Brinjal seed production for gkvk 31 10-18

1. Dr. T.H.Singh, Principal Scientist
Division of Vegetable Crops
IIHR, Hessaraghatta Lake Post; Bangalore-560 089
Phone:080-28466420 extn 284; Mob;09449658713
Email:Singh .H T@icar.gov.in / ttejavathu41@mail.com
ADVANCES IN SEED & HYBRID PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES IN EGGPLANT

2. Introduction:
• Brinjal or Egg plant or Aurburgin
• Solanum melongena L. (2n = 24)
• Origin – Asia or Indo-Burma region
• Brinjal is one of the most important Solanaceous vegetable
besides Tomato, Chilies and Capsicum.
• It has varied consumer preference based on colour, size and
shape
• It is consumed as cooked, stuffed and fried vegetable
Baingan ka bartha, Vangibath and Guttivankayee Kura.
• It is rich in minerals, iron, calcium and vitamins (A & B) and
good for pregnant women

3. Eggplant is a Complete food

4. Botanical varieties:
• Round or Egg shaped: S. melongena var.
esculentum
• Long or Slender shaped: S. melongena var.
serpentinum
• Dwarf plant type: S. melongena var. depressium

5. Different developmental stages of brinjal
Source: Agarwal and Munshi, 2008

6. GERMPLASM SOURCES
International :
• AVRDC, Taiwan
• IBPGR, Italy
• Central Institute of Agriculture, Puerto Rico
• National Horticulture Research Institute, Nigeria
National:
• NBPGR, New Delhi
• IIVR, Varanasi
• IIHR, Bangalore
• SAU’s (State Agricultural Universities)

7. Per cent Share
Crop Hybrids Varieties Local
Eggplant 17.80 50.00 32.20
Seed Association of India

8. Hybrids/varieties released at national level
Crop Variety Hybrid Production
recommendations
Brinjal 57 34 30

9. seed Requirement and Availability of Solanaceaous Crops
Vegetable Seed
requirement (t)
Seed
availability (t)
Replacement
(%)
Brinjal 239.64 151.87 63.40

10. High yielding F1 hybrids of developed by Public sectors Institutions
Eggplant Hybrid Days to first
harvest after
planting
Av. yield (t/ha)
IIHR Arka Navneet
(Oblong fruit)
65-76 65-70
Arka Anand
(Green long BW )
55-65 60-65
IARI Pusa Hybrid-5
(Purple long)
Pusa Hybrid-6
(Purple Round)
Pusa Hybrid-9
(Purple Round)
50-55
55-60
55-60
55
45
50

11. Seed rate for open pollinated varieties
Crops Seed rate (g/ha)
Tomato 400-500
Brinjal 400-500 (250-300g)
Chilli 500-600
Capsicum 400-600
For Hybrids 100-120g

12. Isolation distance
Crop Breeders seed (m) Foundation seed (m)
Tomato 100 50
Brinjal 200 100
Chilli 500 300
Okra 500 200
Pea 100 50
Cucurbits 1500 800
Cole crops 3000 1600
Root crops 1600 1000
Onion 1600 1000
Spinach beet 1600 600
Methi 100 50

13. Variability in Brinjal
Green fruited type
Purple fruited type
Variability in fruit shape and colour

14. GENETIC VARIABILITY

15. Variability in brinjal

16. Variability in brinjal

17. Wild related Solanum species
S. khasianum
S. gilo
S. integrifolium
S. sisymbrifolium S. incanum

18. S. aethiopicum
S. nigrum
S.macrocarpon
S. giloS. incanum
S. sisymbriifolium
S. mammosumS. xanthocarpum
s.torvum
Wild Relatives

19. Solanum macrocarpon

20. FLORAL BIOLOGY
• Brinjal is a day-neutral plant
• It is self-pollinated crop but cross-pollination also occur in it
• 10-25% of cross pollination is reported
• Cross-pollination is due to heteromophic flower structure
• Anthesis and anther dehiscence normally go together at 16 hrs
• Stigma receptivity ranges from a day prior to flower opening to 4
days after opening
• Pollen is most fertile immediately after anther dehiscence

22. HETEROMORPHIC FLOWER STRUCTURE
(Krishnamurthi and Subramaniam, 1954)

26. Inputs Required for raising good
crop for seed production:
• Soil : Clay loam
• pH : 5.5-6.0
• Season : June-July, Oct-Nov, Jan- Feb
Temp – 13 to 21°C
• Seed rate : Varieties – 250-300g/ha
Hybrids – 150-200g/ha
• Fertilizers : Varieties – 120kg N, 80kg P, 50kg K
Hybrids – 180kg N, 150kg P, 120kg K
Inputs:

