medicinal and economic value.
Scientific Name :- Trichosanthus dioica Roxb.
Common Name :- Parwal, Parmal
Origin :- India/Indo Malayan Region
Chromosome No :- 2n=22
It is a perennial cucurbit.
Mostly cultivated in Bihar, Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and Eastern U.P.
Protected cultivation can be defined as a cropping technique where the micro climate surrounding the plant body is controlled partially/fully as per the requirement of the plant species grown during their period of growth.
Since litchi originated in China and it has been under cultivation there for more than 2200 years, more than 200 litchi varieties exist in China.
The variation in climatic factors, sometimes leads to greater fluctuation in yield of a litchi orchard.
Therefore, a right variety should be selected for plantation at a particular area though, all the litchi varieties have a wide range of adaptability; yield, fruit quality and acceptability may be region or location specific.
Horticultural practices likes as pruning, training, staking, mulching, PGRs and pollination found effective for achieving significant higher yield with improved quality.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
2. Area and productionArea and production
SI.
No.
Year
Area in
Hectares
per cent
Increase
or
decrease
over
previous
year
Production
in Tonnes
per cent
Increase
or
decrease
over
previous
year
Yield
Kgs/hectare
1 1998-1999 18000 00 120348000 - 6686
2 1999-2000 18000 00 119448000 -0.74 6636
3 2000-2001 18000 00 118998000 -0.38 66113 2000-2001 18000 00 118998000 -0.38 6611
4 2001-2002 18000 00 120006000 +0.85 6667
5 2002-2003 18000 00 120006000 00 6667
6 2003-2004 18000 00 120006000 00 6667
7 2004-2005 20000 +11.11 133720000 +11.43 6686
8 2005-2006 NA — — — —
9 2006-2007 NA — — — —
Average 18285.71 — 121790285.7 — 6660
FAO.,2007
3. Impotence of gherkinsImpotence of gherkins
Gherkin is also an important source of earning foreign exchange that is needed
for importing capital goods for the rapidly expanding industrial sector.
“Meevse (1958) 78 has shown that gherkins have been cultivated for food at
least three thousand years back. Gherkins are used as ingredient of salads as
pickles.”
The gherkin cultivation mainly concentrated in tropical central and South
America and grown widely in West Indies.
The European gherkin is not a distinct species of cucumbis but a small form of
cucumber that is also known to be pickling cucumber.
Gherkin pickled is a favourite lunch substitute in West Sibanda and Chitale
(1999) 80 reported that the juice of “cucumis anguria L”, fruit is being used to
treat the wounds in liverstock and antifeedant in granaries. In Africa, the
plants have wide medicinal use viz., palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic, lionlenic
and lionlenic acids, were isolated from fruits of cucumber angaria L Var
longipes.” The juice proved highly toxic and the fadicety was reduced, if the
juice was boiled or by boiling the juice.
Gherkin is also an important source of earning foreign exchange that is needed
for importing capital goods for the rapidly expanding industrial sector.
“Meevse (1958) 78 has shown that gherkins have been cultivated for food at
least three thousand years back. Gherkins are used as ingredient of salads as
pickles.”
The gherkin cultivation mainly concentrated in tropical central and South
America and grown widely in West Indies.
The European gherkin is not a distinct species of cucumbis but a small form of
cucumber that is also known to be pickling cucumber.
Gherkin pickled is a favourite lunch substitute in West Sibanda and Chitale
(1999) 80 reported that the juice of “cucumis anguria L”, fruit is being used to
treat the wounds in liverstock and antifeedant in granaries. In Africa, the
plants have wide medicinal use viz., palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic, lionlenic
and lionlenic acids, were isolated from fruits of cucumber angaria L Var
longipes.” The juice proved highly toxic and the fadicety was reduced, if the
juice was boiled or by boiling the juice.
4. Area and productionArea and production
The world area under cucumber and gherkin
cultivation is around 2,395 thousand hectares
and total production is 39,599 thousand metric
tonnes ( FAO 2002-03).
Gherkins are grown in areas around Bangalore,
Malure, Bellary, Davanagere, Hubli and
Belgaum. Haveri region in Karnataka and the
Madurai-Tutiearin belt in Tamil Nadu
“Karnataka has produces 60 percent of gherkin
production and Tamil Nadu 40 percent and the
two states export it in the same ratio.
The world area under cucumber and gherkin
cultivation is around 2,395 thousand hectares
and total production is 39,599 thousand metric
tonnes ( FAO 2002-03).
Gherkins are grown in areas around Bangalore,
Malure, Bellary, Davanagere, Hubli and
Belgaum. Haveri region in Karnataka and the
Madurai-Tutiearin belt in Tamil Nadu
“Karnataka has produces 60 percent of gherkin
production and Tamil Nadu 40 percent and the
two states export it in the same ratio.
5. Climate and SoilClimate and Soil
The optimum temperature range for successful
cultivation is 18 °C to 32 °C.
Well-drained red sandy loam soil with pH in the
range of 6.5 to 7.5 is best suited for cultivation
of gherkin.
Soil should be ploughed to a depth of 30 to 45
cm till a fine tilth is obtained.
