Potato is one of the most important food crop of the world . Potato is also known as Irish Potato / white potato ,is an herbaceous annual plant cultivated for it's underground modified stem known as Tuber . Potato is grwon all over India accept Kerela and mostly grown in northern plains during shorten days in winter . The name potato is thought to be originates from word Papa . It's thoight to be originated in South America , and in India it introduced by Portuguese during 17 century. Soil play an important role in high and quality yield of any crop In potato cultivation , being a tuber crop it is well develop in sandy loam to sil-clay loam . Soil rich in organic matter , free from clods . The most optimum soil reaction in potato cultivation is 5.2 - 7.0 pH. Avoid the soil having high salinity or sodicity problem .

1. RAJMATA VIJYA RAJE SCINDIYA KRISHI VISJWA VIDHYALAYA,
Gwalior
College Of Horticulture ,Mandsaur
Organic production of vegetable crops VSC 508
Assignment Topic Organic Production Of Potato
Submitted by
Sourav Panwar
M.Sc.previous 2nd semester
Enrollno. 20141412
Department of Vegetable Science
Submitted to
Department of Vegetable Science
College of Horticulture, Mandsaur

2. Introduction
Potato is one of the most important food crop of the world .
Potato is also known as Irish Potato / white potato ,is an
herbaceous annual plant cultivated for it's underground
modified stem known as Tuber .
Potato is grwon all over India accept Kerela and mostly grown
in northern plains during shorten days in winter .
The name potato is thought to be originates from word Papa .
It's thoight to be originated in South America , and in India it
introduced by Portuguese during 17 century.

3. Edible portion % 85.0 Potassium (mg) 420
Moisture (g) 74.7 Magnesium (mg) 27
Carbohydrate (g) 22.6 Iron (mg) 0.7
Starch% 18% Carotene (mg) 24.0
Protien.(g) 1.6 Vitamine A (IU) 40.0
Fat (g) 0.1 Thiamine (mg) 0.1
Fiber (g) 0.4 Niacine (mg) 1.2
Calcium (mg) 10.0 Vitamin C (mg) 17.0
Phosphorus (mg) 40.0 Energy (Kcal) 97
Nutritive Composition Of Potato tuber /1oo gm edible fresh
weight Source : Gopalan et al.Source(1972).

5. Soil Requirements
• Soil play an important role in high and quality yield of
any crop
• In potato cultivation , being a tuber crop it is well
develop in sandy loam to sil-clay loam .
• Soil rich in organic matter , free from clods .
• The most optimum soil reaction in potato cultivation is
5.2 - 7.0 pH.
• Avoid the soil having gigh salinity or sodicity problem .

6. Climate Requirment
1. Largely grown to the region where mean tem. dose not
exist 18oC .
2. Optimal temperature for G&D is 15 to 25oC.
3. Night temperature is a great significance on tuberization.
4. Below 29oC it's a better growth and tuberization.
5. 0oC causes permanent injury to the plant .
6. Night temperature dose not exist 20 oC during tuber
formation .
7. For best yield. Long day condition during growth and short
day comdition during tuber formation.

7. Varieties
There are 3 types of varieties on the basis of taking time to
harvest .
1. Early Maturing Varieties
Kufri Chandramukhi, Kufri Ashoka , Kufri Jwahar , Kufri Laukar
.
2. Medium maturity varieties
Kufri Badshah ,Kufri Sutluj ,Kufri Pukhraj ,Kufri Bahar , Kufri
Anand ,Kufri Lalima ,Kufri Mohan.
3. Late maturing Varieties
Kufri Sinduri ,Kufri

8. Field Preparation
: A well pulverized seed bed is required for good tuberisation
of potato crop.
Potato is taken as a Rabi crop. Soon after the harvest of the
Kharif crop, the field should be ploughed once 20-25 cm
deep with soil turning plough. Thereafter, two to three cross
harrowingor four to five ploughings with local plough should
be done. One or two plankings are also needed to make the
surface smooth and leveled. Enough moisture is essential at
the time of
sowing.
At this time incorporate 20 to 25 tonnes of FYM treated with
PSB and Azospirilum culture .

9. Preparation of seed Tubers
If the seed potato stored in cold storage so just taken out from it
beforeb10 day for conditioning and pre sprouting as pre
sprouting of tuber before planting ensures the healthy sprouts
,which help in better emergance and uniform standing of t he
crop.
The optimum temperature for proper aproutin is
15 oC .
When seed size potatoes are not available , cut pieces of about
30 to 40 gm may be used as a plantingmaterialWhile cutting the
tubers, care should be taken that each piece has two to three
eyes and weighs at least 25 g. If any diseased tuber is observed,
it should be discarded. For planting one hectare about 15-20
quintals of seed potatoes are require

10. Planting time
To secure high yields, it is essential to plant the potatoes at the
optimum time.
The best time of planting is when the maximum and minimum
temperatures are from 30°C to 32°C and 18°C to
20°C,respectively. The following time schedule should be
followed for obtaining good yields.
a) Early crop-25th September to 10th October
b) Main crop-15th October to 25th October.
c) Hills- February for Valleys and March-April at higher
altitudes.