27. Nursery Management:
• Raised Beds :80cm width,15cm height,convenient
length& Pro-Trays
• FYM : 10kg/sq m
• Fertilizer mixture : 100g/sq m (15:15:15)
• Spacing : 10cm between rows
• Seed depth : 0.5cm
• Plant protection : Carbofuron (2.5g/sq m),
Drenching (Captaf – 2.0g/l or COC–
4.0g/l)
• Mulching : Straw/grass
• Germination : 6-8 DAS
• Drenching : Captaf – 2.0g/l or COC – 4.0g/l
• Inter cultivation : Weeding & thinning
• Hardening : 1 week before transplanting
• Spary : Cymbush/Systemic insecticide(0.5ml/l)
• Transplanting : 3-4 true leaves / 4-6 weeks

28. Transplanting:
• Land preparation: Fine tilth
• FYM : 25-30 t/ha
• Fertilizers : Varieties – Entire FYM + P + K +
50% N t land preparation,50% N 30DAT
Hybrids - Entire FYM + P + K + 25% N at land
preparation, 25% N 30DAT, 25% N 45-60 DAT
• Spacing : Varieties - 90 x 40cm (27,500 plants/ha)
Hybrids – 100 x 50cm (20,000 plants/ha)
• Transplanting : Ridges and furrows
• Intercultivation : Earthing-up 30 & 45DAT, weeding

29. Raised Bed Plug/ pro-tray

30. Plant Protection:
DAT Chemical & dose Pest Season
10-30 Monocrotophos
(1.5ml/l)
Dicofol (2.0ml/l)
Jassids
Mites
Summer,
Kharif
35 Cypermethrin (1.0ml/l)
Chlorothaloni (Kavach –
2.0g/l) or Captofol
(2.0g/l)
Shoot & fruit
borer, root
weevil
Cercospora
leaf spot
Summer,
Kharif
Kharif
60-75 Carbaryl (4.0g/l) or
Cypermethrin (1.0ml/l)
Fruit borer Summer,
Kharif & Rabi
* Use sticker while spraying, alter the schedule depending on the
incidence & severity

31. Need for Hybrids (Advantages)
Early and high yield.
Uniformity in fruit size, shape and colour.
Improved in fruit quality and Shininess attributes(Traits).
Possibility of multiple stress resistance( Disease & pest
Resistance).
Wide adoptability to varied climatic conditions.
High economic returns.

32. Acceptable Size, Shape and Colours

33. Hybridization kit:
Forceps Scissors Plastic container Electric Bulb
Muslin cloth Fine brush Plastic ring with cavity
Steps in Hybrid seed
production
•Hand Emasculation
•Hand pollination
•Seed extraction

34. Anthesis and Fertilization
• Stamens dehisce at the same time stigma is receptive.
At temperature of 20-220 C and 50-55 % RH, pollen
viability is retained for 8-10 days. Anthesis starts
from7.30 a.m. and continues up to 11 am.
• Pollen dehiscence starts from 9.30 a.m. to 10.00 am

35. Hybrid Seed Production Techniques:
Raising of Male and female parental lines
1. Raise male parent 7 to 10 days prior to female parents
2. Ratio of female: male = 3-4:1.
3. Rouging in female and male parents.
i) Seedling stage : Pigmented and Non pigmented.
ii) Before flower
Plant habit : tall, erect, spreading, bushy
Stem characteristics: Pigmentation on stem spiny and non spiny
iii) Early flowering and fruit developing stage
General plant habit
Flower : Flowering habit and colour
Calyx: Colour, size and spininess
Fruit : Colour, shape and fruit habit
vi) Fruiting stage: Fruit colour and shininess. Fruit shape and size. Calyx colour,
size and spininess

36. Important steps involved in hybrid seed
production are:
• I) Production of parental lines:
• Sowing: Sow male and female parental lines separately,
adjust the sowing period to coincide flowering sow male
parent two weeks prior to female to ensure sufficient
supply of pollen.
• Planting: Plant male and female lines separately (100mt).
Maintain female to male ratio at 3-4:1
• II) Hybridization
• i) Emasculation: Remove the anthers with the help of
forceps or needle. Emasculate the flower buds which are
expected to open next day.

37. III Cross pollination:
a) Collection of pollen:
Collect the flower buds expected to open next day from
male parent. Collect the flower buds in the previous evening
and store in polythene covers. Next day morning separate the
pollen from anthers and collect in a container.
b) Pollination:
Transfer the pollen collected from male line to the stigmatic
surface of emasculated flower of female line. Dust the pollen
and dip the stigmatic surface into the container having
pollen. Attempt bud pollination between 7.30 to 10.30 am.