The optimum temperature range for successful
cultivation is 18 °C to 32 °C.
Well-drained red sandy loam soil with pH in the
range of 6.5 to 7.5 is best suited for cultivation
of gherkin.
Soil should be ploughed to a depth of 30 to 45
cm till a fine tilth is obtained.
6. Land preparationLand preparation
•Soil should be ploughed to a depth of 30 to 45 cm
till a fine tilth is obtained. Then, ridges and
furrows are formed across the slope of the land at a
distance of 1 to 1.2 meter. Well decomposed
farmyard manure (10 to 12 tones or 15-20 bullock
cart loads per acre), basal dose of fertilizers (half
dose of N and full dose of P & K of the
recommended 60:20:32 kg of NPK per acre).
•Soil should be ploughed to a depth of 30 to 45 cm
till a fine tilth is obtained. Then, ridges and
furrows are formed across the slope of the land at a
distance of 1 to 1.2 meter. Well decomposed
farmyard manure (10 to 12 tones or 15-20 bullock
cart loads per acre), basal dose of fertilizers (half
dose of N and full dose of P & K of the
recommended 60:20:32 kg of NPK per acre).
7. VarietyVariety
Rijk Zwaan:
Our wide range can provide you special outstanding
varieties for any production purpose
Very high yields will lead to greater income
Outstanding quality, regular fruit shape and good
consistency make possible high quality export
production
The safety of the production is assured by the good
regeneration potential of RZ varieties
The open plant habit makes possible the harvest at the
desired fruit sizes.
Rijk Zwaan:
Our wide range can provide you special outstanding
varieties for any production purpose
Very high yields will lead to greater income
Outstanding quality, regular fruit shape and good
consistency make possible high quality export
production
The safety of the production is assured by the good
regeneration potential of RZ varieties
The open plant habit makes possible the harvest at the
desired fruit sizes.
8. SOWINGSOWING
A seed rate of 450 to 500 gm is recommended per
acre. Sowing is done on the ridges vertically at a
depth of 2.5 cm and at a distance of 30 cm.
Light irrigation is given by letting water into the
furrows soon after the completion of sowing. Seeds
germinate within a week after sowing.
Gaps are filled by re sowing within 3 days after
germination and closely grown plants are removed,
to maintain optimum plant population.
Cotyledon leaves are removed and destroyed by
burning soon after the fourth leaf stage to avoid
infestation by leaf miners.
A seed rate of 450 to 500 gm is recommended per
acre. Sowing is done on the ridges vertically at a
depth of 2.5 cm and at a distance of 30 cm.
Light irrigation is given by letting water into the
furrows soon after the completion of sowing. Seeds
germinate within a week after sowing.
Gaps are filled by re sowing within 3 days after
germination and closely grown plants are removed,
to maintain optimum plant population.
Cotyledon leaves are removed and destroyed by
burning soon after the fourth leaf stage to avoid
infestation by leaf miners.
9. Weeding and top dressing:Weeding and top dressing:
•Gherkin being a short duration crop and heavy
feeder fertilizers, the field requires weeding
followed by top dressing and earthing up at
required intervals depending on weed growth.
•Gherkin being a short duration crop and heavy
feeder fertilizers, the field requires weeding
followed by top dressing and earthing up at
required intervals depending on weed growth.
10. STAKINGSTAKING
The crop requires staking, being a creeper, and if not staked, the fruits
will be formed on the ground. Staking is done between 16 to 20 days
after sowing. Staking is done using wooden stakes held serially by
Galvonized Iron (GI) wire and the vines are trained to grow along the
jute thread tied on to the GI wires connecting the top and bottom GI
wires. Usually stakes are of 2.4 meter length and 5 cm diameter to
support the weight of the crop till the end.
They are grouted 30 cm below the ground level at a distance of 3.5
meters. Stakes at the end of the row are strengthened with good gauge
of GI wire (10 to 12 gauge for border and 16 to 18 gauge along the
rows) to hold the crop firmly. Staking, besides supporting the plant to
stand straight, facilitates ventilation, cultural operations and quick
harvest of fruits. This ensures sunlight reaching every fruit, thereby
avoiding bleaching. The unstaked vine is more prone to pest and
disease attack.
The crop requires staking, being a creeper, and if not staked, the fruits
will be formed on the ground. Staking is done between 16 to 20 days
after sowing. Staking is done using wooden stakes held serially by
Galvonized Iron (GI) wire and the vines are trained to grow along the
jute thread tied on to the GI wires connecting the top and bottom GI
wires. Usually stakes are of 2.4 meter length and 5 cm diameter to
support the weight of the crop till the end.
They are grouted 30 cm below the ground level at a distance of 3.5
meters. Stakes at the end of the row are strengthened with good gauge
of GI wire (10 to 12 gauge for border and 16 to 18 gauge along the
rows) to hold the crop firmly. Staking, besides supporting the plant to
stand straight, facilitates ventilation, cultural operations and quick
harvest of fruits. This ensures sunlight reaching every fruit, thereby
avoiding bleaching. The unstaked vine is more prone to pest and
disease attack.
