Protected cultivation can be defined as a cropping technique where the micro climate surrounding the plant body is controlled partially/fully as per the requirement of the plant species grown during their period of growth.
There are different types of light bulbs available commercially, each of these types has a specific function and is designed accordingly. Read on to discover the different types of bulbs available, their uses and their aesthetics, and to decide which ones are worth buying.
Texas gives you the power to choose your energy provider. A postpaid energy provider company based in Texas, gives you the power to choose the most suited and cost-effective fixed plan to light up your house.
The Simtricity 12- 12 Months Postpaid Plan lets you pay for electricity at a reliable rate of 9.8¢ per kWh for a contract period of 12 months. No credit checks or ID proofs required.
Energy being a crucial input in the process of social, economical and industrial development, plays a vital role
in our daily lives. The present trends show a continuous increase in the energy demands, with a
simultaneous reduction in the available conventional energy resources. Hence, there is an urgent need to
come up with energy efficient alternatives, such as developing devices that employ renewable energy
resources. Sol Aura is one such product that holds the potential to replace conventional heaters that employ
electrical energy. Sol Aura utilizes solar energy for the required energy conversion and thus, increase the
temperature of indoor areas. The paper presents the product design and the related mathematical computations.
Future scope and the advantages have also been covered within the scope of the paper.
Passive Cooling Techniques in Buildings: An OverviewPratish Rawat
There has been a forceful lengthen inner the employment of aircon equipment for cooling the constructions everywhere the worldwide. The closing decade has witnessed a intense electricity disaster in developing international locations specially all through summer time mainly because of refrigeration capacity wishes of houses. Increasing consumption of strength has brought about environmental pollution principal to heating. Inactive cooling structures use non-mechanical techniques to require care of a cozy indoor temperature and a key area of self-belief in mitigating the have an influence on of structures at the atmosphere. Passive cooling strategies will reduce back the peak cooling load in homes, for that motive decreasing the dimensions of the aircon laptop and therefore the dimension that it is generally needed. This paper opinions and severely analyzes several passive cooling strategies and their operate in imparting thermal alleviation and its importance in electrical electricity conservation.
Solar Heating System for Building – Water Heating, Pipe Dimension and Insulat...dbpublications
This paper presents the performance of a solar water heating system equipped with flat plate solar collector panels of numerically identical surface area but of different geometric configuration. The amount of heat acquired from collectors of solar energy depends primarily on the surface area that is exposed to the solar irradiance. The solar thermal water heaters with Thermo-syphon systems using Flat Plate Collectors (FPC) to heating water. The hot water supply through steel pipes and insulation must be necessary to saving heat energy, losses by atmosphere. Polyethylene is the insulating material which is used to insulate over steel pipe. Approximately, 50% efficiency of the solar water heating system (SWHS) was gained when the insulation was used. They efficient and the cost effectiveness are according to the designs of the systems. The places and the climate of the buildings where they locate are the main considerations of the system design.
The program will cover the fundamentals of office lighting design for interior designers who may be afraid to reveal the gaps in their knowledge of lighting. This 1-hour course will cover basics and includes quiz questions and open discussion. It has been presented in-house several times at Wolcott Architecture | Interiors, and is intended to improve lighting understanding for our design team. And it does.
Key topics included in this presentation:
. Fixture and light source identification
. Proper application techniques
. Common mistakes revealed
. Integrating lighting into construction
Winner of Tony and Drama Desk nominations for his work on Broadway, and Emmy nomination for lighting, Scott Johnson has also provided production and lighting design for Neil Diamond worldwide tours, and numerous stage productions in New York, Los Angeles and Europe. He has also served as lead interior architect and lighting designer on such diverse projects as the Bradley International Terminal at LAX, the Roybal Federal Courthouse, and Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the Simon Wiesenthal Museum of Tolerance, as well as major renovations to Princess Cruises ocean liners. As Design Principal at Wolcott Architecture | Interiors in Los Angeles since 1996, Scott directs a collaborative team effort to deliver a wide range of architectural interiors and lighting, and has been involved in most every project type including office, hotel, law court, theater, museum, retail, fitness, cruise ships and entertainment facilities. Scott is President of IIDA SoCal Chapter for the 2012/2013 term.
There are different types of light bulbs available commercially, each of these types has a specific function and is designed accordingly. Read on to discover the different types of bulbs available, their uses and their aesthetics, and to decide which ones are worth buying.
