- Sorghum bicolar is a major food crop grown in South Asia, Africa, and Central America. It is well adapted to warm, dry climates. - India has the largest area of sorghum cultivation, accounting for 32.3% of global production. Common varieties grown include Phule mauli and Phule chitra. - Sorghum grows well in medium to deep black soils and can tolerate a wide range of soil pH. It requires minimum temperatures of 7-10°C for germination and 15°C for growth, with optimal temperatures of 27-30°C.

1. ➢ B0tanical name = sorghum bicolar
➢ Family = graminea
➢ Local name=Jowar
➢ Origin=East Central Africa
➢ Area and production = Sorghum is widely cultivated in USA,India
,Nigeria,China ,Aegentinaa,Maxico , And Sudan.India has a laggest share
[32.3per]and rank 2 in total production
Area and Production of Sorghum: Sorghum is cultivated as a
major food crop in much of South Asia, Africa and Central
America. In USA, Australia and South America, sorghum is
grown mainly for animal feed. Sorghum is adapted to warm
and dry climate and largely cultivated in drought prone areas
of the world
Sorghum is rich in a variety of nutrients, including B vitamins, which play an
essential role in metabolism, nerve cell development, and healthy hair and skin.
➢ Importance =
The minimum temperatures are 7°-10°C for germination and 15°C for growth.
Optimum temperatures for growth are 27°-30°C. Sorghum is better able than
most grain crops to withstand high temperatures but yields are adversely
affected when the mean temperatures exceed 26°C during heading period.
➢ Climate=
SORGHUM

2. •Sorghum can grow on wide range of soils. Medium to deep black soils are
predominantly suitable for growing sorghum. Rabi sorghum is wholly confined to
black soils, while the kharif crop is grown on light soils also. It can be grown with
wide range of soil pH from 5.0 to 8.5.
➢SOIL=
Field preparation depends on the system of sorghum sowing.
Three systems of sorghum sowing are followed:
1.sowing on a flat surface, or
2.using ridge-and-furrow system, or
3.on a broad bed-and-furrow system.
➢LAND PRIPRATION
➢SEED RATE 8-9 Kg /ha
➢spacing 45
➢Sowing time = Mid-Sep To Mid-OCT
➢Sowing depth= 3to 4 cm
➢Sowing Method = Drilling and Dibbling

3. ➢Manure and fertilizer= •The organic fertilizers or manures recommended for the Sorghum crop
are farmyard manure and composted coir pith. And they are essential sources of
macro and micronutrients. It is recommended that 5 to 6 percent of the organic
matter level in the soil or 2.5 to 3 percent of organic carbon will lead to the
sustainable production of crops.
➢WEED Management •Weeds in sorghum are mostly controlled by hand weeding and mechanical inter-row
cultivation; herbicides are rarely used. Pre-emergence herbicides helped to provide
early weed control during rainy season where the scope for timely hand weeding or
mechanical inter-row cultivation is uncertain.
•Sorghum will use between 20-22 inches of water during the growing season. Agricultural water
users can optimize water use efficiency and protect the quality of water resources by applying
basic information about irrigation systems, crop water use and management practices.
➢Irrigation
➢HARVESTING ANG THRESHING
In irrigated sorghum harvesting is done by cutting the entire plant close to the ground with sharp sickle. In Hybrid
sorghum first ear heads are cut & then plants are harvested by cutting. After cutting or pulling of plants, they are
allowed to dry in the field for 2 to 3 days and then stalks are tied in small bundles and carried to the threshing yard.
Earheads are separated & again dried in sunlight. Threshing:- The earheads are trampled (Threshed) under the
feet of bullocks. Some time stone roller is used for threshing purpose. Now a days power thresher cum winnowers is
available for threshing & cleaning the grains. Threshed material is winnowed against natural wind or by using
winnowing fan and grains are cleaned, dried and stored.

4. ➢ Yield: Main produce i.e. grain :- Rainfed:- 15 to 20 quintals/ha
Irrigated:- Variety 30 to 35 Q/ha Hybrid:- 45 to 50 Q/ha
➢ Diseases:-Grain & loose smut, grain molds, sorghum downy mildew,
ergot, charcoal rot, rust
➢ Insect Pests: 1. Shoot Fly:- Can be avoided by adjusting the planting time – late in the rabi soil application
of phorate 10G @ 1.5 kg a.i/ha at the time of sowing. 2. Shoot borer:- Removal of the stubbles immediately
after the harvest of the crop prevent carryover. Application of Cabaryl 4G or Endosalphan 4G in the whorls @ 8
& 12 Kg/ha at 20 & 35 days after emergence is recommended. 3. Shoot bug 4. Army worm 5. Mite 6.Midge
fly7. Head bug 8.Hairy catter pillars.
➢ Varieties : 1. Rainfed:- 1. Light Soil (Depth up to 30cm) :- Selection – 3 & Phule mauli (RSLG-262) Phule anuradha
(RSV-458) 2. Medium Soil:- (Depth upto 60cm) Phule mauli (RSLG-262, Phule chitra (SPV – 1546) Phule Suchitra CSV-
14R, Parbhani moti (SPV – 1411), Maldandi – 35-1 3. Heavy soil (Depth above 60cm):- Improved variety:- Vasudha –
(RSV-423), Phule Yashoda (SPV-1359), Phule Revati, CSV-18, PKV Kranti Hybrid: CSH-15-CSH-19,CSV-18 2.Irrigated:-
Phule yashoda, Vasudha, CSV-22, CSV-18, CSH-15., CSH-19. For hurda purpose:- Phule uttara, Wani, Gulbhendi,
Dagadi, Phule Madhur

5. WHEAT
➢Botanical name : Triticum aestivum L
➢ Common name : Gahu / Genhu
➢ Family : Gramineae (Poaceae)
➢Origin=asia minor or south west asia
➢Area and production: India is the second largest producer of wheat worldwide in recent past(2019)in area
(14%of global area)and production(13.64% of world production) among the major
wheat producing countries of the world viz.,Russia, U.S.A, Canada, India, France and
China.
➢Climate: Optimum temperature as low as 5-7ºC, as high as 26-28ºC. d. Optimum temperature
required at different stages of growth. 1. Germination : 22 - 25ºC. 2. Tillering : 16-20ºC.
3. Grain development : Less than 25ºC.
➢ Soil:- a. Well-drained loams and clayey loams are considered to be good for wheat. b. Sandy
loams and black soils also good. c. Soil PH should be 6.5 to 7.5 d. Below 5.1 and above 9 PH
crop completely fail. e. Medium to heavy fertility and with good moisture retentive capacity
are ideal for wheat

6. ➢ Preparation of land:- Same as like timely sown wheat crop. The following points should be considered while
undertaking the cultivation of wheat under late sown conditions. 1. Choice of variety 2. Use of more seed rate 3.
Reduction in the spacing and dose of fertilizer application. 4. Time of sowing. 1. Choice of variety: The variety that gives
better yield even und
➢ Spacing: Sowing is done by two bowled seed drill at 22.5cm apar
➢ Seed rate: 75 to 100Kg/ha
➢ Depth of sowing: Under rainfed conditions seed is sown in the moist zone which may be about 8 to 10cm depth.
➢ Yield:- Average yield of timely/normal sown wheat crop is 45-50 Q/ha
➢ Harvesting: Harvesting should be done early in the morning to avoid shattering of grains (e.g. NIAW-301, NI-
5439). Harvesting is normally done manually by cutting the plant close to the ground with serrate edged
sickles and tied in small bundles. Then transport of bundles in threshing yard. It is dried for 3-4 days
➢ Manures & Fertilizers:- 5-10 CL (2.5-5t/ha) FYM/Compost is applied before last harrowing.
40Kg N + 20Kg P205/ha. Entire doss of N and P205 is given at the time of sowing
➢ Irrigation management:- Normally 5 to 6 irrigations are required to wheat crop. First irrigation should be given 18
to 21 days after sowing and further irrigation interval should be kept 18-20 days i.e. 3 weeks in medium black soils.
Two to three extra irrigations are required for light soils. Wheat crop requires sufficient moisture in the soil during the
critical physiological growth stages of the