11. POLLINATIONPOLLINATION
• Gherkin is a cross pollinated crop, honeybees
being the pollinating agent. For proper fruit
development in all the hybrids, effective
crosspollination is a must. Therefore, spraying
chemicals during morning hours is avoided
when honeybees are active in the field.
• Gherkin is a cross pollinated crop, honeybees
being the pollinating agent. For proper fruit
development in all the hybrids, effective
crosspollination is a must. Therefore, spraying
chemicals during morning hours is avoided
when honeybees are active in the field.
12. HARVESTINGHARVESTING
Harvesting starts the after 28 to 30 days for sowing. The fruits are harvested at
a tender stage of about 12 mm in size which is the first grade of the fruit and
commands the highest price of Rs.12 per kg. Harvest that starts from 30 days
after sowing continues almost daily for the next 60 days. As the fruits get
bigger in size, they are sorted under lower grades, a size of 25 mm and above
is considered discards and fetches the lowest price of Rs.1 per kg.
Fruits are plucked as per company’s specifications on size and quality.
Plucking is done in such way to facilitate easy removal of flower and stem
from the fruits. Use of nails is avoided while harvesting, since nails damage the
fruits. Bamboo baskets are compulsorily used to collect fruits after harvesting.
Netted bag or a big basket is used temporarily to store the fruits. Fruits which
are defective or infested with fruit borer, fruit fly or virus, fruits with flowers,
rotten fruits, damaged fruits, bent fruits, fruits with stems, fruits with foreign
matter, etc., are removed.
Harvesting starts the after 28 to 30 days for sowing. The fruits are harvested at
a tender stage of about 12 mm in size which is the first grade of the fruit and
commands the highest price of Rs.12 per kg. Harvest that starts from 30 days
after sowing continues almost daily for the next 60 days. As the fruits get
bigger in size, they are sorted under lower grades, a size of 25 mm and above
is considered discards and fetches the lowest price of Rs.1 per kg.
Fruits are plucked as per company’s specifications on size and quality.
Plucking is done in such way to facilitate easy removal of flower and stem
from the fruits. Use of nails is avoided while harvesting, since nails damage the
fruits. Bamboo baskets are compulsorily used to collect fruits after harvesting.
Netted bag or a big basket is used temporarily to store the fruits. Fruits which
are defective or infested with fruit borer, fruit fly or virus, fruits with flowers,
rotten fruits, damaged fruits, bent fruits, fruits with stems, fruits with foreign
matter, etc., are removed.
13. FRUIT STORAGE:FRUIT STORAGE:
Harvested fruits are transferred to the shed immediately, which
temporary storage area is made ready immediately after staking.
Farmers make the sheds in rectangular shape, top and the three
sides covered with a flat floor surface.
Fertilizer bags are not to be used to make the shed. The shed is
also not used for storing other materials like pesticides, fertilizer
and sprayers to avoid contamination of fruits.
Fruits are spread on a clean tarpaulin on the floor inside the shed
for better ventilation protecting it from direct sunlight or rain. A
ll fruits are visually screened for defects before handing over to
the processing companies. After screening, the fruits are
transferred to big bamboo baskets, netted bags or gunny bags
before the collection vehicle arrives.
Harvested fruits are transferred to the shed immediately, which
temporary storage area is made ready immediately after staking.
Farmers make the sheds in rectangular shape, top and the three
sides covered with a flat floor surface.
Fertilizer bags are not to be used to make the shed. The shed is
also not used for storing other materials like pesticides, fertilizer
and sprayers to avoid contamination of fruits.
Fruits are spread on a clean tarpaulin on the floor inside the shed
for better ventilation protecting it from direct sunlight or rain. A
ll fruits are visually screened for defects before handing over to
the processing companies. After screening, the fruits are
transferred to big bamboo baskets, netted bags or gunny bags
before the collection vehicle arrives.
14. Fertilizer applicationFertilizer application
• Gherkin is a heavy feeder of fertilizers, and these are applied in
regular intervals depending upon conditions and stages of crop
growth usually in 5 to 6 split doses after the basal dressing.
• General fertilizer recommendation for the crop by the University
of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore is 60:20:32 kg of NPK per
acre which has to be adjusted according to the soil fertility status.
• The quantity of fertilizers prescribed by the EOUs varied from
200 to 300 percent of the recommendation. Fertilizers are applied
in a pit made in between two plants to avoid contact of fertilizers
with roots. Irrigation is done immediately after fertilizer
application.
• On an average 10-12 irrigations are given for a crop although it
could vary depending on the crop season.
• Gherkin is a heavy feeder of fertilizers, and these are applied in
regular intervals depending upon conditions and stages of crop
growth usually in 5 to 6 split doses after the basal dressing.
• General fertilizer recommendation for the crop by the University
of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore is 60:20:32 kg of NPK per
acre which has to be adjusted according to the soil fertility status.
• The quantity of fertilizers prescribed by the EOUs varied from
200 to 300 percent of the recommendation. Fertilizers are applied
in a pit made in between two plants to avoid contact of fertilizers
with roots. Irrigation is done immediately after fertilizer
application.