Texas gives you the power to choose your energy provider. A postpaid energy provider company based in Texas, gives you the power to choose the most suited and cost-effective fixed plan to light up your house.
The Simtricity 12- 12 Months Postpaid Plan lets you pay for electricity at a reliable rate of 9.8¢ per kWh for a contract period of 12 months. No credit checks or ID proofs required.
Energy being a crucial input in the process of social, economical and industrial development, plays a vital role
in our daily lives. The present trends show a continuous increase in the energy demands, with a
simultaneous reduction in the available conventional energy resources. Hence, there is an urgent need to
come up with energy efficient alternatives, such as developing devices that employ renewable energy
resources. Sol Aura is one such product that holds the potential to replace conventional heaters that employ
electrical energy. Sol Aura utilizes solar energy for the required energy conversion and thus, increase the
temperature of indoor areas. The paper presents the product design and the related mathematical computations.
Future scope and the advantages have also been covered within the scope of the paper.
Passive Cooling Techniques in Buildings: An OverviewPratish Rawat
There has been a forceful lengthen inner the employment of aircon equipment for cooling the constructions everywhere the worldwide. The closing decade has witnessed a intense electricity disaster in developing international locations specially all through summer time mainly because of refrigeration capacity wishes of houses. Increasing consumption of strength has brought about environmental pollution principal to heating. Inactive cooling structures use non-mechanical techniques to require care of a cozy indoor temperature and a key area of self-belief in mitigating the have an influence on of structures at the atmosphere. Passive cooling strategies will reduce back the peak cooling load in homes, for that motive decreasing the dimensions of the aircon laptop and therefore the dimension that it is generally needed. This paper opinions and severely analyzes several passive cooling strategies and their operate in imparting thermal alleviation and its importance in electrical electricity conservation.
Solar Heating System for Building – Water Heating, Pipe Dimension and Insulat...dbpublications
This paper presents the performance of a solar water heating system equipped with flat plate solar collector panels of numerically identical surface area but of different geometric configuration. The amount of heat acquired from collectors of solar energy depends primarily on the surface area that is exposed to the solar irradiance. The solar thermal water heaters with Thermo-syphon systems using Flat Plate Collectors (FPC) to heating water. The hot water supply through steel pipes and insulation must be necessary to saving heat energy, losses by atmosphere. Polyethylene is the insulating material which is used to insulate over steel pipe. Approximately, 50% efficiency of the solar water heating system (SWHS) was gained when the insulation was used. They efficient and the cost effectiveness are according to the designs of the systems. The places and the climate of the buildings where they locate are the main considerations of the system design.
The program will cover the fundamentals of office lighting design for interior designers who may be afraid to reveal the gaps in their knowledge of lighting. This 1-hour course will cover basics and includes quiz questions and open discussion. It has been presented in-house several times at Wolcott Architecture | Interiors, and is intended to improve lighting understanding for our design team. And it does.
Key topics included in this presentation:
. Fixture and light source identification
. Proper application techniques
. Common mistakes revealed
. Integrating lighting into construction
Winner of Tony and Drama Desk nominations for his work on Broadway, and Emmy nomination for lighting, Scott Johnson has also provided production and lighting design for Neil Diamond worldwide tours, and numerous stage productions in New York, Los Angeles and Europe. He has also served as lead interior architect and lighting designer on such diverse projects as the Bradley International Terminal at LAX, the Roybal Federal Courthouse, and Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the Simon Wiesenthal Museum of Tolerance, as well as major renovations to Princess Cruises ocean liners. As Design Principal at Wolcott Architecture | Interiors in Los Angeles since 1996, Scott directs a collaborative team effort to deliver a wide range of architectural interiors and lighting, and has been involved in most every project type including office, hotel, law court, theater, museum, retail, fitness, cruise ships and entertainment facilities. Scott is President of IIDA SoCal Chapter for the 2012/2013 term.
Nature Smart Daylight Solutions-Eview Global Pvt LtdMadan Barigali
We provide customized nature smart daylight solutions for every requirement to meet the desired lux level for daylighting. Made from the best material available and sourced worldwide.
Panache Green tech Solutions Pvt. Ltd. ( PGTS) takes the privilege to introduce itself as pioneers in providing Energy Efficient Building Enveloping with its range of innovative products, systems & to deliver the Concept of “Cool Homes without AC!”