38. iv) Seed collection, extraction and drying:
Harvest only the fruits which are completely ripe. Extract the seeds by
cutting or crushing the fruits. Dry the seeds under shade, then in oven at
30o C.
v) Rouging stages and main characters to be considered:
Rouging can be followed right from nursery stages. Rouging can be
followed at 3 important stages.
i) Before flowering:
Plant habit: tall, erect, spreading, bushy.
Stem characters: Pigmentation on stem, spiny or non-spiny.
Leaf characters: Size, shape, spininess, pigmentation.
ii) Early flowering and fruit fruit developing:
General plant habit
Flower :- flowering habit, colour
Calyx :- Colour, size and spininess
Fruit:- Colour, shape, fruit habit
iii) Fruiting:
Fruit colour and shininess. Fruit shape and size.Calyx colour, size and
spininess

39. Seed yield:
An average yield of 200 kg of F1 seeds can be
obtained per hectare. Good seed yield about 300-350kg/ha
1 kg fruits yield about 3-5g seeds
10g seed yield/plant (2 kg fruits) upto 15-25g/pt
1000 seeds weigh 3-4 g.

41. Economics of Hybrid Seed Production in Brinjal ( per ha.)
Item (Amt. in Rs.)
1. CROP RAISING 30,000
2. HYBRIDIZATION 40,000
3. HARVESTING AND SEED EXTRACTION 10,000
______________________________________________________________________
Total cost 80,000
______________________________________________________________________
SEED YIELD 200Kg
GROSS RETURNS 2,00,000*
NET RETURNS 1,20,000
* Hybrid seed procurement price @ Rs 1000/ kg

42. Seed extraction methods
There are two basic methods used for the extraction of
eggplant seed.
1. Wet extraction process:- There is a general
tendency to favour to the wet extraction especially
in large-scale seed production
2. Dry extraction process:- The dry process is still
favoured where relatively small amount of seeds
are produced

43. Fruits selected for seed extraction
Extraction method

44. Wet extraction
• For the primary extraction of eggplant seeds, the fruits are cut
and crushed, and the seed separated from the fruit pulp and
debris.
• It is necessary to add extra water during and after crushing in
order to improve the separation. Usually the fruits are
crushed, and the seeds are extracted by washing and sieving.
• Extraction should be started in the morning hours so that the
seed is at least half dried till evening or else there is danger of
its germination in the process.

45. • Normally the seeds are scooped out manually from
the cut or crushed fruits.
•
• An axial-flow vegetable extracting machine (Verma
and Singh, 1988) can also be used for extracting the
seeds from Brinjal fruits. Mechanical extraction
method is cheap, quicker and had no adverse effect
on seed quality.

46. Chemical method
• The seeds extracted by this machine may again be treated
with concentrated HCl @ 2-3 ml/kg seed with equal volume
of water for 3-5 minutes with constant stirring and then
seed should be washed with water for three to four times.
Brinjal seed extractor

47. Seed extraction machine

48. Drying and storage
• The over-ripe fruits are dried in the sun until they shrivel. In
the purple and purple-black cultivars the drying out is
accompanied by fading of the skin colour to a coppery brown
colour.
• The fruit are then hand beaten and dried seeds hand
extracted.
• This method is time consuming and laborious, but is used in
some countries for production of relatively small seed-lots
when ripe fruits are accumulated over several weeks and
hand labour is available for the final extraction.

49. • After thorough washing, the seeds are dried immediately
either in thin layers on screen-bottom trays to the sun and
wind or by one of the artificial methods.
• The seeds are also spread on the threshing floor or tarpaulin
in thin layer for drying.
• The dried seed having minimum moisture content should be
properly processed, grade, packed and then stored in a cool a
dry place.

50. Hybrid seed production in brinjal Seed village concept
Hybrid seed Production in farmer’s filed
Seed village concept

51. Hybrids released under AICRP (VC) Hybrids produced by NSC/KSSC
1.Arka Navneet
2.Arka Anand Arka Navneet
3.Kat-4 Pusa Hybrid-5
4.Pusa Hybrid-6 Pusa Hybrid-6
5.Pusa Hybrid-5 Pusa Hybrid-9
6. Pusa hybrid-2
7. PBH-6
8.ARBH-201
9.NDBH-1
10.ABN-1
11.MHB-10
12.MHB-39
13.ABH-2
14.NDBH-6
15. Phule Hybrid-251
16.ARBH-6
17.JBH-1

52. Commercially Popular Hybrids
Name of hybrid Company Fruit Type
Kalpataru Mahyco Manjari gota
MEBH- 9 Mahyco Green long
MEBH-39) Mahyco Ravaiyya
Mohini Nunhems Manjarigota
Super mohini Nunhems Manjarigota
Ravaiyya Nunhems Ravaiyya
Suphal Indam Purple oblong
NS509 Namdari Manjarigota
Apsars Namdari Manjarigota
NS1720 Namdari Bright purple
Nisha Namdari Deep purple