• On an average 10-12 irrigations are given for a crop although it
could vary depending on the crop season.
15. Quality standardsQuality standards
•Gherkin EOUs ensure quality standards as prescribed by the
customer in all areas of operation from cultivation, harvesting and
processing. They have implemented Hazard Analysis and critical
control points (HACCP) system to ensure that the product quality
can be traced to all critical control points.
•The specifications regarding grades, use of packing medium,
ingredients in the pickle, size of the bottle, etc., are all customers
specific and vary from importer to importer.
•Gherkin EOUs ensure quality standards as prescribed by the
customer in all areas of operation from cultivation, harvesting and
processing. They have implemented Hazard Analysis and critical
control points (HACCP) system to ensure that the product quality
can be traced to all critical control points.
•The specifications regarding grades, use of packing medium,
ingredients in the pickle, size of the bottle, etc., are all customers
specific and vary from importer to importer.
16. Medium of PackingMedium of Packing
Gherkin is usually packed in three media, viz Brine,
Natural vinegar or Acetic Acid. Salinity of gherkin
packed in brine should be 15(+) or (-) 1 percent as
sodium chloride (Noel) and acidity >0.6 percent as
Lactic Acid and PH should be <3.5 Acidity of gherkin
packed in Acetic Acid and natural Vinegar would be
3.2 (+) or (-) 0.2 percent and salt at 4 (+) or (-) 0.2
percent.”
Gherkin is usually packed in three media, viz Brine,
Natural vinegar or Acetic Acid. Salinity of gherkin
packed in brine should be 15(+) or (-) 1 percent as
sodium chloride (Noel) and acidity >0.6 percent as
Lactic Acid and PH should be <3.5 Acidity of gherkin
packed in Acetic Acid and natural Vinegar would be
3.2 (+) or (-) 0.2 percent and salt at 4 (+) or (-) 0.2
percent.”
17. PackingPacking
Gherkin is packed both in bulk as well as in consumer packs
(bottled pickle). “Bulk packing is made in Food Grade High
Molecular weight High Density Polyethylene (HMHDPE) barrels of
usually 220/240 litre capacity (net drained weight of fruits 150 to
ISO kg per barrel) or as per customer specifications.” The process
flow for bulk packing can be presented as in Chart no. 1.
As mentioned earlier, with the increase in wage rates in the
European Union member countries, the importers prefer gherkins
bottled in consumer packs for exports rather than bulk. The EOUs
harvest up bottling units, which can bottle 3000 bottles per hour.
Consumer packs are usually packed in glass jars of size 500 ml, 650
ml. or 750 ml. As a general practice, each importer gives the EOU
the recipe for the pickle, bottles, vinegar and labels for the
consumer pack required by them. The process flow for bottled
gherkins can be presented as in Chart 2..
Gherkin is packed both in bulk as well as in consumer packs
(bottled pickle). “Bulk packing is made in Food Grade High
Molecular weight High Density Polyethylene (HMHDPE) barrels of
usually 220/240 litre capacity (net drained weight of fruits 150 to
ISO kg per barrel) or as per customer specifications.” The process
flow for bulk packing can be presented as in Chart no. 1.
As mentioned earlier, with the increase in wage rates in the
European Union member countries, the importers prefer gherkins
bottled in consumer packs for exports rather than bulk. The EOUs
harvest up bottling units, which can bottle 3000 bottles per hour.
Consumer packs are usually packed in glass jars of size 500 ml, 650
ml. or 750 ml. As a general practice, each importer gives the EOU
the recipe for the pickle, bottles, vinegar and labels for the
consumer pack required by them. The process flow for bottled
gherkins can be presented as in Chart 2..
18. Collection of fresh fruits from the field
Grading as p jr fruit count
Washing the graded fruits
Preparation of 14 percent brine solution
Filling the graded gherkins in barrel
Filling barrels with gherkin with brine solution
Adding salt on daily basis to^maintain 14 percent brine
Keeping the barrels for 30 days^for fermentation and osmosis
Quality inspection
Weighing 175 kg and pack in 240 liter barrels with brine
4
Closing barrels with lid for shipment
Collection of fresh fruits from the field
Grading as p jr fruit count
Washing the graded fruits
Preparation of 14 percent brine solution
Filling the graded gherkins in barrel
Filling barrels with gherkin with brine solution
Adding salt on daily basis to^maintain 14 percent brine
Keeping the barrels for 30 days^for fermentation and osmosis
Quality inspection
Weighing 175 kg and pack in 240 liter barrels with brine
4
Closing barrels with lid for shipment
Chart NO.1
19. Process Flow for bottling of Gherkin (Chart no.2)
Collection of fresh fruits from the field
Grading as per fruit count
Washing thegraded fruits
Put ingredients like chopped onion, mustard seed, etc as per
recipe in the washed bottles moving on conveyor
Filling gherkins in the bJhles moving on conveyor
Filling the bottles with the packing medium as per recipe
Weighing
Vacvum closing of bottles with lid
l
Cooking the bottled gherkin
(Autoclave at 92°jC for 18 minutes)
Cooling
(Dipping the Autoclave|n water for 12 minutes)
Labeling
Packing
Process Flow for bottling of Gherkin (Chart no.2)
Collection of fresh fruits from the field
Grading as per fruit count
Washing thegraded fruits
Put ingredients like chopped onion, mustard seed, etc as per
recipe in the washed bottles moving on conveyor
Filling gherkins in the bJhles moving on conveyor
Filling the bottles with the packing medium as per recipe
Weighing
Vacvum closing of bottles with lid
l
Cooking the bottled gherkin
(Autoclave at 92°jC for 18 minutes)
Cooling
(Dipping the Autoclave|n water for 12 minutes)
Labeling
Packing
20. MarketingMarketing
The gherkin industry in india is primarily concentrated in three
southern states of karnataka, andhra pradesh and tamil nadu. At
present gherkin cultivation has carried out in tumkur, kolar,
davangere, hassan, hubli, bagalkot, bangalore, haveri, ranebennur
and bellary districts of karnataka and medak, amadalavalasa,
rajanmundry and rangareddy districts of andhra pradesh.