Panache started its journey in 2008 as Aesthetic Solutions and in a short span of 6 years it has a wide spectrum clientele of Platinum , Gold LEED rated buildings ,Commercial , Residential and Industrial projects.
Panache with the conscious efforts to promote environment friendly approach , comprises a complete product range of water based products & excels to innovate in sustainable designs , products & systems for various applications.
Please visit:- www.panachegreen.com
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Green Architecture also known as “sustainable architecture” and “green building” is an approach to architectural design which emphasizes the place of the buildings with both local ecosystems & global environment.
Corona viruses are a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds.
In humans, these viruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal.
Mild illnesses include some cases of the common cold (which is also caused by other viruses, predominantly rhinoviruses), while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19.
What is named COVID – 19 ?
Curry leaf is an important perennial tree vegetable. Its leaves are used mainly to improve the taste and flavour of foods. Leaves are slightly pungent and retain their flavour even after drying. Ground curry leaf with mature coconut kernel and spices forms an excellent preserve.
Phylanthus niruri Hook F.
Cyperus rotundus L.
Chenopodium album L.
Cynodon dactylon (L)
Tridax procumbence L.
Ephorbia hirta L
Lantana camera L.
Amaranthus viridis
Xanthium strumerium L.
Nursery types, Structure, Components, Planning and Lay out of NurseryParmarManishkumarNar
A nursery is a place, where seedling, saplings, trees, shrubs, and other plant materials are grown and maintained until they are placed in a permanent place.
The inability or Failure of two different plant Grafted together to produce a successful graft union is called Graft incompatibility.
Some pear cultivars are successfully grafted on quince rootstock, whereas, the other may die soon. However the reverse combination i.e. the quince on pear rootstock is always a failure
Leaf Apex :- leaf apex is a protruding part of a leaf.
Acute :- Gradually tapering to a point. Margins straight to convex forming a terminal angle 45 -900.
Acuminate/Caudate:-Margins straight to convex forming a terminal angle of less than 450. Tip resembles a tail. Apex is drawn out into a long slender tail
Apiculate :- The leaf blade ends in a short, sharp, flexible tip.
Cuspidate :- The tip ends in a long, sharp (spiny) point (cusp)
Loss due to diseases range from 20 to 30 %, in case of severe infection, total crop may be lost.
Estimated global loss due to insect pests in potential yields of all crops is -14%.
In India losses due to insect pests ranges from 10 to 20 %
Abiotic stresses reduce average yield of crops by upto50% (Bray EA 1997)
Annually about 42% of the crop productivity is lost due to various abiotic stress factors (Oerkeet.al.,1994).
Though concrete of historical records , tomato was fist introduce in the 1600 in Europe. It is believed that tomato was introduced in India during British period in the year 1828 by Royal Agri-Horticultural society , Culcutta. The story of tomato transformation from an exotic fruit to a popular dietary item and a major item of commerce all over the world. As recently as 1900,tomato was avoided in the belief that it was poisonous because of its known relation to Nightshade and other toxic members of the nightshade family. The tamotine is a predominant alkoloid mainly present in foliage and green fruits. However, at the stage of ripening, tomatine is degraded into an inert compound which is not toxic.
Spine gourd, popularly known as kankad and kartoli.
Its vines are annual. The crop planted, once will give yield at least three to four years or so.
The tubers are left in situ and they over winter.
Spine gourd is underutilized vegetables of high nutritional, medicinal and economic value.
Scientific Name :- Trichosanthus dioica Roxb.
Common Name :- Parwal, Parmal
Origin :- India/Indo Malayan Region
Chromosome No :- 2n=22
It is a perennial cucurbit.
Mostly cultivated in Bihar, Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and Eastern U.P.
Since litchi originated in China and it has been under cultivation there for more than 2200 years, more than 200 litchi varieties exist in China.
The variation in climatic factors, sometimes leads to greater fluctuation in yield of a litchi orchard.
Therefore, a right variety should be selected for plantation at a particular area though, all the litchi varieties have a wide range of adaptability; yield, fruit quality and acceptability may be region or location specific.