11. Seed Rate
seed rate depends on the size of the tubers, and the
number of stems per hills has positive corretation with size
of seed tubes used for planting .
In general , the seed size ranging from 3.5 to 4.0 cm
diameter is the most suitable , a quantity of 30 to 35 q
seed tubers having 35 to 35 gm weight is enough for the
planting of one hectare .
Plant Population
About 83,000 is ideal for
potato production when
an average tuber size is
about 30 to 50 gm.
Spacing
60 X 20 cm2

12. Earthing Up
Proper development of tubers depends upon,
aeration, moisture availability and proper soil
temperature. Therefore, proper earthing up is
necessary. Earthing should be done when the plants
are 15-22 centimeters high. The ridges should be
broad, loose and high enough to cover up
tubers. If necessary, a second earthing may be done
after two weeks of the first one. A mould board
plough or ridger may be used for earthing up in
large area

13. Irrigation
Generally a light irrigation is given before emergance ,and later
irrigation is shaduled base on soil moisture rgime concept .
Tensiometer is used to monitor changes in soil moisture tension
. Singh et al.(1968) obtained a height yoeld by scheduling
irrigation at soil moisture tension of 0.2 to 0.3 bars at 15 -22cm
soil depth ,in case not availability of tensiometer , scheduling
irrigation at the depletion of available soil moisture by 15 to 30
% to that of firld capacity was found optimum (Pandey et
al.,1982)

14. Fertiliser
Manure
• Cattle manure is very rich in K; pig manure con-
tains less K but higher amounts of P.
• A dose of manure can be recommended as
basic fertilising. If there is danger of Rhizoctonia
infestation, the manure should be applied to
the preceding crop in autumn and not directly
to the potatoes. A reduced effect of the fertiliser
and the risk of nitrogen leaching should be kept
in mind!
• It is recommended to use at most 25–30
tonnes of manure per hectare. Too large a dose
leads to a prolonged nitrogen supply, which
impedes the maturation of the crop. In the case
of dryness or heavy soils, only the succeeding
crop might benefit from the nutrients. The regu-

15. Cattle slurry has relatively high K and N contents;
on the other hand, pig slurry has higher N and
P contents. The nutrient contents of anaerobic
digestate depend heavily on the fermented sub-
strates but are generally high in available N; they
can be used effectively in potato farming.
Slurry should be applied ideally during the
preceding crop or before planting. It should be
worked into the soil immediately after applica-
tion.
• 15–30 m3 of cattle slurry per hectare is recom-
mended if applied in spring and immediately
worked in.
• As doses increase (up to 150 kg N or 45 m3
of slurry per hectare), yields decrease. These
amounts should be applied to the preceding
catch crop to avoid loss of quality and flavour.
Slurry

16. Compost
• Like manure, composted manure and other
composts provide a good supply of potassium
and magnesium. Composted manure has a
significantly lower effect on N supply than fresh
manure, or rather stacked manure.
• Composts from plant material can also be used.
They deliver both macro- and micronutrients to
the soil.
• Compost may also offer additional benefits
by suppressing phytopathogens in the soil to
reduce crop disease.

17. Role of Biofertilizers
Biofertilizers play a vital role in organic potato production with
quality yield .
Nitrogen bio fertilizer like Azatobactor and Azospirilum Inhance
the soil N availability to the soil by fixing it from atmosphere , in
the available form , whereas Solubilizing bacteria of fungai
convert the unavailable form of P to available form
Effect of Biofertilizers in emergance , number of tubers , and yield of potato

19. Weeding
• For driving though the crop, only light tractors
with narrow tyres should be used.
• After planting, the ridges should be harrowed
and earthed up, alternately. The harrow gets rid
of the weeds on the ridges, while the hoeing
device reaches the weeds between the ridges.
If both techniques are combined, the number
of passes through the field is reduced. Ideal
speed: 5.5–7.0 km/h.
• The ideal time for weed control is before the
weeds become visible (in the white-thread
stage /pre-emergence); at the latest when the
weeds reach the two-leaf stage.
• Going through the rows with a harrow before
emergence (blind harrowing) promotes fast
emergence.
• The newly emerged plant is sensitive and
should not be harrowed. As soon as the leaves
turn green, only harrow gently up to a crop
height of 10cm. Plants of more than the size of
a fist should not be covered anymore.