7. Rust: Rust is a major disease in wheat crop.Wheat is infested by brown yellow and black rusts. Brown
and Yellow rusts are major diseases in North West part of the country, where as black rust is severe in
southern, central & eastern parts of India.
Loose Smut:- Control measures:- (i) growing loose smut resistant varieties, (ii) treating seed with vitavex
@ 2.5g per kg of seed before sowing (iii) uprooting the infected plants, burying it underground or
burning it
➢ DISEASE
➢ Insect Pests:- Wheat crop is attacked by Termites, Army worms, Aphids and rodents.
➢ variety:- Varieties suitable for cultivation under rainfed conditions should be selected N-
59, MACS-9, MACS-1967, N-5439, N-8223, NIDW-15 (Panchawati), AKDW-2997-16
(Sharad), AKAW-4627 . Varitety suitable for rainfed condition: NIDW-15 (Panchawati),
Varitety suitable for rainfed

8. MAIZE
➢ Botanical Name:- Zea mays
➢ Famiy:- Graminaeae / Poaceae
➢ Common name:- maka,makai
➢ Economic Importance:- 11. Grains have 10% protein, good amount of carbohydrates (70%), crude
fibre(2.3%).minerals(0.27%) and Ash(1.40). 12. Maize protein is known as Zein is deficient in tryptophane and
lysine (essential amino acids) 13. It is mainly consumed as food in various forms.
➢ Soil: Deep, fertile rich in organic matter and well drained soils are most preferred for maize cultivation. Soil
should be medium textured with good water holding capacity(WHC).Loam or silt loam soils with fair drainage
and pH between 6.5 to 7.5 is most suitable soil for maize cultivation
Maize is important cereal of the world after wheat and
rice. Maize is one of the efficient species of crop
domesticated by the man. Among cereals, the
productivity of maize is the highest.(4.7t/ha) as
compared to rice(3.7t/ha)and wheat (2.5t/ha)
➢ AREA AND PRODUCTION=

9. ➢ Preparation of land:- One deep ploughing immediately after harvesting of kharif season crop. It needs two to four
harrowing in heavy soils. Whereas one light ploughing followed by planking is sufficient in light soils. Generally
furrows are prepared for Rabi season crop for better water use efficiency and higher yields
➢ Time of Sowing:- Optimum sowing time- End of October to mid of November. The crop is cultivated under
assured irrigation
➢ Seed Treatment:- c. Maize seeds are treated with fungicides like Captan or Thiram or Emisan @2 to 3g/kg of
seeds to control seed borne disease viz., leaf blight of maize. d. Before sowing seed treatment with Azotobacter
@250g/10of seeds should be
➢ Seed Rate:- 15 to 20 kg/ha
➢ Spacing : 60-75 cm x 25-30cm
➢ Sowing depth : 5-7cm
➢ Method of sowing: Dibbling
➢ Weed Management Pre emergence application of herbicide Atratop @ 2-2.5kg/ha should done immediately
after sowing to control weeds. First hoeing/hand weeding between 2-3 weeks after emergence and second hoeing
between 6- 7 weeks stag

10. ➢ Harvesting:- Two methods- 1.plucking of cobs: In this method only cobs are removed from standing plants
and piled up for one day and then spread to dry in bright sunlight. Stalks may used as green fodder. 2. Stalk-Cutting- In
this method, plants along with cobs are cut and piled up in shade. After 2-3 days of harvesting cobs are removed and
dried. The dried plant stalk used for hay making. Threshing (Shelling)-Removal of grains from maize ear/cobs. Common
method is manual (hand shelling).Now a days manually driven or mechanical/electrically driven shelling machines are
available to remove grains from the cobs. The left over cobs after shelling are use as a fuel. Grains are dried well in bright
sunshine and stored.
➢ Yield:-Grain yield- 95-100 q/ha
➢ Diseases:- Leaf rust, Downy mildew, smut.
➢ Pest:-Insects pests:- 1.Stem borer-Attacks the crop from seedling stage makes dead hearts. Control measure:- Mix
Phorate 10G in the soil @10kg/ha. Spraying of Cabaryl 85%WP@1764/g/ha or Dimethoate 30%EC@ 660ml/ha in 500 to
1000 litres of water after 8-10days of emergence. 2.Shootfly:- on incidence of shootfly sparying of Dimethoate
30%EC@1155ml/ha in 500 to 1000 litres of wate
➢ Grain Varieties: Sr.No. Particulars Varieties 1 Hybrids (All India Maize Improvement Project)
Ganga 1, Ganga 101, Deccan, Ranjeet, VL-54, Himalayan123, Hi-starch, Ganga 2, Ganga 3, Ganga

11. CHICK PEA
➢ Botanical name:- Cicer arietinum L
➢ FAMILY = LEGUMINOCEAE
➢ Subfamily :- Papilionaceae
➢ Local name:- Harbhara, Chana
➢ Area and Production :-( Ref. ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research,
Kanpur) All India Year Area(million ha) Production(million tonnes)
Productivity(kg/ha) 2013-14 9.93 9.53 960 Maharashtra 2013-14 1820
1622 89
➢ Economic Importance: 1. Chickpea is most important rabi pulse crop of our country. 2. It is consumed in the form
of dal, besan, crushed or whole grain, boiled or parched roasted or cooked, salted or unsalted. 3. Many sweets are
also prepared from gram. 4. Green foliage (Tops) as early stages are used as green vegetable.
➢ Soil: - 1. Gram is fertility restorative crop. 2. In North India, the crop is grown on light
alluvial soil 3. In (Maharashtra) Deccan plateau and South India crop is cultivated on
water retentive clay loams and black cotton soils. 4. The best type of soil for chickpea is
well drained and not too heavy. 5. It is unsuitable to the soils having pH more than 8.5.
Suitable soil pH for gram growing is -6.0 to 8.5 pH

12. ➢ Climate: 1. Gram is winter/cold season legume crop. 2. It required cool and dry climate. 40 3. It is best suited to
the areas receiving low to moderate rainfall 60-100cm & mild cold weather. 4. Severe cold is injurious and is
very harmfu
➢ Preparation of Land:- It is a hardy crop. Gram crop required clodded and rough seedbed. Usually gram is
sown as second crop after harvest of the Kharif crops. One ploughing after harvest of previous crop followed by
two harrowing are enough to prepare seedbed
➢ Seed rate:- The seed rate varies with the test weight (seed size) of the seed. i.e. 60-100kg/ha.
For medium size seeds 65 to 70 kg/ha, Large sized seeds -85 kg/ha. Bold seeds-100kg/ha
➢ Depth of sowing:- The seed should be placed 8-10cm deep because the shallow sown crop is more liable
to be damaged by wilt. Deep sowing also promotes better root development
➢ Time of Sowing:- a. In the region where irrigation facilities are not available the proper time of
sowing is last week of September. b. In the regions where irrigation facilities are available the
optimum time of sowing is mid October to mid November (i.e. 20th October to 10th November) c.
Kabuli gram sown only in irrigated condition. The considerable decline in yield was observed with
the sowing beyond mid

13. ➢ . Seed Treatment:- a. Seed is treated with Thiram @ 2g/kg of seed + Bavistin @ 2g/kg of seed to control seed born
fungal diseases (wilt) OR seed is treated with Tricoderma@5gm/kg of seed to control seed born fungal diseases
(wilt) b. The seed should be treated with Rhizobium and PSB each of culture @ 250g/10kg of seed for increasing
nitrogen fixation. It increase the crop Yield 10-15%
➢ Manures:- 6 to 7 tonnes of FYM/ha
➢ Irrigation:- Mostly gram is cultivated under rainfed, therefore light irrigation is to be given at the time of sowing.
Total water Requirement (WR) of chickpea is 25-30 ha.cm It requires irrigation at i) Branching-30-35DAS ii)
Flowering-40-45DAS iii)Pod development -60-65DAS. Branching and pod filling stages are most sensitive growth
stages of chickpea for irrigation. One irrigation in gram may increase the yield to the extent of 30% and if two are
given at two critical growth stages, yield increase is 60%.
➢ . Harvesting:- Harvesting is done by cutting the plant close to the ground level
with sharp sickle. Harvesting should be done during morning hours. The crop is
allowed to dry in sunlight on threshing floor for about five to six days. c.
➢ Threshing:- Threshing is done either by beating the plants with sticks or by
trampling under the feet of bullocks. Threshing is also done with mechanical
thresher.
➢ YIELD 1. Rainfed: - 10-12 q/ha 2. Irrigated: - 25-30 q/ha