It is a new era in the promotion of agri-exports from karnataka. A
proposal for setting up an “agri export zone” for gherkin in
karantaka with a financial implication of 30 crores was submitted
to APED A. The move between RAPPEC (on behalf of govt, of
karnataka) and KPEDA (on behalf of govt, of india) was signed
on 19th september 2001. The KAPPEC has been appointed as the
nodal agency of the government of karnataka for the
implementation of agri-export zone for gherkins in the state of
karnataka.
The gherkin industry in india is primarily concentrated in three
southern states of karnataka, andhra pradesh and tamil nadu. At
present gherkin cultivation has carried out in tumkur, kolar,
davangere, hassan, hubli, bagalkot, bangalore, haveri, ranebennur
and bellary districts of karnataka and medak, amadalavalasa,
rajanmundry and rangareddy districts of andhra pradesh.
It is a new era in the promotion of agri-exports from karnataka. A
proposal for setting up an “agri export zone” for gherkin in
karantaka with a financial implication of 30 crores was submitted
to APED A. The move between RAPPEC (on behalf of govt, of
karnataka) and KPEDA (on behalf of govt, of india) was signed
on 19th september 2001. The KAPPEC has been appointed as the
nodal agency of the government of karnataka for the
implementation of agri-export zone for gherkins in the state of
karnataka.
21. The present system of marketing of gherkins is through
directly in different gherkin company like Blossom
Shower Agro Export Pvt. Ltd., Green Agro Pack Pvt.
Ltd., Ken Agritech Pvt. Ltd., Koeleman (I) Pvt. Ltd., S.A.
Corporation, SMS Food Technologies Pvt.Ltd., and
Sterling Agro Products Processing Pvt. Ltd., Davangere,
The Global Green Company Ltd., Unicorm Agrotech
Ltd., Vishaal Natural Food Products Pvt. Ltd., Inter
Garden (I) Pvt. Ltd., Southern Gardens (I) Pvt. Ltd. and
Green Pickles Pvt. Ltd.
These gherkin companys are operating market yards in all
the major markets in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and
Karnataka.
The present system of marketing of gherkins is through
directly in different gherkin company like Blossom
Shower Agro Export Pvt. Ltd., Green Agro Pack Pvt.
Ltd., Ken Agritech Pvt. Ltd., Koeleman (I) Pvt. Ltd., S.A.
Corporation, SMS Food Technologies Pvt.Ltd., and
Sterling Agro Products Processing Pvt. Ltd., Davangere,
The Global Green Company Ltd., Unicorm Agrotech
Ltd., Vishaal Natural Food Products Pvt. Ltd., Inter
Garden (I) Pvt. Ltd., Southern Gardens (I) Pvt. Ltd. and
Green Pickles Pvt. Ltd.
These gherkin companys are operating market yards in all
the major markets in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and
Karnataka.
22. EXPORT OF GHERKIN IN INDIAEXPORT OF GHERKIN IN INDIA
The world area under gherkin cultivation is
around 3295 thousand hectars and total
production is 49698 thousand metric tonnes in
the year 2004-05.101 At present India has been
exporting gherkin to the USA and Europe it is
akin to these countries exporting the indigenous
‘achar’ to our country as every importing country
also grows its own gherkin, not withstanding
this, it is a big business and guide a lucrative one
at that in fact, India’s Exports of the gherkin are
steadily growing
The world area under gherkin cultivation is
around 3295 thousand hectars and total
production is 49698 thousand metric tonnes in
the year 2004-05.101 At present India has been
exporting gherkin to the USA and Europe it is
akin to these countries exporting the indigenous
‘achar’ to our country as every importing country
also grows its own gherkin, not withstanding
this, it is a big business and guide a lucrative one
at that in fact, India’s Exports of the gherkin are
steadily growing
23. Year-Wise Gherkin Exports in IndiaYear-Wise Gherkin Exports in India
SI.
No.
