Rice is a semi-aquatic grass that thrives in warm climates and is the staple food for over half the world's population. India is the second largest producer of rice, with production in 2021-22 estimated at a record 129.66 million tonnes. There are two cultivated species of rice, Oryza sativa found in Asia, America and Europe and Oryza glaberrima found in West Africa. Common methods for growing rice include transplanted puddled lowland rice, system of rice intensification, wet seeded puddled lowland rice, and dry seeded methods with and without supplemental irrigation. Proper land preparation, seed treatment, water and fertilizer management are important for optimal

1. Rice

2. Introduction
 The seed of a semi-aquatic grass that
thrives in warm and sub-tropical climates.
 Botanically classified as Oryza sativa.
 India is 2nd largest producers.
 Staple food for more than half of the
world’s population.

3.  Production of Rice during 2021-22 is
estimated at a record 129.66 million
tonnes in India .
 Oryza includes 24 species in which 22
are wild and two are cultivated i.e. Oryza
sativa (found in Asia, America and
Europe, Oryza glaberrima (found in West
Africa).
 Rice is 3rd highest worldwide production.
 Oryza sativa grouped into three sub
species : A. Indica Japonica C.Javanica

7. RICE (Oryza sativa L.)
Transplanted Puddled Lowland Rice
Wet nursery
Forming Seedbeds
•Mark plots of 2.5m breadth with channels 30cm wide all around the
seedbeds.
•Length of the seed bed may vary from 8 to 10m according to soil
and slope of the land.
•Collect the puddled soil from the channel and spread on the
seedbeds or drag a heavy stone along the channel to lower it, so
that the seed bed is at a higher level.
•Level the surface of the seedbed, so that the water drains into the
channel.
Dry nursery
•Dry ploughed field with fine tilth is required.
•Nursery area with sand and loamy soil status is more suitable for
this type of nursery.
•Area 20cents.
•Plots of 1 to 1.5 m width of beds and channels may be formed.
Length may be according to the slope and soil. Raised beds are
more ideal if the soil is clayey in nature.

8. Main Field Management
Land preparation
•Plough the land during summer to economize the
water requirement for initial preparation of land.
•Flood the field 1 or 2days before ploughing and allow
water to soak in. Keep the surface of the field
covered with water.
•Keep water to a depth of 2.5cm at the time of
puddling.
•Special technologies for problem soils:
•For fluffy paddy soils: compact the soil by passing
400kg stone roller or oil-drum with stones inside,
eight times at proper moisture level (moisture level at
friable condition of soil which is approximately 13
to18%) once in three years, to prevent the sinking of
draught animals and workers during puddling.

9. SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION (SRI)
Mat nursery preparation
•Preparation of nursery area: Prepare 100 m2 nurseries to plant 1 ha. Select
a level area near the water source. Spread a plastic sheet or used polythene
gunny bags on the shallow raised bed to prevent roots growing deep into soil.
Main field preparation
•Puddled lowland prepared as described in transplanted section
•Perfect leveling is a pre-requisite for the water management proposed
hereunder
WET SEEDED PUDDLED LOWLAND RICE
Wet Seeded Rice
•On receipt of showers during the months of May - July repeated ploughing
should be carried out so as to conserve the moisture, destroy the weeds and
break the clods.
•After inundation puddling is to be done as per transplanting. More care should
be taken to level the field to zero level.
•Stagnation of water in patches during germination and early establishment of
the crop leads to uneven crop stand.
•Land leveling has say over efficient weed and water management practices.
•Provision of shallow trenches (15cm width) at an interval of 3m all along the
field will facilitate the draining of excess water at the early growth stage.