Gherkin pickled is a favorite lunch substitute in West Sibanda and Chitale (1999) 80 reported that the juice of “cucumis anguria L”, fruit is being used to treat the wounds in liverstock and antifeedant in granaries. Gherkin is also an important source of earning foreign exchange that is needed for importing capital goods for the rapidly expanding industrial sector.
Horticultural practices likes as pruning, training, staking, mulching, PGRs and pollination found effective for achieving significant higher yield with improved quality.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Enhancing Performance with Globus and the Science DMZGlobus
ESnet has led the way in helping national facilities—and many other institutions in the research community—configure Science DMZs and troubleshoot network issues to maximize data transfer performance. In this talk we will present a summary of approaches and tips for getting the most out of your network infrastructure using Globus Connect Server.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...
Design and development of climate controlled greenhouse
1.
2. “Design and development of climate
controlled greenhouse”
“Design and development of climate
controlled greenhouse”
3. Protected cultivationProtected cultivation
Protected cultivation
can be defined as a
cropping technique
where the micro climate
surrounding the plant
body is controlled
partially/fully as per the
requirement of the plant
species grown during
their period of growth.
Protected cultivation
can be defined as a
cropping technique
where the micro climate
surrounding the plant
body is controlled
partially/fully as per the
requirement of the plant
species grown during
their period of growth.
11
4. Classification on the basis of cost of
construction or Extent of enviromental control
Classification on the basis of cost of
construction or Extent of enviromental control
22
5. Low-cost Greenhouse
It is made of polythene sheet.
It has one opening which is kept
open for 1-2 hour during the
day, especially in the morning to
reduce the level of humidity
inside.
The temperature within
polyhouse increases by 6-10 °C
more than outside.
It is made of polythene sheet.
It has one opening which is kept
open for 1-2 hour during the
day, especially in the morning to
reduce the level of humidity
inside.
The temperature within
polyhouse increases by 6-10 °C
more than outside.
33
6. Medium-cost GreenhouseMedium-cost Greenhouse
This polyhouse has a single
layer covering Ultra Violet –
stabilized polythene. It has
heating system, thermostatically
controlled exhaust fans are used
for ventilation. Cooling pad is
used for humidifying the air
entering the polyhouse.
The polyhouse frame and
glazing material have a life
span of about 20 years and 2
years respectively.
This polyhouse has a single
layer covering Ultra Violet –
stabilized polythene. It has
heating system, thermostatically
controlled exhaust fans are used
for ventilation. Cooling pad is
used for humidifying the air
entering the polyhouse.
The polyhouse frame and
glazing material have a life
span of about 20 years and 2
years respectively.
44
7. Hi-tech GreenhouseHi-tech Greenhouse
In such type of green houses,
temperature, humidity and light
are automatically controlled.
These are indicated through
sensors or signal receivers.
Sensor measures the variables,
compare the measurement to a
standard value and finally
recommends to run the
corresponding device.
In such type of green houses,
temperature, humidity and light
are automatically controlled.
These are indicated through
sensors or signal receivers.
Sensor measures the variables,
compare the measurement to a
standard value and finally
recommends to run the
corresponding device.
55
9. Light control mechanismLight control mechanism
• Three mechanisms are required to be
introduced in the greenhouse to provide proper
light intensity for :
(i) Maximization of sunlight in greenhouse.
(ii) Reduction of sunlight at daytime.
(iii) Provision of supplement light at poor
sunlight condition.
• Three mechanisms are required to be
introduced in the greenhouse to provide proper
light intensity for :
(i) Maximization of sunlight in greenhouse.
(ii) Reduction of sunlight at daytime.
(iii) Provision of supplement light at poor
sunlight condition.
77
10. Maximization of sunlight in greenhouseMaximization of sunlight in greenhouse
Design of greenhouse : The thinner structural frame and
widely spaced frame of the roof.
white paint or any reluctant (silver) colour for the frame.
Covering material: Glass, single layer PE-film, double
layer PE-film has 90%, 88% and 77% capacity to transmit
the sunlight inside.
Cleaning of covering material: The transmission
capacity of covering material reduces with time due to
deposition of dust etc.
Spacing of windbreak: The windbreak is placed in such a
way that it should no cast shadow in the greenhouse.
Design of greenhouse : The thinner structural frame and
widely spaced frame of the roof.
white paint or any reluctant (silver) colour for the frame.
Covering material: Glass, single layer PE-film, double
layer PE-film has 90%, 88% and 77% capacity to transmit
the sunlight inside.