Years
Quantity
(in tones)
Exports
Value
(Rs. in lakhs)'
1 2000-01 11436854 11,781.68
2 2001-02 11646864 12,880.68
3 2002-03 114375406 1,13,910.21
4 2003-04 117630181 1,14,070.20
5 2004-05 121140994 1,14,304.89
24. The Indian gherkin industry has maintained an average annual growth
of over 20 percent during the last few years. After SriLanka failed to
meet the demand for gherkin in North America, Spain, Italy, France,
Holland and Japan. “Eighty percent of our gherkins are exported to
European countries and 20 percent to North America.”
Mr. Sanjaya Sanghani, “President, India Gherkin Exporters
Association, said the estimated shortfall in exports was to the tune of
Rs.20 crore in the last three months.”103 The overall annual export of
gherkins, which is fully exported commodity, is in the range of Rs. 125
-150 crore. “The crop has been very bad because of the extreme heat
conditions and shortage of power supply, which in turn has affected the
irrigation. Over the last three months, we have been able to get only 20
percent of the normal crop. As results many an exporter has defaulted
on commitments.” Mr. Sanghani said,104 there us also a fear that we
may lose markets in US, France and Spain to competitors like Mexico
and Turkey. However, the real effect would be known only around
September, he added. The US, France and Spain account for nearly 75
percent of Indian’s exports while the rest of the world accounts for 25
percent.
The Indian gherkin industry has maintained an average annual growth
of over 20 percent during the last few years. After SriLanka failed to
meet the demand for gherkin in North America, Spain, Italy, France,
Holland and Japan. “Eighty percent of our gherkins are exported to
European countries and 20 percent to North America.”
Mr. Sanjaya Sanghani, “President, India Gherkin Exporters
Association, said the estimated shortfall in exports was to the tune of
Rs.20 crore in the last three months.”103 The overall annual export of
gherkins, which is fully exported commodity, is in the range of Rs. 125
-150 crore. “The crop has been very bad because of the extreme heat
conditions and shortage of power supply, which in turn has affected the
irrigation. Over the last three months, we have been able to get only 20
percent of the normal crop. As results many an exporter has defaulted
on commitments.” Mr. Sanghani said,104 there us also a fear that we
may lose markets in US, France and Spain to competitors like Mexico
and Turkey. However, the real effect would be known only around
September, he added. The US, France and Spain account for nearly 75
percent of Indian’s exports while the rest of the world accounts for 25
percent.
25. There are about 14-15 gherkin producing and processing companies
in the country of which many of them are located around bangalore.
The agricultural and processed food products exports development
authority has recently declared the gherkin growing areas around
bangalore as the special export zone.”
Ravi bala imports and exports are a professionally managed firm
established in 1994 by mr. Gnanasekar. Through the years, we have
indelible mark in international arena as one of the leading producer
and gherkin coco pith products from india. This has been a result
combination of technology, manpower, experience and capabilities
operation people and machines, products and markets, investments
and returns, all of contributed in making us one of the best in the
industry. “We are please that in the year 2005, we exported more
than 400 containers of countries like usa, canada, france, spain,
greece, italy, south korea, srilankas and japan.
At ravi bala imports and exports, we cultivate process and export
(pickling cucumber) in both bulk packaging and retail jars. We have
gherkin plantation where seeds of approved quality are issued to
quail growers, who have the expertise in high-tech forming. This
combines company wide quality control system contributes to the
high quality gherkins.”106 as comport to dry chilli.
There are about 14-15 gherkin producing and processing companies
in the country of which many of them are located around bangalore.
The agricultural and processed food products exports development
authority has recently declared the gherkin growing areas around
bangalore as the special export zone.”
Ravi bala imports and exports are a professionally managed firm
established in 1994 by mr. Gnanasekar. Through the years, we have
indelible mark in international arena as one of the leading producer
and gherkin coco pith products from india. This has been a result
combination of technology, manpower, experience and capabilities
operation people and machines, products and markets, investments
and returns, all of contributed in making us one of the best in the
industry. “We are please that in the year 2005, we exported more
than 400 containers of countries like usa, canada, france, spain,
greece, italy, south korea, srilankas and japan.
At ravi bala imports and exports, we cultivate process and export
(pickling cucumber) in both bulk packaging and retail jars. We have
gherkin plantation where seeds of approved quality are issued to
quail growers, who have the expertise in high-tech forming. This
combines company wide quality control system contributes to the
high quality gherkins.”106 as comport to dry chilli.
26. Pests and diseasesPests and diseases
Viruses
Leaves become marmorously mottled, curl downwards, become
wrinkled and reduced in size. Infected fruits are bumpy, mottled and
malformed. These diseases can only be prevented by an intensive
control of the transmittors (aphids, thrips) and the spraying of light
oils (Vektafid, Bio-Film) to prevent the insects in the spread of the
viruses. Rijk Zwaan varieties are tolerant against CMV, to control
other viruses our varieties get heat treatment.
Angular leaf spot (Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans)
Small yellow-brown (3-5 mm) angular spots appear on the leaves,
the under surface is shiny green, later dries towards brown and
finally the center of the spots fall out and the leaf appears
perforated.
Control: bactericide (Kasugamicin) and copper fungicides
(Champion, Cuproxate) and the infected leaves should be removed.