10. DRY SEEDED RAINFED UN-PUDDLED LOWLAND RICE
•Dry plough to get fine tilth taking advantage of rains and soil moisture availability.
•Apply gypsum at 1 t/ha basally wherever soil crusting and soil hardening problem
exist.
•Perfect land leveling for efficient weed and water management.
•Provide shallow trenches (15 cm width) at an interval of 3m all along the field to
facilitate draining excess water at the early growth stage.
DRY SEEDED RAINFED UN-PUDDLED LOWLAND RICE WITH
SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION
• Dry plough to get fine tilth taking advantage of rains and soil moisture
availability.
• Apply gypsum at 1 t/ha basally wherever soil crusting and soil hardening
problem exist.
• Perfect land leveling for efficient weed and water management.
• Provide shallow trenches (15 cm width) at an interval of 3m all along the
field to facilitate draining excess water at the early growth stage.
•Pre-monsoon sowing is advocated for uniform germination.
DRY SEEDED IRRIGATED UN-PUDDLED LOWLAND RICE
•Dry plough to get fine tilth taking advantage of rains and soil moisture availability.
•Apply gypsum at 1 t/ha basally wherever soil crusting and soil hardening problem
exist.
•Perfect land leveling for efficient weed and water management.
•Provide shallow trenches (15 cm width) at an interval of 3m all along the field to
facilitate draining excess water at the early growth stage.

11. Seed Rate and Sowing
1.Seed rate: 75kg/ha dry seed for any recommended variety.
2.Seed hardening with 1% KCl for 16 hours (seed and KCl solution 1:1)
and shade dried to bring to storable moisture. This will enable the crop
to withstand early moisture stress.
3.On the day of sowing, treat the hardened seeds first
with Pseudomonas fluorescens 10g/kg of seed and then
with Azophos 2000g or Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria @ 600g
each per ha seed, whichever is available.
Broadcasting: The seeds are sown by broadcasting when the moisture
is at the marginal level and the surface soil is compacted by a light
roller for compacting the seeds with moist soil.
Line sowing: Sowing /dibbling behind the country plough. Line sowing
is better than broadcasting. Using seed drill to ensure optimum
population, reduce the seed rate and for early intercultivation.
1.Drill sow with 20 cm inter row spacing using seed drill.
2.The seeds can also be sown behind the country plough
3.Depth of sowing should be 3 - 5 cm and the top soil can be made
compact with leveling board.
4.Pre-monsoon sowing is advocated for uniform germination.

12. Irrigation
1.Puddling and leveling minimizes the water requirement.
2.At the time of transplanting, a shallow depth of 2cm of water is adequate
since high depth of water will lead to deep planting resulting in reduction of
tillering.
3.Maintain 2 cm of water up to seven days of transplanting.
4.After the establishment stage, cyclic submergence of water is the best
practice for rice crop. This cyclic 5cm submergence has to be continued
throughout the crop period.
5.Critical stages of water requirement in rice are a) panicle initiation,
b)booting, c)heading and d) flowering. During these stages, the irrigation
interval should not exceed the stipulated time so as to cause the depletion
of moisture below the saturation level.
6.During booting and maturity stages continuous inundation of 5cm and
above leads to advancement in root decay and leaf senescence, delay in
heading and reduction in the number of filled grains per panicle and poor
harvest index.
7.Provide adequate drainage facilities to drain excess water or strictly
follow irrigation schedule of one day after disappearance of ponded. Last
irrigation may be 15 days ahead of harvest.

18. Fertilizers

20. Harvesting systems
•Manual harvesting
Manual harvesting makes use of
traditional threshing tools such as
threshing racks, simple treadle threshers
and animals for trampling.
• Manual harvesting + machine
threshing
Rice is manually threshed, then cleaned
with a machine thresher.
• Machine reaping + machine
threshing
A reaper cuts and lays crop in a line.
Then threshing and cleaning can be
performed by manually or by machine.
• Combine Harvesting
The combine harvesters includes all
cleaning, threshing, handling and cutting.

22. Yield
The average yield of rice (seeds) per hectare is 3 – 6 tons. In
some countries like Australia and in Egypt, the yield can
increase to an amazing 10 – 12 tons or more per hectare. (1
ton = 1000 kg = 2200 lbs. and 1 hectare = 2,47 acres =
10.000 square meters). Of course, such high yields can be
accomplished by experienced farmers after several years of
practice.
The record of the amount of the produced rice in a
country or state or an area is called as rice yield.
Rice grows in a wide range of environments and
is productive in many situations where other crops
would fail. The highest rice yields have
traditionally been obtained from plantings in high-
latitude areas that have long day length and
where intensive farming techniques are practiced,
or in low-latitude desert areas that have very high
solar energy. Southwestern Australia, Hokkaido in
Japan, Spain, Italy, northern California, and the
Nile Delta provide the best examples.

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