14. ➢ Diseases:- Wilt, blight and rust are the measure diseases of
chickpea. Control measures: 1.use resistant varieties. 3.
Seed treatment with benlate and thiram (1:1) @ 2g/kg of
seed.3.adoption of proper
➢ Pests- Cutworm and pod borers are the major pests of
chickpea. Control measures:-Spaying of Endosulfan
35EC@2ml/litres at 15days interval about two applications
are required.
➢ Varieties of Gram:- A) Deshi Gram:- 1. Rainfed:- Vijay, Phule
G – 12, Digvijay, Vishal ,BDNG-797(Aakash),Phule
Vikram,PDKV(Kanchan

15. LINTIL
➢ Botanical Name:- Lens esculenta
➢ Family: Leguminoceae / Fabaceae
➢ Local name :- Masur,Masoor/Masuri
➢ Origin: Western and Central Asia.
➢ Area and Production: It is grown throughout North India, Madhya Pradesh and some
parts of M.S. In southern India it is cultivated in few areas viz., parts of Karnataka. The area
under this pulse is around 2.0 million ha, with a production of 0.91 million tons
➢ Climate: The crop is grown as cold weather unirrigated crop. Requires cool weather for
growth. Lentil is mainly grown as rainfed crop
➢ Soil: The crop is raised on light loam, clay loam and alluvial soils in Northen India.Soil should be well drained. Soil
pH 6.0-6.4. It is cultivated in moderately deep black soils in MP and MS. It can stand moderate alkalinity. It can not
tolerate water logging
➢ Preparation of Land: The land preparation not very
thorough one ploughing followed by one or two harrowing
are given for a sole crop alone, a finer seedbed than gram
preferred.

16. ➢ Sowing Time: The sowing time extends from October to November. Sowing should be
delayed beyond November as it causes drastic reduction in yield
➢ Seed rate: For sole crop: depending upon seed size. 1.Small seeded variety-30-40kg/ha 2. Bold
seeded variety- 50-60 kg/ha. For mix crop : - 10-12 kg/ha depending upon extent of mixture
➢ Method of sowing: drilling (line sowing) or Broadcasting. It is generally grown after rice or millets, in many areas; it
may be broadcasted in the maturing paddy crop just before harvest (relay cropping). Grown mixed with barley and
mustard or it can be intercropped in autumn (pre-seasonal) planted sugarcane.
➢ Spacing : 30cm between rows and 10cm plant to plant
➢ Sowing depth: 3 – 4cm(shallow depth)
➢ Seed treatment :1. Thiram +Carbendazim (1:1) @ 2.5g/kg of seed. 2. Rhizobium culture @ 250 g/ 10 kg of seed
at the time of sowing.
➢ MANURE AND Fertilizers: No manuring. For irrigated crop N:P:K 20: 40:0 kg/ha is applied as a basal dose
➢ Irrigation: One to two, especially when winter rains are meager. One at 45 DAS. Irrigation at pod development
stage is beneficial.

17. ➢ Varieties: Differed in plant habit, colour of the flower and shape, size and colour of the seeds. The bold
seeded Masur and small seeded Masuri are commonly recognized trade varieties. Improved varieties are T-36,
L 9-12, Pusa-1, Pusa-6, B-77, W. B. – 94, Pant – 209 and pant – 406. Wilt resistant/ tolerant – RV L - 31, IPL81
(Noori), IPL - 316, Sekhar masoor – 2. Rust resistant/ tolerant – IPL - 406, WBL - 77, Pant L - 6, Pant L - 7, IPL –
316, Sekhar masoor – 2
➢ Weed management A weed-free period of early 45 - 60 days is important.Two manual weeding, one at 25-30 days and
another 45-50 days after sowing should be done. pre-emergence herbicide sparay of Pendimethalin 30 EC @ 0.75 - 1 kg
a.i. per hectare may be done
➢ Pest and disease management The major diseases of lentil are rust in Northern plain and wilt in Central
zone. Use of resistant varieties is helpful in controlling the disease. Pest is not a major problem in lentil. In case
of heavy infestation of aphid spray Monocrotophos (0.04%) is effective for aphid control
➢ Harvesting and Yield: Mature within three and half months. Harvesting is done before it is dead ripe or fully
matured. Harvesting is done either by uprooting the plants or cutting with sickle. Then dried for a week, threshing
is done by beating with wooden stickle and clean the seeds by winnowing. Seeds are dried in 4-5 days to bring their
moisture content at 9-10%
➢ Yield: Rainfed – 4-5 q/ha and Irrigated 8-9 q/ha. Well managed crop may yield up to 10-12q/ha

18. PEA
➢ Botanical Name : Pisum Sativum L.
➢ Family:- Leguminoceae /Fabaceae
➢ Local Name : Watana, Matar
➢ Origin:- Mediterranean Region of Southern Europe
➢ Economic Importance:- Very popular crop throughout the world. It provides variety of
vegetable dishes used as tender pods.Matured seeds used as whole or split as dal. Seed
contains 22.5% of proteins,62%Carbohydrates, and vitamins like A,B and C.
Ca64mg/100g, Fe4.8mg/100g of seed.Broken parts of pods used as the fodder crop. It
helps in improving soil fertility and prevents soil erosion.
➢ Area and Production:- it is third most popular rabi pulse of India after Chickpea and lentil.Area under field pea in India is
about 11.50 lakh hectares and production 10.36lakh tonnes(2015). In India it is cultivated in the Indo-gangetic plains.Uttar
Pradesh is the major field pea growing state and other field pea cultivating states are Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab,
Haryana, Uttarakhand, Himachal,Bihar,and Maharashtra. Soil: Medium to heavy soils with proper drainage is well suited for
its cultivation. Sandy loams to loam soils with pH range of 6-8 are also suitable for the crop
Soil: Medium to heavy soils with proper drainage is well suited
for its cultivation. Sandy loams to loam soils with pH range of 6-
8 are also suitable for the crop.

19. ➢ Climate: moist and cool climate is favourable for this crop. Optimum temperature range
10ºC to 30 oC is good for growth. It is grown well in areas receiving annual rainfall 500mm
It can tolerate cold, susceptible to frost and dew at flowering.
➢ Preparation of land:- it requires fine seedbed is required. One ploughing
followed by 2-3 harrowing followed by planking is sufficient to prepare seed
bed. Too fine seedbed should be avoided..
➢ )Time of sowing:- Mid October – Mid November. Up to 1st week of November is ideal time of sowing.
➢ ii)Seed rate:- 100Kg/ha(Dwarf varieties) 70-80kg/ha(Tall varieties) iii) Method of sowing:- Drilling or
dibbling (two seeds/hill). It is also sown behind the plough by dropping it in the plough furrow.
➢ Spacing: 30-45cm x 15cm(Tall varieties) and 22.5x10cm for dwarf varieties.
➢ Sowing depth- 4-5 cm
➢ ) Seed treatment:- a) Seeds are soaked in water for 24 hrs. to ensure good germination and treated with
thiram @ 3 g/kg of seed or captan 2.5g/Kg seed or Bavistin 2g/kg seed, or Thiram 2g+ Bavistin + 1g/kg seed are
recommended for controlling seed borne fungal diseases. b) Seed treatment with Rhizobium and PSB culture @
250g/10 kg of the seed just before sowing.