20. Haulm removal
Removing haulms early
promotes an early harvest and reduces the
risk of wireworm and Rhizoctonia infestation.
Removing haulms on
time can reduce the
risk of tuberblight in
the case of leaf blight.
Late haulm destruction
can lead to higher
starchcontents, better
baking properties and
an improved flavour.
The use of mechanical
haulm removers that
are adapted to the
ridge prevents damage

21. Yellowing of the potato plant's leaves and easy separation of the tubers
from their stolons indicate that the crop has reached maturity. If the
potatoes are to be stored rather than consumed immediately, they are
left in the soil to allow their skins to thicken - thick skins prevent
storage diseases and shrinkage due to water loss. However, leaving
tubers for too long in the ground increases their exposure to a fungal
incrustation called black scurf.
To facilitate harvesting, the potato vines should be removed two weeks
before the potatoes are dug up. Depending on the scale of production,
potatoes are harvested using a spading fork, a plough or commercial
potato harvesters that unearth the plant and shake or blow the soil
from the tubers. During harvesting, it is important to avoid bruising or
other injury, which provide entry points for storage diseases.
Harvesting
Yiled
About 250 to 350 q of tubers /hectare is obtained

22. Since the newly harvested tubers are living tissue – and therefore subject
to deterioration - proper storage is essential, both to prevent post-harvest
losses of potatoes destined for fresh consumption or processing, and to
guarantee an adequate supply of seed tubers for the next cropping
season.
For ware and processing potatoes, storage aims at preventing "greening"
(the build up of chlorophyll beneath the peel, which is associated with
solanine, a potentially toxic alkaloid) and losses in weight and quality. The
tubers should be kept at a temperature of 6 to 8°C degrees, in a dark,
well-ventilated environment with high relative humidity (85 to 90
percent). Seed tubers are stored, instead, under diffused light in order to
maintain their germination capacity and encourage development of
vigorous sprouts. In regions, such as northern Europe, with only one
cropping season and where storage of tubers from one season to the next
is difficult without the use of costly refrigeration, off-season planting may
offer a solution.
Storage

23. Disease management
Late Blight of potato
Phytophthora infestense L.
Cultural practices: Weed free potato fields, potato
should be
grown in high ridges, mulching between rows, avoid
contact
between foliage and tubers during harvesting, delay in
harvesting
– Use of resistant cultivars: No immune cultivars
– Biological control: Seed treatment and foliar
application of
Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas fluorescens reduces
disease
severity
Control :

24. Cultural practices: Crop rotation, removing and burning
infected
plant debris, and eradicating weed hosts. Maintain
optimum
growing conditions including proper fertilization,
irrigation, and
management of other pests. Grow later maturing, longer
season
varieties. Avoiding irrigation in cool, cloudy weather.
– Use of resistant cultivars: Suitable for local conditions
– Biological Control: Foliar spray and soil application of
Early Blight
Alternaria solani
Control

25. Common scab
(Streptomyces scabies
)
Cultural practices: Use disease-free seed potatoes.
– Rotate root crops by planting in alternate locations to limit the disease.
– Most prevalent in dry, alkaline soils. Decrease soil pH (<5.2) by adding
elemental S.
– Tilling in a cover crop — mustard, canola, alfalfa — prior to planting
potatoes.
– Spreading agricultural gypsum prior to planting will raise the calcium
content
of soil and help build strong cell walls in plants.
– Adequate irrigation during early tuber development and keep the soil
damp for 2-6 weeks.
– Biological Control: Not very effective

26. Insect pest management
Aphid (Myzus presicae)
Mode of attack : Both nymph and adult suck the sap
from tender leaves and causes for dicrese the rate of
growth and also attract to disease infections
Control : 1. Grow the crop during aphid free period.
2. Regular cut the regrowth of plant to avoid
colonization ofpest .
3.Over 24 predators and 22 parasitoids reportedly
attack Aphid, M. persicae (Singh, 1988).

27. Cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon Rott)
This is very devasting pest of potatoin India. It's caterpillars
cutting the young plant at base and later by feeding on tender
shoots.
Control
1.Plough the field deep during summer in plains.
2.use only well decompsed FYM.
3.Follow clean cultivation .
4.irrigate the field regularly.
5. Spray the crop with biopesticide ,i.e.,Bt 10⁹ spores /ml.

28. Potato tuberb moth ( Gnorimoschema operculella Zeller )
It attacked the crop both in field and country stores
,and losses due to its attackin country stores have ben
estimate upto 70%.The attack leads to rotting of tuber
due to secondary infection by fungi and bacteria
Control
1.Use healthy and insect free tubers for planting .
2.plantb the tubers at a depth of 10 cm as against 6 cm to
reduce its damage .
3.Tuber soon after harvest muct be removed from the field
.
4.Discard the affected tubers during sorting before storage .

29. organic cultivation the fertilization with manure
increased the potato yield on average 36.5%. ...
With compost the yield of potato was on average
32.1% lower than with mineral fertilizers. There
were no significant differences in the effect of
compost and mineral fertilizers on the biological
quality of potato tubers.
Conclusion

30. http://www.fao.org/potato-2008
Biofertilizers for Potato productivity under North-
Western ... - Krishisewa
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215538865
(PDF) The effect of cultivation methods on the yield
and ...
RANA M.K.,Olericulture in India , Kalyani Publication .
Indian Horticulture, November -Decemper,2019
Refrence