Viruses
Leaves become marmorously mottled, curl downwards, become
wrinkled and reduced in size. Infected fruits are bumpy, mottled and
malformed. These diseases can only be prevented by an intensive
control of the transmittors (aphids, thrips) and the spraying of light
oils (Vektafid, Bio-Film) to prevent the insects in the spread of the
viruses. Rijk Zwaan varieties are tolerant against CMV, to control
other viruses our varieties get heat treatment.
Angular leaf spot (Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans)
Small yellow-brown (3-5 mm) angular spots appear on the leaves,
the under surface is shiny green, later dries towards brown and
finally the center of the spots fall out and the leaf appears
perforated.
Control: bactericide (Kasugamicin) and copper fungicides
(Champion, Cuproxate) and the infected leaves should be removed.
27. Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)
• The leaves become mottled by 5-8 mm angular yellow spots which
never fall out of the leaf. On the under surface of the spots downy grey
coverage develops. For the infection at least 4 hours of moisture of the
leaves is necessary and temperatures should be at least 16-17 oC.
Symptoms appear 4-5 days after the infection. To control this disease the
use of contact (Bravo, Champion, Orthophaltan) and systemic (Aliette,
Curzate, Acrobat, Previcur, Mikal) fungicides is necessary. It is
important to use the systemic materials in blocks (2-3 treatments) for a
proper control.
Spinning mites
• 1-1,5 mm white-silver spots appear on the leaves, often confused with
micro elements' deficiency. On the backside of the leaf 0,3-0,8 mm
small insects can be noticed near the veins. If their number increases
cobweb-like coverage appears on the under surface.
• To control mites it's necessary to notice the early symptoms and use
acaricides (Sanmite, Danitol, Nissorun etc.). Warm and dry weather
always brings about the spread of the mites.
Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)
• The leaves become mottled by 5-8 mm angular yellow spots which
never fall out of the leaf. On the under surface of the spots downy grey
coverage develops. For the infection at least 4 hours of moisture of the
leaves is necessary and temperatures should be at least 16-17 oC.
Symptoms appear 4-5 days after the infection. To control this disease the
use of contact (Bravo, Champion, Orthophaltan) and systemic (Aliette,
Curzate, Acrobat, Previcur, Mikal) fungicides is necessary. It is
important to use the systemic materials in blocks (2-3 treatments) for a
proper control.
Spinning mites
• 1-1,5 mm white-silver spots appear on the leaves, often confused with
micro elements' deficiency. On the backside of the leaf 0,3-0,8 mm
small insects can be noticed near the veins. If their number increases
cobweb-like coverage appears on the under surface.
• To control mites it's necessary to notice the early symptoms and use
acaricides (Sanmite, Danitol, Nissorun etc.). Warm and dry weather
always brings about the spread of the mites.
28. Aphids
The leaves curl downwards, honey-dew
appears and on the backside of the leaf 1-2 mm
green or black aphids can be noticed.
Control: insecticides (Talstar, Chess, Karate,
Actara, Sherpa)
Lucerne bugs
The young shoots plant. To control the early
hours.
Aphids
The leaves curl downwards, honey-dew
appears and on the backside of the leaf 1-2 mm
green or black aphids can be noticed.
Control: insecticides (Talstar, Chess, Karate,
Actara, Sherpa)
Lucerne bugs
The young shoots plant. To control the early
hours.
29. Indian gherkins associationIndian gherkins association
Introduction:
India has' today emerged as the origin of the finest gherkin cultivation,
processing and exporters to the every-growing world requirement. Gherkin
cultivation, processing and exports were started in India during the early 1990s
with a modest beginning in Karnataka State in South India and later extended
to the neighboring states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh and now has
reached an impressive tonnage of 2,25,000 Mts. and value is around Rs.700
cores. The export of processed gherkin is done by about 51 companies located
in Karnataka. Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Gherkins are grown in contact
with small and marginal farmers. Currently there are more than 1,00,000 small
and marginal farmers who are engaged in the production of gherkins. The
contract farmers receive all inputs and technical support from the companies
and also the farmers are assured guaranteed buy back of crop at pre-declared
prices. Initially processed gherkins were exported in bulk packing and since
2001 gherkins are being exported in "Ready-to-eat Jars".
Introduction:
India has' today emerged as the origin of the finest gherkin cultivation,
processing and exporters to the every-growing world requirement. Gherkin
cultivation, processing and exports were started in India during the early 1990s
with a modest beginning in Karnataka State in South India and later extended
to the neighboring states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh and now has
reached an impressive tonnage of 2,25,000 Mts. and value is around Rs.700
cores. The export of processed gherkin is done by about 51 companies located
in Karnataka. Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Gherkins are grown in contact
with small and marginal farmers. Currently there are more than 1,00,000 small
and marginal farmers who are engaged in the production of gherkins. The
contract farmers receive all inputs and technical support from the companies
and also the farmers are assured guaranteed buy back of crop at pre-declared
prices. Initially processed gherkins were exported in bulk packing and since
2001 gherkins are being exported in "Ready-to-eat Jars".