20. ➢ Irrigation: it is mainly grown as rainfed crop on residual soil moisture. Total water requirement of the crop is 30
ha-cm. The sowing is done after pre-soaking irrigation. It require one or two irrigations Flowering and pod
development stage is sensitive stage for irrigation.
➢ Pests;1.Leaf minor-makes tunnel in the leaf causing severe damage. Control measure-when attack begin spray
Metasystox 25EC in 1000litre of water /ha. 2.Pod borer: Caterpillars feed on developing pods by making hole in
pods. Control measures: picking of pods periodically. Spray cypermethrin @1.25litre in 1000litres of water/ha
➢ Disease management: 1.Wilt. premature yellowing and withering of young leaves during seedling stage and
advance stage. Control measure: 1.Adopt crop rotation. 2. Seed treatment with Thiram 2gm+Carbendazim1gm/kg
of seed. 2.Powdery mildew: white patchy symptoms observed first on leaves. severe infestation plant dies
prematurely. Control measures:Use resistant varieties for cultivation. Sparying with wettable powder @3gm/litre
of water and repeat after 10-15days interva
➢ Yield: Seed yield - Irrigated crop 20-25 q/ha, Rainfed crop-10-15 q/ha. Green pods for vegetable purpose are
harvested to tune of 40-60 q/ha.
➢ Harvesting and Yield: For vegetable purpose three to four hand pickings t are required. 49 For the
seed purpose it is harvested when the pods are fully ripe, plant as well as pods are dried. Harvesting
is done either by picking or cutting . threshing is done after sufficient drying in the sun followed by
winnowing to remove the chaffy material..Seeds are dried for 4-5

21. BARLEY
➢ Botanical Name:- Hordeum Vulgare.
➢ Famiy:- Graminaeae / Poaceae
➢ Tribe:- Hordea
➢ Common name:- Satu
➢ Economic Importance:- 1. Grains have 8-10% protein, good amount of carbohydrates (74%), minerals, vitamin
BComplex and 1.3% Fat. 2. It is mostly used in the feed industry and brewing
➢ Soil: Barley thrives best on well-drained, fertile light to medium loams. On heavier ls, it has tendency to lodge.
Being a salt tolerant crop, it can grow well even in salt-effected soils, during the early phases of the
reclamation of these soil. It gives higher yields than wheat and other cereal crops on moderately saline-alkali
soils. Soil pH range is 6.5 to 7.8. Verities:- 1. Hulled varieties :- Ratna, Jyoti, Kailas, Vija, RS-6 2. Huskless
Varieties:- Karan – 3, 16 (Nilam), Amber. 3. Malting varieties:- C-138, RS-6, RD-57, RD-137, Clipper, Ambor
➢ Verities:- 1. Hulled varieties :- Ratna, Jyoti, Kailas, Vija, RS-6 2. Huskless Varieties:- Karan – 3, 16 (Nilam),
Amber. 3. Malting varieties:- C-138, RS-6, RD-57, RD-137, Clipper, Ambor

22. ➢ Time of Sowing:- 1. Timely irrigated sowing:- Middle of October to middle of November. 2. Irrigated late sown:-
Up to middle of December 3. Rainfed sown:- 2 nd fortnight of October Late/delayed sowings reduce the grain
yield per unit area & produce poor quality grain not suitable for malting.
➢ Seed Treatment:- a. Seed is soaked in cold water over night at normal temperature for better germination.
Rainfed & saline soils. b. Seed is treated with 1:1 mixture of Thiram + Bavistin or Vitavex @ 2.5g/Kg of seed
may be used for an effective control of loose smut & covered smut & controlling seed born
diseases.
➢ Seed Rate:- i)Irrigated normal/timely sowing:- 75-80kg/ha ii) Irrigated late sowing:- 100-120kg/ha
iii)Rainfed sowing:- 80-100kg/ha, for saline soils – 100kg/h
➢ Spacing & depth of Sowing:- a. Irrigated normal sowing- 22.5cm, 4to5cm b. Irrigated late sowing:- 20cm,
4 to 5cm c. Rainfed sowing:- 22.5cm, 6 to 8cm Method of Sowing:- Drilling with two bowl seed drill
➢ Manures of fertilizers:- Rainfed crop:- Well decomposed FYM @ 8-10 tonnes/ha mixed in soil at the time
of last harrowing. Irrigated crop:- FYM@ 10-15 t/ha Fertilizer: N P K i) Rainfed crop: 30-40kg, 20Kg 20Kg ii)
Irrigated timely crop 60-80kg 30kg 30kg iii) Late sown crop 60-80kg 30kg 30kg For rainfed crop entire dose
of N, P205 and K20 is given at the time of sowing. For irrigated crop split application of half the dose of ‘N’
& full dose, of P2O5 & K2O at sowing time & the remain half dose of ‘N’ with the first irrigation as a top
dressing is advantageous. Excess ‘N’ affects the malting & brewing quality of grain adversely. Superphosph

23. ➢ Pests & Diseases:-Insects pests:- Termites & Aphids. Diseases:- Leaf spots, powdery mildew, Rusts:- Yellow,
Black, Smuts:- loose, covered. Signs of maturity:- 1. Plants turn yellow and dry up. 2. Grains become hard. 3.
Moisture content drops around 18-20% 4. Plants become brittle & rigid 5. Stem-breaks down with slight pressur
➢ Harvesting:- Barley crop matures 15-20 days earlier than wheat crop i.e. about –85-90days. Any
delay in harvest results in shattering of ears & loss of grains. The crop is harvested by cutting at
ground level by using sharp sickle.
➢ Yield:-Rainfed:- 8-10 Q/ha; Irrigated:- Grains 20-25 Q/ha
Straw – 60-80 Q/ha High yielding varieties – 40-50 Q/ha,
Straw – 120 to 150 Q/ha

24. French bean
Botanical Name : Phaseolus Vulgaris, Family:-
Leguminoceae/Fabaceae Sub family:- Papilionaceae Local
Name:- Marathi – Ghewada, Hindi- Rajmash, Faras bean, F
Economic importance: 1. Important vegetable crop throughout India 2. Green pods are
used for vegetable purpose 3. Dried seeds are cooked as a whole for vegetable as a
special dish or canned in sauce 4. Grain contains 22.9% protein, 1.3Fat, 60.6%
carbohydrates, Minerals, calcium and iron. 5. It is highly palatable
Soil:- 1. It is grow on all types of soil, ranging from sandy loams to heavy clay. 2. It is grow best in loam soil..Soil
should be well drained. 3. Very heavy soils are unsuitable, due to more vegetative growth.
Climate: 1. It is a cold weather crop, but thrives well in the higher temperature than peas. 2. It grows well in places
between 1000 to 2000 ‘m’ above the sea leve
Preparation of land: One ploughing & 2 harrowing. It is growing as 2nd crop after harvest of kharif crop. It
required clodded & rough seedbed.
Yield: i. Green pods: - Average yield 60 to 120 q/ha ii. Dry
seeds:- 20-25q/ha

25. ➢ Seeds and sowing: Sowing time: a) Plain area: - i) Rabi - mid of September to October ii) Summer – January
– to February b) Hills Area:- April to end of June.
➢ Seed ate: 110-120kg/ha Sowing method:- Dibbling and drilling Spacing: - 1. Drilling – 45cm x 10cm, 60cm x
20 cm. Irrigation layout is flat bed and sara. 2. Dibbling – 30cmx 10 cm, 60cm x 30 cm, 90cm x 30 cm.
Irrigation layout is ridges and furrow
➢ . Depth of sowing:- 8 to 10 cm deep Seed Treatment: 1. Seed is treated with Bavistin + Thiram @ 2g + 3g
per kg of seed to control seed born fungal disease like wilt. or Tricoderma @ 5g/kg of seed
➢ Manures and fertilizers:- Manures:- FYM/Compost @ 20-25tonnes/ha, is applied before last to
harrowing. Fertilizer:-RDF- 60:80:00 NPK kg/ha. Half quantity of ‘N’ & Full quantity of P should be given
at the time of sowing. Remaining half quantity of N i.e. 30 Kg at 30 DAS
➢ Harvesting and Yield:- 1. Green pod (Vegetable purpose)- It is generally harvested before pods are fully-
grown and seeds are tender and still small. All the varieties should be harvested before the seeds reach
full size. Picking is done by hand. 2. For Grain purpose: - Harvesting is done as soon as large percentage of
pods are fully matured & turned yellow colour. Crop matured within 90 – 110 DAS
➢ Varieties:- 1. Contender:- Seed colour is light brown 2. Phule Suyash :- Seed colour is light brown with red
spatches released from NARP Ganesh Khind,, Pune-5 3. Pusa Parvati:- Seed colour is light brown. 4. Jampa:-
Seed colour is black

