Radish is a popular vegetable in both tropical as well as temperate regions. It is cultivated under glass house conditions for early market, but large scale cultivation in the field is more I common. Being a quick growing crop it can be easily planted as a companion crop or intercrop between the rows of the other vegetables. It can also be planted on ridges, separating one plot from another. It is cultivated all over India, especially near the city markets. Radish originated probably in China. In India, it seems to have been cultivated from ancient times. It was popular among the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. The botanical name of radish is Raphanus sativus. The enlarged edible roots are fusiform and differ in colour from white to red.

1. Rajmata Vijya Raje Sindhiya Krishi Vishwa Vidhyalaya
,Gwalior
College Of Horticulture ,Mandsaur
Seed Production Technology of Vegetable Crops VSC 505
Submitted By
Sourav Panwar
M.Sc. Previous year
Enroll no. 20141412
Department of Vegetable Science
Submitted To
Dr.S.S. Kushwah Sir
Department of Vegetable Science
Agro-technique for seed productionof radish

2. Botanical Name : Raphanus sativus L.
Family : Crucifereae
2n : 18
Origin : Mediterranean Region
Edible part : Modified Roots And leaves

3. Introduction
Radish is a popular vegetable in both tropical as well as temperate
regions. It is cultivated under glass house conditions for early
market, but large scale cultivation in the field is more I common.
Being a quick growing crop it can be easily planted as a companion
crop or intercrop between the rows of the other vegetables. It can
also be planted on ridges, separating one plot from another. It is
cultivated all over India, especially near the city markets. Radish
originated probably in China. In India, it seems to have been
cultivated from ancient times. It was popular among the ancient
Egyptians and Greeks. The botanical name of radish is Raphanus
sativus. The enlarged edible roots are fusiform and differ in colour
from white to red.

4. Demand for radish seeds
India imported 252.63t of radish seeds during 2007-
2008 (Technical Bulletin, IIVR, 2013) .
In addition, radish roots, leaves , pods and seeds have
medicinal properties.
• The total requirement of certified seeds of radish in
India during 2012-13 for 17,03,000 kg (to cover
1,70,300ha with seed rate of 10kg/ha and total breeder
seeds produced were 705.500kg ( ICAR-DAC AICRP-
vegetables report , 2013 )
Varieties in Seed chain • Only Newly released and
notified varieties should be included in seed chain
(AICRP) • Pusa Chetki Chinese Pink • Punjab Pasand
Kashi Hans (VR-2) • Arka Nishant Kashi Shweta (IIVR-1)
• Japanese White • Punjab Safeda

5. Floral biology
• Inflorescence is the typical terminal
raceme of the crucifers.
• Flowers are small ,usually white.
• Sepals(four) are erect and petals
(four) are clawed.
• Anthesis starts at 8 a.m. and 12
noon.
• Dehiscence generally takes place at
warmer temperature condition.
• The stigma becomes receptive two
days before (protogynous) and
remains up to four days after
anthesis.

6. Breeding behaviour of
radish
• Radish is highly cross-
pollinated due to sporophytic
system of self-
incompatibility.
• It shows considerable
inbreeding depression on
selfing.
• It is entomophilous.
• It is pollinated mainly by
wild honey bees and wild-
flower flies.

7. Seed production systems
Both "root to seed" & "seed to seed" systems are used. The 'root
to seed' is used for the biennial types especially in Europe and
temperate regions. The roots are lifted in the late autumn, the
tops taken off and the radishes are stored, usually in clamps,
during the winter. It is also the method used for stock seed
production of the annual types but in this case the material is
replanted immediately after selection. In some areas of the world,
especially in Asia, up to half of each steckling's root is removed
before replanting. In seed production of the Japanese White
cultivar steckling planting results in a higher seed yield.
The 'seed to seed' system is used for final multiplication stages
where inspections of the mature root are not considered
necessary and is normally used only spring sown seed crops
unless the cultivars has a vernalisation requirement.

8. Land requirement
Select seed fields on which the same kind of crop was
not grown within previous two years, unless the crop
with in the previous two years were field inspected by
the certification agency and found not to contain any
seed borne diseases beyond the maximum permissible
levels.

9. Seed Production Growing Conditions •
Soil and Climate:
The ideal soil should be light, friable and rich in humus with
good drainage facility.
• Radish can be grown on a wide variety of climates. Asiatic
types can be grown year- round for root purpose except
during the extremely cold months of the year.
• Sowing Season:
September-October (for seed crop)

10. Cultivated varieties
Asiatic types : Requies slightly higher temperature for
successfull cultivation , taking more time from sowing to
maturity , root are longer , require no chilling temperature
for seed production
European type : Require low temperature for
successfull cultivation , tkae less time from
sowing to maturity, roots are small and stumpy
in shape , require chilling temperature for seed
production

11. • Asiatic varieties
• Pusa Chetki
• Pusa Desi
• Pusa Reshmi
• Punjab Ageti
• Punjab Safed
• Punjab Pasand
• Kalyanpur White
• Arka Nishant
• European Varieties
• Scarlet Globe
• French Breakfast
• Rapid Red White
Tipped
• White Icicle
• Japanese White
• Pusa Himani

12. Isolation requirement
Radish is cross pollinated crop by insects. Hence, seed fields
must be isolated from other varieties of radish field at least by
1600 m for foundation and 1000 m for certified seed
production.
Seed rate
4 to 6 kg per hectare. The roots are produced in one
hectare is sufficient for transplanting in 2.5 hectares.
Sowing
It is advisable to sow the seeds on ridges formed at 45
cm apart, in lines as thin sowing. This helps in better root
development and drainage. When the seedlings are 10 to
15 days old, thin out the seedlings to a distance of 7 to 8
cm with in the rows.