Cleaning of covering material: The transmission
capacity of covering material reduces with time due to
deposition of dust etc.
Spacing of windbreak: The windbreak is placed in such a
way that it should no cast shadow in the greenhouse.
88
11. Reduction of sunlight in greenhouseReduction of sunlight in greenhouse
Reduce the entry of excess
solar radiation inside by
way of providing shade
Reduce the entry of excess
solar radiation inside by
way of providing shade
To block the light
completely to induce
darkness to enhance the
night-length
To block the light
completely to induce
darkness to enhance the
night-length
Reduce the entry of excess
solar radiation inside by
way of providing shade
Reduce the entry of excess
solar radiation inside by
way of providing shade
To block the light
completely to induce
darkness to enhance the
night-length
To block the light
completely to induce
darkness to enhance the
night-length
Shading methodShading method
Spray method
of shedding
Spray method
of shedding
Shade net methodShade net method
99
12. Spray Method of Shading : The readymade commercial
shading compound may be purchased or can be made by mixing
white latex paint with water 1 : 10 provides a heavy shade while 1 :
20 provides a standard shade.
Shade net Method: When shade is desired for a specific stage of
growth or when shade is required for a few hours (11 am to 3-4 pm)
in a very hot day, it is used to cut down the excessive solar radiation
to avoid temporary wilting as well as to reduce inside temperature.
• Instead of PE-shade-net, aluminum/steel shade-net may be used to
provide shade into the greenhouse.
• It is costlier, but its reflecting property, in particular, and durability
makes it technically a far better shading material than PE-shade-net.
Spray Method of Shading : The readymade commercial
shading compound may be purchased or can be made by mixing
white latex paint with water 1 : 10 provides a heavy shade while 1 :
20 provides a standard shade.
Shade net Method: When shade is desired for a specific stage of
growth or when shade is required for a few hours (11 am to 3-4 pm)
in a very hot day, it is used to cut down the excessive solar radiation
to avoid temporary wilting as well as to reduce inside temperature.
• Instead of PE-shade-net, aluminum/steel shade-net may be used to
provide shade into the greenhouse.
• It is costlier, but its reflecting property, in particular, and durability
makes it technically a far better shading material than PE-shade-net.
1010
13. Long-night methodLong-night method
• In short night-periods, which generally occur
in the summer initiate growth of short-day
plant in respect of flower and bud initiation a
black cloth may bed over the crop in late
afternoon.
• In short night-periods, which generally occur
in the summer initiate growth of short-day
plant in respect of flower and bud initiation a
black cloth may bed over the crop in late
afternoon.
1111
14. Supplement lighting in greenhouseSupplement lighting in greenhouse
• when the length of night is more than requirement, the
application of light inside the greenhouse can induce the
growth of crop.
• Different lamp used for provide light into greenhouse:
• Tungsten filament lamps
• Fluorescent lamps
• High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps
I. High-pressure Mercury (HPM) lamp
II. High-pressure sodium (HPS) lamp
III. Low-pressure sodium (LPS) lamps
• when the length of night is more than requirement, the
application of light inside the greenhouse can induce the
growth of crop.
• Different lamp used for provide light into greenhouse:
• Tungsten filament lamps
• Fluorescent lamps
• High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps
I. High-pressure Mercury (HPM) lamp
II. High-pressure sodium (HPS) lamp
III. Low-pressure sodium (LPS) lamps
1212
15. Heating and cooling methodsHeating and cooling methods
Passive greenhousePassive greenhouse Active greenhouseActive greenhouse
Heating Cooling HeatingHeating CoolingCoolingHeatingHeating CoolingCooling HeatingHeating CoolingCooling
Water storage
Rock – bed
storage
North wall
Mulching
Movable
insulation
Water storage
Rock – bed
storage
North wall
Mulching
Movable
insulation
Natural
ventilation
Shading
Natural
ventilation
Shading
Warm water
Ground air
collector
Soil storage
(buried pipes )
Rock piles
Warm water
Ground air
collector
Soil storage
(buried pipes )
Rock piles
Forced
ventilation
Evaporative
Misting
Forced
ventilation
Evaporative
Misting
1313
16. Passive greenhousePassive greenhouse
• In passive greenhouses, mechanical energy is not
generally required to move fluids for their
operation.