26. SUNFLOWER
➢ Botanical Name: Helianthus annuus L.
➢ Family:- Compositae / Asteraceae
➢ Local name:- Suryaful, Suryakanti, Surajmukhi)
➢ Economic Importance 53 1. Sunflower seed contains 40-45% oil ,which is semidrying
use in vanaspati ghee as well as for culinary purposes. Oil is use for manufacturing of
paints, varnishes, soaps, cosmetics, The oil contains fair quantities of vitamins D, E and
14-18% protein. 2. The oil cake contains 40-44 % high quality proteins. It is ideally suited
for poultry and livestock ration
➢ ) Soil: Sunflower can be grown on a wide range of soils and tolerates a moderate pH range and to some
extent salinity. It thrives best on well drained medium to heavy soils. The ill drained and more sloppy and
acidic soils are not suitable. The optimum pH range is 6.5 to 8.5
➢ b) Climate: It requires cool and warm weather. It can be grown in the areas receiving rainfall in the
range of 200 to 750mm.Sunflower tolerates temperature range of 5ºC to 40ºC without significant
yield reduction, indicating that it is adapted to the regions with warm days and cool nights. However,
it grows well within a temperature range of 20ºC to 25ºC. The optimum temperature being 27ºC to
28ºC. High humidity accompanied with cloudy weather and rainfall at the time of flowering results in
poor seed set. The amount of linoleic acid content decreases with high temperature at maturity.

27. ➢ Seeds and Sowing: The seeds have dormancy for the period of about 45-50 days. Therefore, select seed
from last year stock should be well developed plumy and of improved genotype.
➢ a. Time of sowing: 1. Rabi-First fortnight of October to first fortnight of November. 2. Summer- last week
of January to 15th February.
➢ b. Seed Rate: Variety: - 8-10kg/ha, Hybrid variety:- 5-6kg/ha
➢ c. Spacing: Medium-Heavy soils: 45cm x30cm, Heavy soils-60x30cm, Hybrid variety - 60cm x30cm.
➢ d. Depth of sowing: - 5-6 cm. Soil should be placed in moist soil. e. Method of sowing: Drilling is the
common practice. Dibbling is most appropriate method for hybrids.
➢ Varieties: I. Improved Varieties: Phule Bhaskar, Modern, S.S. 56, Bhanu, EC-69874 II. Hybrid varieties:
K.B.S.H.-1, L.S.F.H.171,L.S.F.H-35, L.S.F.H-08, K.B.S.H44,Phule Raviraj,M.S.F
➢ Yield : (i) Rainfed : (i) Variety - 8-10 q/ha. ii) Hybrid – 12-15 q/ha and Irrigated: Hybrid - 17-20q/ha.
➢ Harvesting: The sunflower crop matures in 90-100 days and seed contains 20% moisture at the
time of harvesting. Phenotypically the heads are ripe when back of the floral head turns yellowish
and outer bracts turns brown and dried up. All the heads may not mature at one time, therefore
harvesting should be done in 2 to 3 installments, to avoid shattering. Cutting the heads dried well in
sun and then threshed by beating with stick or seeds are separated by rubbing the flower heads
together or against metal sheet. Unfilled broken seeds and inert matter is removed by

28. SAFFLOWER
➢ Botanical Name:- Carthamus tinctorius Linn.
➢ Family:- Compositae /Asteraceae
➢ Local name: Kardai Kusumbha and Kusu
➢ Economic Importance: 1. Safflower is mainly grown for the edible oil (28-32%). 2. In early stage (25-30 DAS) top
portion of plant used for leafy vegetable. 3. Flowers used for making type of herbal tea. 4. The ray and disc florets
can be used as the substitute for saffron. 5. Safflower oil is rich in essential fatty acids like linoleic and oleic acid,
hence useful to maintain low level of blood cholesterol. 6. It is used in various food additives, extracting protein and
amino acid
➢ Climatic Requirement: Safflower is a drought resistant crop and can be grown in regions receiving rainfall
of about 100 mm.
➢ Soil requirement:- It is grown both as a rainfed and an irrigated condition. Depth of soil should be more than
45cm for favorable growth of this crop. Soil should be well drained. It can be grown in moderately saline soils. In
MS and Southern states it is grown mainly on medium to heavy black cotton soils as unirrigated crop. In other
parts of country it is grown as on loam and light textured soils as an irrigated crop.
➢ Varieties: a) Spiny Varieties :- Bhima(S-4), Girna, Sharada, Tara, Phule Kusuma (JLSF-414), Nagpur–7,
NARI-15, NARI-38, AKS-207, Parbhani kusum (Registant to aphids), N-62-8, DSH-129, PBNS-12. b) Non
spiny varieties:-PBNS-40, NARI-6, NARI: NH-1, SSE-65

29. ➢ Manures and Fertilizers: FYM or Compost is incorporated at the time of last harrowing @ 5-6 t/ha. Safflower
responds well to fertilizer application Rainfed condition -RDF is 50:25:00 kg NPK/ha . Entire dose should be applied as
the basal dose in rainfed farming. These fertilizers applied with seed drill at the time of sowing. Irrigated condition:
RDF is 60:35:00 kg NPK/ha. The irrigated crop should receive the dose of 30kgN+30 kg p205/ha as basal dose and
another 30 kg N/ha should be top-dressed after 30 days of sowing
➢ Weed management: Two to three hoeing followed by one weeding may be given according to weed intensity. a)
First hoeing is carried out at 3rd week of crop age with slit blade hoe. b) Second hoeing is carried out at 5 th week of
crop age with entire blade hoe
➢ Yield: Rainfed crop- ( medium soils) 12-14 q/ha. Heavy soils)-14-16q/ha Irrigated crop- 20-25 Q/ha.
➢ Harvesting: The crop matures in 130-135 days. Yellowing of the leaves and capsules is the important sign
of maturity. Harvesting is carried out early in the morning, when there is dew on the plants and spines are
not sharp Harvesting method is either pulling the plants or cutting close to the ground level with the help
of sharp sickles. After harvesting plants are staked in small heaps. The plants are allowed to dry in the field
itself for about 2 to 3 days. Threshing : Then the plants are threshed in the field itself on tarpaulins by
beating with the help of long wooden sticks. Winnowing is done to clean the threshed material. Combine
wheat harvest machine is also used for

30. ➢ Irrigation management: Generally it is raised as the rainfed crop on residual/stored soil moisture in medium to
heavy soils. Crop thrives well, if sufficient moisture is present in the soil during the initial stages of its growth i.e. up
to 25 to 30 DAS (Grand growth/rosette termination stage). If the moisture is insufficient at the time of sowing, crop
should be sown by giving presoaking irrigation. Not more than two irrigations are needed by the crop, and these
two irrigation should be scheduled one 30-35 DAS (i.e. rosette termination stage) and the other at the 50-60 DAS
(50% flowering stage). Extreme moisture stress should be avoided; light irrigation should be given to avoid wastage
of water due to crack development in black soil and also to avoid wilt disease. Water requirement is 25 – 30 ha cm
➢ Seeds rate: For the pure/sole crop – 10-12 kg/ha. For mixed or intercrop – 5 to 6 kg/ha. Depending upon the extent
of mixture.
➢ Method of sowing: Sowing is done by drilling with the two-bowl fertilizer-cum seed drill, it enables for better placing
of fertilizer basal dose and seed simultaneously in the soil.
➢ Spacing: a. In heavy soils – 60 cm x 30cm i.e. 55,555 plants per ha. b. For medium to light soils- 45cm x 20cm i.e.
1,11,111 plant per ha
➢ . Depth of sowing: Preferably seed should be placed up to 5 cm depth in the soil, deep placement may lead to uneven
germination and patchy growth.
➢ Seed Treatments: The seed should be treated with thiram @ 3g per kg of seed before sowing to control fungal seed
borne diseases.or Trichoderma @10g/10kg of seeds