53. Commercially Popular Hybrids
Name of hybrid Company Fruit Type
Rangeela Golden Seeds Manjarigota
GS101 Golden Seeds Manjarigota
Manjari Seminis Seeds Manjarigota
Manju Syngenta Seeds Manjarigota
Sunder Namdari Seeds Deep purple

54. Promising germplasm lines at IIHR
IIHR-559 Polur Local Type
Green Round with stripes

55. IIHR-586 Bottle Brinjal type
Purple Oblong type/bottle Brinjal
Promising germplasm lines at IIHR

56. Pusa Hybrid-9
Pusa Hybrid-5

57. Punjab Neelam
Punjab MotiPunjab Barsat
Punjab Sadabahar
BHL-2BHL-1

58. Pant Samrat
Azad Kranti Arka Nidhi
Kashi Sandesh
Kalpataru

59. Brinjal - Arka Navneeth
Brinjal - Arka Nidhi
•Tall & compact plants
•Bearing medium long fruits in clusters,
•Blue black flossy fruit skin with green
purple calyx.
•Dark green leaves with purple leaf
base and purple veins, when young.
•Deep purple green stem.
•Fruits tender with slow seed maturity
with no bitter principles.
•Resistant to bacterial wilt.
•Duration 150 days.
• Green angular leaves
• Large oval fruits wth deep purple shiny skin
• Calyx- green, thick & fleshy
• Avg. fruit weight: 450g
• Duration: 150-160 days
• Yield: 65-70 t/ha

60. Brinjal - Arka Neelkanth
Brinjal - Arka Keshav
•Tall & branched plants bearing long fruits
in clusters.
•Red purple glossy fruit skin with green calyx
•Green leaves with purple leaf base and purple
veins when young.
•Light purple green stem.
•Fruits tender with slow seed maturity with no
bitter principles.
•Resistant to bacterial wilt.
•Duration 150 days.
Yield(t/ha): 45.0
•Tall & compact plants
•Bearing small fruits in clusters.
•Violet blue glossy fruit skin with green pu
calyx.
•Dark green leaves with purple leaf base a
purple veins when young.
•Purple green stem
•Fruits tender with slow seed maturity wit
bitter principles.
•Resistant to bacterial wilt.
•Duration 150 days.
•Yield: 43.0 t/ha

61. Brinjal - Arka Shirish
•· Tall plants, green leaves with white flowe
•· Fruits green, extra long.
•· Solitary bearing habit.
•· Duration 140-150 days.
•· Yield: 39.0 t/ha
Medium Tall plants with Spreading plant habit
with green stem & green leaves.
Flowers white, green small fruits borne in cluster.
Soft texture with good cooking quality.
Crop Duration 140-150 days.
Average yield is 40 t/ha.
Brinjal- Arka Kusumakar

62. BWR Hybrid
•Plant Tall& Spreading
•Fruits are dark green
•Fruit Length 22-25cm
•Fruit Diameter 3.0-3.5cm
•Average fruit Wt 60-70g
•Resistant to BW
• Yield t/ha 65-70t/ha
Arka Anand

63. ARKA HARSHITHA -4)
-Medium tall and spreading plants
-Dark green stem with dark green foliage
- Fruits are Dark green
- Flowers are white in colour & born in cluster
- Less seed content and Slow seed maturity
-Lees browning
-Good keeping and cooking quality.
-Excellent for preparing vaingi bath
-Yield about 38-40t/ha
- Resistant to bacterial wilt
ARKA AVINASH
• The plants are tall and spreading
• Dark green foliage
• Fruits green long fruits with fleshy
green calyx,
• Smooth texture and Less browning
• Flowers are white in colour & born in
cluster
• Contains less seeds and Slow seed
maturity
• Good keeping and cooking quality
• Yield about 40-44t/ha and BWR
ARKA UNNATHI
• Plants are tall & erect habit &
vigorous growth,
• Fruit are dark green with fleshy
green calyx.
• Flowers are Purple in colour
• Fruits are born in cluster
• Yield about 36-38t/ha
• Resistant to bacterial wilt
Bacterial wilt resistant Varieties

64. Hybrid in Pipe Line

65. Advanced breeding lines Resistant BW
IIHR-3
IIHR-5
IIHR-7

66. Manjarigota F1Hybrid in Pipe Line
•Fruits purple
with white striped
•Bears in cluster
•Yield 50-55t/ha

67. Manjari gota F1 hybrid

68. NS 509 F1

69. APSARA F1

70. NISHA F1