• Fluids and energy move by means of temperature
gradients developed through absorption of
radiation.
• The greenhouse walls, floor and roof are used as
structures for collecting, storing and distributing
solar energy within it by the natural process of
convection, radiation and conduction.
• In passive greenhouses, mechanical energy is not
generally required to move fluids for their
operation.
• Fluids and energy move by means of temperature
gradients developed through absorption of
radiation.
• The greenhouse walls, floor and roof are used as
structures for collecting, storing and distributing
solar energy within it by the natural process of
convection, radiation and conduction.
1414
17.
18. Heating types of passive system : water storageHeating types of passive system : water storage
In this system, plastic bags
or containers filled with
water are kept inside the
greenhouse. They store heat
by absorbing incident solar
radiations during the daytime
and release it inside the
greenhouse during night time
by natural convention or
radiation process.
In this system, plastic bags
or containers filled with
water are kept inside the
greenhouse. They store heat
by absorbing incident solar
radiations during the daytime
and release it inside the
greenhouse during night time
by natural convention or
radiation process.
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19. Rock bed storageRock bed storage
Rock bed is prepared with
gravels of 20-100 mm
diameter placed at a depth
of 40-50 cm in the
greenhouse.
it is an economical heat
storage material.
During daytime excess heat
inside the greenhouse is
transferred to the rock bed,
which is delivered inside the
greenhouse during night
time.
Rock bed is prepared with
gravels of 20-100 mm
diameter placed at a depth
of 40-50 cm in the
greenhouse.
it is an economical heat
storage material.
During daytime excess heat
inside the greenhouse is
transferred to the rock bed,
which is delivered inside the
greenhouse during night
time.
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20. North wallNorth wall
In the East-West oriented
greenhouses, maximum solar
radiations are received on the
South wall, which leaves the
greenhouse from the North
wall.
In these types of greenhouses,
the North wall is made up of
thick thermal mass, which
absorbs solar radiations, which
stores the heat, and retain it in
the greenhouse in order to
increase the temperature at
nights.
In the East-West oriented
greenhouses, maximum solar
radiations are received on the
South wall, which leaves the
greenhouse from the North
wall.
In these types of greenhouses,
the North wall is made up of
thick thermal mass, which
absorbs solar radiations, which
stores the heat, and retain it in
the greenhouse in order to
increase the temperature at
nights.
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21. MulchingMulching
Mulching can be used to
obtain higher soil
temperature and reduced
heat losss during night
time.
Among the range of
monolayer mulching
films currently available
are clear, black/white
and thermic brown and
blue films.
Mulching can be used to
obtain higher soil
temperature and reduced
heat losss during night
time.
Among the range of
monolayer mulching
films currently available
are clear, black/white
and thermic brown and
blue films.
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22. Phase change materialPhase change material
In this system, materials capable
of absorbing and releasing a
large quantity of heat at constant
temperature while undergoing
phase changes are used.
At daytime, these materials
absorb heat from incident solar
radiations while changing their
phase and releasing heat to
increase the temperature of
greenhouse undergoing another
change to their original form at
night.
In this system, materials capable
of absorbing and releasing a
large quantity of heat at constant
temperature while undergoing
phase changes are used.
At daytime, these materials
absorb heat from incident solar
radiations while changing their
phase and releasing heat to
increase the temperature of
greenhouse undergoing another
change to their original form at
night.
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23. Movable insulationMovable insulation
Movable insulations are
used to cover the
greenhouse in order to
reduce heat loss during
night time.
These covers are
removed/uncovered
during daytime so that
incident solar radiations
can enter the greenhouse
for thermal heating.
Movable insulations are
used to cover the
greenhouse in order to
reduce heat loss during
night time.
These covers are
removed/uncovered
during daytime so that
incident solar radiations
can enter the greenhouse
for thermal heating.
2020
24. Active greenhousesActive greenhouses
• In active greenhouses, mechanical or electrical
energy is required to move the working fluid in
the system.
• An external thermal energy is made available
inside the greenhouse; either from
conventional fuel or solar energy through
collector panel.
• In active greenhouses, mechanical or electrical
energy is required to move the working fluid in
the system.
• An external thermal energy is made available
inside the greenhouse; either from
conventional fuel or solar energy through
collector panel.
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25. Warm waterWarm water
Warm water can be used as a heat source to
heat the greenhouse through pumped system.