31. ➢ Botanical Name:- Brassica juncea L
➢ Family :- Cruciferae
➢ Local name :- Rai, mohari
MUSTARD
➢ Economic Importance: 1. Mustard yield the most important edible oil. This is used for culinary purposes. 2.
The oil content of the seeds of different forms ranges from 30-48% The oil possesses a sizable amount of
erucic acid (38-57%), together with linolenic acid up to 4.7-13%. The oleic and linolic acids, which have higher
nutritive value together, constitute only about 27%. It is desirable to increase the quantity of oleic acid and
linolic acids by reducing the linolenic acid and erucic acid. A lower proportion of erucic acid will make the oil
more palatable, nutritive, besides reducing metabolic disorders
➢ Soil: The rapeseed and mustard thrives well in light to heavy loams. Mostly grown on medium to heavy soils.
Very light soils are avoided. This crop has good tolerance to saline and alkaline soils. pH of soil is 6.0-7.5.S
➢ Climate: Mustard is a rabi season crop that requires relatively cool temperatures for
satisfactory growth and dry period at harvest. It needs about 18oC-25oC It is grown in
medium to high rainfall areas. Rainfall, high humidity and cloudy weather not good for this
crop during winter.

32. ➢ Preparation of Land: As the seeds of these crops are small, a fine, firm and moist seedbed is required to
ensure good germination and emergence of seeds. To get good tilth one to two ploughing, each followed
by planking and three to four harrowing is required.
➢ Sowing Time: Optimum time of sowing is first fortnight of October to mid November The seeds from the
healthy and desirable plants grown in isolation in case of self-sterile forms should be selected. Whenever,
moisture in the field is inadequate, the seed is mixed with moist soil and kept overnight. For distributing
evenly, the seeds usually mixed with fine sand.
➢ Method of sowing: The seeds are either sown byline sowing broadcasting in the main crop or mixed with
the main crop.
➢ Spacing: 45x15cm 2for mustard
➢ Seed Rate: Pure crop- 5kg/ha Mixed crop – 2 to 2.5 kg/ha
➢ Depth of Sowing: (Shallow depth)2.5 to 3 cm.
➢ Seed treatment:- Seed are treated with Bavistin @ 2 g/kg of seed or dithane m-45 @ 3 g/kg of seed or
Brassicol or capton @ 4 g/kg of seed to protect from root rot and sclerotia disease
➢ Varieties: Mustard:- Varuna, Sita, Pusa bold, T.M-4, T.M-2, Prakash, T.M – 21, TPM-1, GM- 1 &2, Laxmi,
Narendra rai, Agrni(SET-2).Durgamani, Bhagirathi,RLM-619,RH30,81&819
➢ Manures: - FYM 15-20 tonnes/ha Fertilizers: - For Rainfed crop,
➢ fertilizers drilled at sowing @ 40kg N + 20 kg P2O5 / ha. Irrigated conditions- , crop is fertilized with 50 kg N +
25 kg P2o5/ha. Half of the quantity of N along with full P is applied at the time of sowing. Remaining half the
quantity of N should be top dressed 30 - 35 days after sowing.

33. ➢ Harvesting and Yield Harvesting: Mustard is ready to harvest in 110-160 days. Mustard is
harvested in March/April. Harvesting is done as soon as the crop begins to turn yellow. Care should
be taken to ensure the harvesting of mustard before the pods open, in order to avoid losses from
shattering of seeds. Harvesting is done in morning hours. The crop is cut close to the ground with
the help of sickle and it is brought to threshing yard and allowed to dry. The threshing is done with
the help of sticks or mogri. The winnowing is done with the natural air current but the wind velocity
should be gentle as the seeds are being small, may be drifted with the high air.
➢ Yield: - Mustard (Rai) a) Rainfed:- 8-10 q/ha b) Irrigated:- 12-15 q/ha
➢ Irrigation: Total water requirement of the mustard crop is
25-30 ha-cm. In rainfed situations two protective irrigation,
one at flowering and the other at pod formation is yield
benefial.

34. LINSEED
➢ Botanical Name :- Linum usitatissimum
➢ Family;- Linaceae
➢ Genus:- Linum
➢ Local Name:- Jawas or Alshi
➢ Economic Importance: 1. It is use as oilseed and fiber crop. 2. About 80%of the linseed oil used in
manufacturing of paints, varnishes, pa ink, printing ink, oil cloth, soap, waterproof fabrics. 3. Roasted
linseeds are used in various forms .Oil is edible used as cooking oil. 4. Husk and straw is a good raw material
used for making tissue paper, fire fighting hosepipes and rugs. 5. Oil cake is good cattle feed especially for
milch animals. Oil cake contains 36% protein.
➢ Land Preparation:- It needs a weed free and fine seedbed. After harvest of the previous crop one
ploughing followed by two to three harrowing are given. To control termites and cutworms soil
application of Aldrin 5% at last harrowing.
➢ Irrigation: It is mainly grown as rainfed crop on residual soil moisture. If irrigation facilities are
available one or two light irrigation may be given at 30-35 and 50-55 days after sowing. In case
of irrigated condition later sown crop (late Oct-Nov) one light pre-sowing irrigation is given to
ensure moisture supply for germinating seeds.

35. ➢ Seeds and sowing: a)Time of sowing: - Rainfed area- Last week of September to first
fortnight of October Irrigated areas- Second fortnight of October to November.
➢ Seed rate: (i) small seeded crops for oil purpose:- 8 to 10Kg/ha for drilling/line
sowing (ii) Bold seeded crops for fiber purpose:- Drilling – 20-25kg/ha, Broad casting-
35-40kg/ha Method of sowing:- Line sowing/Drilling and broad casting Generally
broadcasting is done in standing rice crop in Bihar and parts of East U.P d)
➢ Spacing:- 45cmx10cm 30cmx15cm e)Sowing depth: Shallow placement of seeds(2-3
cm deep).
➢ Seed treatment: - Thiram @ 3g/kg of seed + Bavistin @ 2g/kg of seed to control
seed born diseases.
➢ Varieties- Maharashtra: - Malshiras-10, Solapur – 36, N-3, N-55, R-552, Kiran, Sheetal,
Jawahar –23 MadhyaPradesh:- No-4-29, N.P.-11 UP-Type No.-1, Type No. 126 Other
varieties:- T-397, Jawahar-7, 17&522, Neelam, Mukta, Hira & K-2, Dual Purpose
varieties (oilseed +fibre purpose) Gaurav:- Crop duration – 135 to 140 Da
➢ Manures and fertilizer (i) Rainfed:- FYM /compost -4 to 5 t/ha;and RDF is 25:50:00kg NPK/ha at sowing time
only. Manure – (ii) Irrigated: - 8 to 10 tonnes of FYM or compost /ha RDF is- 60:30:00kg NPK/ha. 30 kg N & 30 kg P
at sowing, Remaining 30 kg ‘N’ after 40-45 DA

36. ➢ Harvesting and Yield: 1. For seed purpose (i.e. Oil):- The crop matures
in 100 days from the sowing. The crop may be harvested when the
leaves are dry, plant turn golden yellow in colour, the seed ball
(capsules) become dry and brownish in colour, Seeds have become shin
➢ Yield:- (A) Seed yield i) Rainfed:- 3-5 Q/ha ii) Irrigated:- 8-
10 Q/ha (B) Fibre Yield: 4-6 Q/ha of cordage (ropes of a
ship
➢ Pest:- Most important pest of linseed crop is gall fly which
damage the flower buds. It can be controlled by spraying of
phosphomidon or dimethioate at 0.3%conc. Diseases: Wilt
and rust are commonly occurring diseases of linseed. Early
sowing of short duration varieties reduces the incidence.