13. Roguing stages (seed to seed method)
At market maturity stage of radish, root: relative size,
shape, coloured, proportions of each colour on bi
coloured cultivars, solidity.
At stem elongation, removed early bolting plants and
off types according to stem colour. Remove wild
radish types. Check that the remaining plants are
true to type for foliage and stem characters.
At flower bud and very early at start of anthesis
flower colour. Plants with off colour flowers are
rogued

14. Manuring
First season
A light does of 20 25 tons of FYM per ha should
be applied before field preparation.
Nitrogen 75 kg/ha (35 kg basal + 35 kg top
dressing)
Phosphorus 50 kg/ha (basal)
Potash 50 kg/ha (basal)
Second season (During transplanting)
Farm yard manure 10 to 15 tons /ha
Nitrogen 50 kg (25 kg at pre bolting + 25 kg before
flowering)
Phosphorus 50 kg (basal)

15. Irrigation
Field is irrigated soon after transplanting for
the proper establishment of seedlings .It is also
essential to irrigate the field at flowering stage
for setting of more pods and getting higher
yield of better quality seed

16. Supplementary pollination
Since the honey bees are important pollinating agents. It
is advisable to place beehives in the large seed fields or
near by the field to increase the pollination. It is
necessary when the temperature is below 15°C.
Spraying of 150 ppm NAA at bolting stage in Japanese
white radish recorded the highest seed yield per hectare
(Sharma, 1995).
Roguing
Minimum of three field inspections should be done at 20
30 days after sowing, when roots are lifted and replanted
and during flowering stages.
Roguing should be done based on root character, flower
character and the undesirable and diseased plants are to
be removed.

17. Harvesting and processing
The entire plants are cut when
the plants are fully matured and
the siliqua turns brown colour.
Thorough drying of siliqua is
must for easy separation of
seeds.
The seeds are separated by
beating with pliable sticks.
The seeds should be dried to
6% moisture content, cleaned
and treated with Bavistin @ 2g
per kg of seed. Then tested for
germination before packing .

18. Seed standards
Factor Foundatio
Certified
Pure seed (min.) 98% 98%
Inert matter (max.) 2% 2%
Other crop seed (max.) (no./kg) 5/kg
10/kg
Total weed seed (max.) (no./kg) 10/kg
10/kg
Germination (min.) 70%
70%
Moisture (max.) 6% 6%
For VP Container(max.) 5% 5%

19. Insect pest and Diseases
1. Aphids( Myzus persicae)
This insect is most distructive sucking type
insect of radish crop . This tiny insect scuk
the sap from the ventral surface of leaves
reducing plant vigour and ultimately the
yield gose down .
Control
• Spray the crop with simple water with
pressure.
• Remove and destroy the attaked
portion .
• Spray the ceop with Malathion 0.05%.

20. Mistard sawfly ( Athalia proxima )
This is common pest of radish .Its attakes
the crop both in vegetative and flowering
stage . The grub of this pest damage the
crop by eating tender leaves and fruits by
making holes in them
Control
• Spray the crop with Carbaryl 0.1% ,
Malathion 0.05% .

21. Alternaria blight
This disease is caused by Alternaria raphonic.
Symptoms usually first appear on the leaves in the
form of yellowish, slightly raised I spots or Iesions.
These lesions enlarge many times on seed pods.
Infection spreads rapidly during rainy weather, and the
entire food may be so infected that the styler end
becomes black and shriveled.
Control
Use of disease free seeds is the prime requirement.
Spraying of the crop with fungicides is recommended
if seeds are being produced or if the vegetable crop is
of high value. In the latter case spraying should be
done only in the early stages of plant growth. Copper
oxychloride (0.5 to 0.75%), Maneb (0.2%), or Zineb
(0.25%) or Blitox 50 can be used as spray. Two to three
sprayings will be sufficient.

22. White rust
White rust of radish is caused by Albugo
candida. In some areas, the disease assumes a
serious problem of radish. It produces a white
powdery substance in patches on the under
surface of the leaves. It mainly appears on the
leaves and flowering shoots which get
deformed and bear only malformed flowers
Control
Destruction of diseased crop debris helps in
reducing the inoculum. Weed control and
other sanitary precautions are also essential.
Among fungicides 0.8% Bordaux mixture or
Dithane Z- 78 (0.3%) can be sprayed for the
effective control of the disease.

23. Downy mildew
Caused by the fungus Peronospora parasitico . In
addition to radish, the fungus also attacks cauliflower,
cabbage, turnip, etc. The disease is characterized by the
appearance of the purplish brown spots on the under
surface of the leaves. The upper surface of the leaf
above the lesion is tan to yellow. Downy growth usually
appears on the under surface of these lesions.
Control
Crop rotation, clean seed beds, destruction of weed and
other sanitary measures are important to check the
spread of the disease. Intensity of the disease can be
reduced by spraying 0.2% Maneb, 2-3 times at 10 days
interval after the disease has been noticed in the field.

24. Radish mosaic
It is a viral disease. The symptoms first
appear as small, circular to irregular
chlorotic lesion in between and adjacent
to the veins. Little or no leaf distortion is
noticed, and stunting or abnormal leaf
formation rarely occurs. Severe yield loss
in susceptible cultivars of radish is caused
due to this viral disease.
Control
The disease can effectively be
checked by controlling aphids with
insecticides and weed hosts by spraying
weedicides.

25. Refrence
K.,SINGH , HYBRID SEED PRODUCTIONOF RADISH, 2011
,Jornal of New Seed .
Principle and Practices of Organic Radish ,Seed Production
In The Pacific Noartwest
M.K.,RANA , Olericulture in India ,Kalyani publishers

26. Thank
You