30. Gherkin industry in India is very well
established with exports reaching 2,25,000
metric tones per annum. Exports are to all
major countries like USA , France , Germany ,
Australia . Spain , South Korea , Canada ,
Japan , Belginim , Russia , China , Srilanka ,
Israel ,Estona Russia also buy large quantity of
bottled Indian Gherkins. in India there are
about 51 major companies producing and
exporting gherkins in drums and ready-to-eat
consumer packs.
Gherkin industry in India is very well
established with exports reaching 2,25,000
metric tones per annum. Exports are to all
major countries like USA , France , Germany ,
Australia . Spain , South Korea , Canada ,
Japan , Belginim , Russia , China , Srilanka ,
Israel ,Estona Russia also buy large quantity of
bottled Indian Gherkins. in India there are
about 51 major companies producing and
exporting gherkins in drums and ready-to-eat
consumer packs.
31. Gherkins are cultivated exclusively on "contract
farming'' basis The entire gamut of activities in
the cultivation practices, followed by the
farmers, processing standards etc., are adhered
to by the Indian gherkin manufacturers to
produce very high quality gherkins for the world
markets.
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PROCESS
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
QUALITY ASSURANCE PROCESS
Gherkins are cultivated exclusively on "contract
farming'' basis The entire gamut of activities in
the cultivation practices, followed by the
farmers, processing standards etc., are adhered
to by the Indian gherkin manufacturers to
produce very high quality gherkins for the world
markets.
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PROCESS
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
QUALITY ASSURANCE PROCESS
32. AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PROCESS
Gherkin Seeds of only approved quality are issued to farmers, who have been
selected as per a well-defined criteria with facilities required for growing the
desired quality, as per the international standards. The industry constantly
endeavors to employ the best practices in Agronomy, Irrigation, Disease &
Pest Control and Post harvest handling to ensure that the best quality raw
material is brought to the factory for processing.
Separate research work has been assigned to the University of Agricultural
Sciences to undertake research on various aspects of Integrated Pest
Management System and standardization of production technology so as to
increase the production, productivity and quality of gherkins.
The company extension staff, support and guide the farmers in crop
management throughout the duration of the crop cultivation. The farmers are
obliged to produce the crop as per the package of practices laid down by the
company. The crop is harvested daily, picked up in small trucks and brought to
a collection center for sorting I classification I evaluation etc., which is
consolidated and delivered to the factory in the shortest duration of time
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PROCESS
Gherkin Seeds of only approved quality are issued to farmers, who have been
selected as per a well-defined criteria with facilities required for growing the
desired quality, as per the international standards. The industry constantly
endeavors to employ the best practices in Agronomy, Irrigation, Disease &
Pest Control and Post harvest handling to ensure that the best quality raw
material is brought to the factory for processing.
Separate research work has been assigned to the University of Agricultural
Sciences to undertake research on various aspects of Integrated Pest
Management System and standardization of production technology so as to
increase the production, productivity and quality of gherkins.
The company extension staff, support and guide the farmers in crop
management throughout the duration of the crop cultivation. The farmers are
obliged to produce the crop as per the package of practices laid down by the
company. The crop is harvested daily, picked up in small trucks and brought to
a collection center for sorting I classification I evaluation etc., which is
consolidated and delivered to the factory in the shortest duration of time
33. MANUFACTURING PROCESS
The freshly harvest produce is stored at a controlled
temperature in a cold room before processing. The fruits are
inspected before being fed through the production process.
The production process consists of culling of the fruits to
remove unacceptable fruits, machine washing, machine
grading and post grading culling.
The accepted fruits are filled to the specific weight in washed
barrels. Preservative media is prepared as per customer's
specifications and then charged into the filled barrels.
The preservation process is monitored and controlled
according to the media.
In the case of bottling, the gherkins are filled-in jars and
cans, topped up with media and then capped. The gherkins
are pasteurized & labeled to customer specifications.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
The freshly harvest produce is stored at a controlled
temperature in a cold room before processing. The fruits are
inspected before being fed through the production process.
The production process consists of culling of the fruits to
remove unacceptable fruits, machine washing, machine
grading and post grading culling.
The accepted fruits are filled to the specific weight in washed
barrels. Preservative media is prepared as per customer's
specifications and then charged into the filled barrels.
The preservation process is monitored and controlled
according to the media.
In the case of bottling, the gherkins are filled-in jars and
cans, topped up with media and then capped. The gherkins
are pasteurized & labeled to customer specifications.
34. QUALITY ASSURANCE PROCESS
Quality assurance systems are meticulously
followed in agricultural as well as the
manufacturing process. Food safety &
Adherence to customer specification is ensured
all through the value chain. The final product
is checked by quality control before shipment.
All the gherkin manufacturing and exporting
companies are either ISO / BRC / HACCP
certified or possess of all the certifications.
QUALITY ASSURANCE PROCESS
Quality assurance systems are meticulously
followed in agricultural as well as the
manufacturing process. Food safety &
Adherence to customer specification is ensured
all through the value chain. The final product
is checked by quality control before shipment.
All the gherkin manufacturing and exporting
companies are either ISO / BRC / HACCP
certified or possess of all the certifications.