37. SUGARCANE
➢ Botanical Name- Saccharum officinarum L
➢ Family:- Gramineae/Poaceae
➢ Role of Sugarcane in Indian Economy/Economic importance:- 1. Sugar industry is the largest agro-based
processing industry next only to textile in India, having 453 sugar factories. 2. It plays a vital role in the Indian
economy contributing about 2% towards national gross domestic product. (GDP). 3. Sugarcane is a multiple
product commodity crop. It produces about 10-tonns Sugar, 4-tonns Molasses, 3-tonns filter Cake, 9.3- tonns
furnace ash, 30- tonns bagasse and 150 KW electricity for every 100 tonns of sugarcane crushed in a sugar
factory.
➢ Origin: Thin canes (Saccharum barberi, saccharum sinense) -
India Thick Canes (Saccharum officinarum) – New Guinea.
➢ Area & production: Sugarcane is grown in tropical & sub-tropical regions. Brazil has largest area & Production of
Sugarcane. India is second to Brazil in Sugarcane production. It is followed by Cuba & China. Other Important cane-
growing countries are Pakistan, Mexico, South Africa, Australia, Indonesia, Hawaii, ranks first in average Yield (220
t/ha), Peru – 150t/ha. At present Sugarcane is cultivated throughout the country except hilly tracts in J & K, H.P. &
North-eastern Parts. To meet the sugar requirement of increasing population in future, it is essential that Sugarcane
production is stepped up. Since there is no scope to bring additional load under sugarcane, the targets have to be
achieved only through increased productivity.

38. ➢ Some of important characters of these species are:- 1. Saccharum officinarum: - 2n=80 The officinarums are
called noble canes due to thick juicy, low fibre canes and high sucrose content. The varieties are suceptible to diseases
(red rot & mosaic) & pests. These canes are known as pundia or Paunda in North India. They grown for chewing
purposes. 2. Saccharum sinense: - 2n=118 It is termed as Chinese canes. Long & tain stalks, broad leaves. Low to
medium sucrose content & early maturing. The clones are suceptible to moisture stress & mosaic and red rot
diseases. 3. Saccharum barberi: 2n=82 to 124 75 Thin stalks with narrow or medium leaves clones are tolerant to
diseases & pests. 4. Saccharum spontaneum:- 2n = 40-128 Clones of this wild species are small & bushy. Tillering is
profuse. Resistant to diseases and pests. 5. Saccharum robustum:- 2n = 60 to 80 Wild species, high fibre content,
broad leaves and high fiber content
➢ Soil: can be grown on all types of soil ranging from sandy loam to clay loam. Well drained medium deep to
moderately heavy soils (60-120cm depth), high in organic matter content. The optimum pH 6.5 – 8.0. It can tolerate
moderate acidity & alkalinity (pH-5.5-8.5), but soils with slight acidity or with pH-6.0 preferred for higher crop yields.
➢ Climate: Sugarcane is a tropical crop & thrives best in the regions of 750 to
1200mm rainfall. Hot humid climate – during growth period Cool & dry climate –
during growth maturit
➢ Land preparations: Sugarcane does not require extremely fine seedbed as required for other cereals. The land
should be ploughed 1-2 times crosswise deep up to 25-30 cm followed by clod crushing & 2-3 harrowing. 20
C.L. FYM should be added before 2nd ploughing, mix well in the soil by harrowing. Open the ridges & furrows
at distance of 100 & 120 cm in medium & heavy soils, respectively. According to soil slope, the length of ridges
& furrows should be – 50 to 60 meters. Add the remaining ½ dove of manures (20 C.L. FYN) at the times of
planting.

39. ➢ a. Spacing:- i) Heavy soil: - 120cm ii) Light soil:- 90 to 100cm iii) Paired row/patta method:- 75 to 150cm OR 90
to 180cm
➢ b. Seed rate:- i) One eye bud setts:- 30,000/ha Distance between two setts:- 30cm ii) Two eye bud setts:-
25,000/ha. Distance between two setts:- 15-20cm iii) Three eye budded setts:- 25,000/ha c.
➢ Method of Planting i). Heavy Soil:- Dry method on ridges and furrow. ii) Light Soil:- Wet method on ridges and
furrow. iii) Paired row/patta method.
➢ d. Depth of planting:- 2.5 – 7.5 depending on soil type and method of planting. More depth of planting on
light to medium soil than in heavy soils
➢ a) Varieties for suru & pre-seasonal planting:- CO-86032 (Nira) – 1996 CO – 94012 (Phule
savitri) - 2002 COM-0265 (Phule – 265) – 2006 CO-419, CO-740, CO-7219 (Sanjivani
➢ Nutrient Management: Sugarcane being a long duration & huge biomass-accumulating crop removes
substantial amount of plant nutrients from the soil. An average crop of 100 tonnes/ha exhausts - 208 kg N,
53 Kg P, 280 Kg K, 3.4 Kg Fe, 1.2 Kg Mn, 0.6 Kg Zn, 0.2 Kg Cu and 30 Kg S
➢ Yield: - 100 tonnes/ha

40. SUGARBEET
➢ Botanical Name :- Beta Vulgaris Family:- Chenopodiaceae
Local name:- Sharkarakand, Beet.
➢ Economic importance: 1. It provides about 44% of world sugar production. 2. It produces
about 50 – 70 tonnes of roots/ha with sugar content of 15-16% & on an average sugar recovery
of 10-12 % 3. Beet pulp, after extraction of juice may be used as a nutritive cattle feed, either
fresh or dried. 4. Dry pulp contains 60% carbohydrates (CHO), 5% protein
➢ Area & Production: Crop of temperate countries like U.S.A., Russia, Sweden,
Denmark, Germany, Belgium, & Netherlands, France, et
➢ Soil: can be grown in well-drained sandy loam to clays loam soils. Heavy soils should be avoided. It can thrive
very well in saline alkaline soils with pH value as high as 9.5

41. ➢ Climate: It is crop of temperate & cold climate It is highly versatile & can be raised successfully in any region
with temperature ranging from 12 to 45ºC Germination - 15 ºC Growth & sugar accumulation - 20-22ºC is ideal
➢ Land preparation: Sugarbeet requires good firm seedbed. Field can be prepared by 1- deep plough. Followed by 2
to 3 cross harrowings. Planking should be done to make seedbed smooth. FYM – 20-30 t/ha – last harrowing.
➢ Seeds & Sowing: Sowing Time – 15th October – 15th
November
➢ Spacing - 45-60 x 20-25 cm – Dibbling
➢ Methods of Sowing: 1. Drilling in flat beds: 45-65 x 10-15
cm 2. Dibbling: 2-3 seeds dibbled at a distance of 20-25 cm
on both sides of the ridge Sowing Depth: 4-5cm
➢ Seed Rate: - 8-10kg/ha
➢ Seed Treatment: To ensure better germination, seeds are
soaked in plain water for 4-5 hours.
➢ Plant population – 80,000- 1,00,000/ha.
➢ Varieties: Erotype E, Romonskaya, US-35, US-75, Maribo Anglo Poly, Maribo Resista Poly, Triplex,
Maribo magna Poly, shows good performance in Indian conditions.In Maharashtra- Maribo

42. ➢ Weed control: The crop should be kept weed free at least for the first 35-45 days. Approximately 3-4 hand
weeding are enough to maintain weed free crop for the good yield. Chemical weed control:- Pendimethalin
herbicide @ 1-1.5 kg a.i./ha + 500 liter water as pre
➢ Water Management: The crop can not tolerate drought & hence it is very sensitive to inadequate water supply
but at the same time, excessive irrigation is highly detrimental to the root quality of the crop. Interval of
irrigation – 10-12 days
➢ Harvesting & Yield: It has been found that sugar in roots is about 10% at the beginning of February, gradually
increases to 15-16% - Mid of March. There after more or less constant or 94 may come down if crop remain
field for long time after maturity.Generally October sown crop is ready to harvest in the month of April/May.
1. Lower leaves dried 2. Brix reading above 19º. At the time of harvesting there must be enough moisture in
field to facilitate harvesting. The harvesting may be done by running a plough along the rows on both sides.
Also roots are pulled by kudali. The roots should not be washed with water as it causes a rapid deterioration.
The adhering soil should be cleaned of the roots by thorough shaking. The roots should be topped at the
leaf crown.
➢ Yield: 35-50 tonnes/ha – beet roots with 15-16% sucrose content, 8 – 10 tonnes of green