It can be passed through a simple polyethylene
pipe network, buried just below the soil
surface.
Warm water can be used as a heat source to
heat the greenhouse through pumped system.
It can be passed through a simple polyethylene
pipe network, buried just below the soil
surface.
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26. Ground air collectorGround air collector
The blackened sand or concrete bed
is heated up by the solar radiations
which are transmitted through the
glazing of ground air collector.
This absorbed heat is conducted into
the conduit pipe fixed in the bed.
A blower circulates the air in these
pipes, which is heated up by the heat
absorbed by the pipes.
The inlet end of the pipe sucks the
cool air of greenhouse; then, the
outlet end allows the hot air into the
greenhouse
The blackened sand or concrete bed
is heated up by the solar radiations
which are transmitted through the
glazing of ground air collector.
This absorbed heat is conducted into
the conduit pipe fixed in the bed.
A blower circulates the air in these
pipes, which is heated up by the heat
absorbed by the pipes.
The inlet end of the pipe sucks the
cool air of greenhouse; then, the
outlet end allows the hot air into the
greenhouse 2323
27. Rock-pileRock-pile
In this system, hot air from the greenhouse is passed
through a suitable designed rock bed using a blower
during the day.
The heat is transferred to the rock bed and cool air is
again discharged in the greenhouse.
During nighttime, cool air from the greenhouse is
sucked by the blower and passed through the rock bed
that acts as heat storage.
In this system, hot air from the greenhouse is passed
through a suitable designed rock bed using a blower
during the day.
The heat is transferred to the rock bed and cool air is
again discharged in the greenhouse.
During nighttime, cool air from the greenhouse is
sucked by the blower and passed through the rock bed
that acts as heat storage.
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28. Soil thermal storage with buried pipeSoil thermal storage with buried pipe
This approach makes use of the concept that soil
temperature remains 4-5 °C higher than the ambient
air temperature particularly in winter at a few meters
from the ground surface.
Aluminum or plastic pipes are buried inside the
greenhouse and hot air of greenhouse is circulated
through these pipes during daytime to transfer heat
from air to ground.
During night time, heat transfer takes place from
ground to air, which is used for thermal heating of the
greenhouse.
This approach makes use of the concept that soil
temperature remains 4-5 °C higher than the ambient
air temperature particularly in winter at a few meters
from the ground surface.
Aluminum or plastic pipes are buried inside the
greenhouse and hot air of greenhouse is circulated
through these pipes during daytime to transfer heat
from air to ground.
During night time, heat transfer takes place from
ground to air, which is used for thermal heating of the
greenhouse.
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29. Forced ventilation.Forced ventilation.
• When the rate of heating
becomes higher than the
rate of heat removal
through roof vent, then
the heat removal is only
possible through forced
ventilation.
• In this system, a working
medium is put into motion
artificially by means of a
fan or compressor
• When the rate of heating
becomes higher than the
rate of heat removal
through roof vent, then
the heat removal is only
possible through forced
ventilation.
• In this system, a working
medium is put into motion
artificially by means of a
fan or compressor
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30. Evaporative fan-pad coolingEvaporative fan-pad cooling
The system consist of
fan on one side and pads
on the other side of the
greenhouse.
In this system, pump is
used to make water fall
continuously over the
pads and consequently,
fans withdraw air
through it on the
opposite side.
The system consist of
fan on one side and pads
on the other side of the
greenhouse.
In this system, pump is
used to make water fall
continuously over the
pads and consequently,
fans withdraw air
through it on the
opposite side.
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31. MistingMisting
The misting is
generally used for
creating high humidity
along with cooling.
The foggers are fitted
so as to provide
complete fog inside the
greenhouse.
The misting is
generally used for
creating high humidity
along with cooling.
The foggers are fitted
so as to provide
complete fog inside the
greenhouse.
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32. Co2 injectionCo2 injection
• Combustion of
hydrocarbons like LPG,
paraffin oil, kerosene
etc produces C02 along
with some other gases.
• A LPG gas burner can
maintain level of 1500
ppm in a 450m2
greenhouse.
• Combustion of
hydrocarbons like LPG,
paraffin oil, kerosene
etc produces C02 along
with some other gases.
• A LPG gas burner can
maintain level of 1500
ppm in a 450m2
greenhouse.
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