43. POTATO
➢ Botanical Name :- Solanum tuberosum L
➢ Family – Solanaceae
➢ Genus: Solanum
➢ Local Name-Batata. Alu Commercial crop/Tuber Crop
➢ Economic Importance: 1. Potato is the most important food crop of the world. 2. Potatoes
are rich source of starch, vitamins, especially( vit.C&vit.B ).and minerals. 3. They
possess20.6% CHO (Carbohydrates), 2.1% Protein, 0.3% Fat, 1.1% crude fiber and 0.9%
ash
➢ Soil:Sandy or medium loam soils rich in organic mater content, slight acidic soil is
preferable; soil pH should be between 5-7. Soil should be loose, friable, well
aerated with good drainage. This crop does not grow well in saline soils & under
highly acidic conditions it suffers from scab disease
➢ Climate :Potato is a temperate or cool season crop, which needs low temperature, low humidity & bright sunny
days. 25ºC - Germination 20ºC - Vegetative growth Between 17-20ºC - For tuberization & tuber development.

44. ➢ Preparation of land:Tuberization prefers to have well pulverized smooth tilth which may be obtained by giving two
ploughing (20cm, deep) with mould board plough followed by clod crushing and 2-3 harrowing, planking and collection of
stubble
➢ Seeds & sowing: Planting Time: Rabi : Mid October to Mid November Kharif – June to July Seed size, seed rate &
spacing: Tubers having 30-50g weight are the most economical and resulted in higher yields.Whole tubers should be
planted for early crop.
➢ Seed Size (cm) (in diameter) Spacing (cm) Seed rate (q/ha) Crop 2.5 x 3 45 x 15 10 Early Crop 4.5 x 5.0 50 x 20 25 Seed
Crop 2.5 x 4.0 60 x 25 20 Ware Crop For main crop cut tubers can be planted. While cutting the tubers, care should be
taken that each piece has 2 to 3 eyes & weights at least 25g. For planting 1ha area – 800-1500kg/ha
➢ seed potatoes are required Spacing: - 45 cm x 30 cm Seed treatment: 1. Chlorinated water :- Wash the tubers in
chlorinated water before planting. 2. Both the whole & cut tubers should be treated with captan (captin, captop) 30g +
carbendazin (Bavistin) 10g/10lit of water for protecting them from fungal diseases like black scurf rotting of seed
Potatoes for 20-30 minutes
➢ Harvesting: There should be optimum moisture in the soil at the time of harvest; care should be taken to
avoid mechanical damages like skinning, brushing, etc.
➢ Yield:- 25 -30 tonnes/ha.

45. TOBACO
➢ Botanical Name :- Nicotiana spp.
➢ Family:- Solanaceae
➢ Economic importance: 1. Tobacco contributes a major percentage of
the total value of commercial crops in India generating huge socio-
economic benefits in terms of agricultural employment, farm incomes,
revenue generation and foreign exchange earnings. 2. Provides
employment for about 57 lakh people annually in cultivation, curing,
grading, factories and cottage industries
➢ Soil requirement: Quality of tobacco is greatly influenced by the soil conditions. Tobacco is grown in light to medium
loams poor in humus content but with more of potash, phosphoric acid and iron. Tobacco does not tolerate
waterlogged soil. It is deadly harmful to the plants. It requires well drained soil. It is generally cultivated in moderately
acidic soil with pH ranging from 5.5 to 6.5.
➢ Climatic requirement: Tobacco is a tropical crop in origin but it is grown in subtropical and temperate regions
of the world. Tobacco needs 500-1000mm rainfall, which should be well distributed throughout the growing
period. Areas having a rainfall more than 1250mm are not fit for tobacco production, whereas a rainfall of less
than 750mm results in production of leathery and smaller leaves having very high nicotine content and poor
burning quality. The rainfall at maturity washes gum and resin on the leaves.

46. ➢ Preparation of field: A clean and well-pulverized seedbed of fine tilth is needed for transplanting of tobacco
seedlings. Land should be well prepared by ploughing followed by 3 to 4 cross harrowing.
➢ Method of sowing: Transplanting: Raising of seedlings (Nursery) Tobacco seeds are very
small (0.08 to 0.09 mg per seed wt.) and cannot be sown directly in the field. The soil
selected for raising seedlings should be sandy loam to clay loam. In some area the
tobacco seedlings are raised by rabbing method.
➢ Transplanting: Time of transplanting: the period for transplanting is varies from place to
place keeping in view the varieties to be planted, soil and climatic conditions. The time
of raising the seedlings in nursery is adjusted accordingly – 1. A.P. - Cigarette tobacco –
Mid October
➢ Spacing of transplanting: In Maharashtra, tobacco seedlings are transplanted at different spacing depending on
soil type as below:- 1. Heavy soils 100 x 100cm2 - 10,000 plants/ha 2. Medium Soils 100 x 75 cm2 - 13,333
plants/ ha 3. Light Soils 100 x 50 cm2 - 20,000 plants / h

47. ➢ Varieties of tobacco 1. Flue cured verginia cigarette tobacco- Harrison special,
chatham, Virginia Gold Hicks, Kanakapatra, White gold,
Dhanadayi. These varieties have been recommended for flue
cured virgina tobacco growing areas of A.P. and Karnataka. 2.
Natu: DG-3, DG-4, Prabhat – Recommended , Guntur district of
A.P. 3. Bidi:- K-20, S-20, Anand-2, Anand-3, Anand-23,
➢ Manures and fertilizers: In tobacco crop it is a well-known fact that economic returns are
largely dependent on the right combination of yield and quality rather than on the yield
alone. Quality in tobacco, particularly in the smoking types depends on the balance of the
nutrients in the leaf. Heavy application on N increases the yield, but it has an adverse effect
on the quality. With excess of N supply, the carbohydrate – nitrogen (CN)
➢ Water management: Tobacco crop does not tolerate water logging as well as it cannot withstand drought.
It needs light and frequent irrigations. Too much irrigation produces slick leaf with dirty colour,
insufficient irrigation restricts crop growth and the curing of leaf becomes difficult
➢ Yield: 1.Bidi tobacco – 10 to 12 q/ha (Rainfed) and 15to 20
q/ha (irrigated) 2.Cheroot and chewing – 14-15 q/ha
3.Cigarette - 7 to 8 q/ha

48. SWEET POTATO
➢ Botanical Name: Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam)
➢ Family: Convolvulaceae
➢ Origin-Central and South America
➢ Local name-Rataalu/Ratale
➢ Area and Production-It is cultivated in china, Argentina, Venezuela, Puerto Rico, Brazil Mexico, Peru,
Chile, Central America, and Philippines, In 2017, global production of sweet potatoes was 113 million
tonnes, led by China with 64% of the world total.
➢ Soil: Sweet potato can be grown in fertile, well-drained soil, loamy soil with a pH range of 5.6 - 6.6. Climate- It
requires a warm warm temperatures of 24 °C bright sunshine. Annual rainfalls of 750–1,000 mm most
suitable,The crop is sensitive to drought at the tuber initiation stage 50–60 days after planting, and it is not
tolerant to water-logging and frost.
➢ Irrigation Irrigate is done before planting.to keep soil moist at the time of
planting. Light irrigation next 106 day after planting.Generally weekly
interval of irrigation to keep soil moist. excess irrigation

49. ➢ Planting time- June – July Rabi- September Planting material- Vegetatively propagated , Vine
Cuttings slips—small rooted pieces of tuber. The vine cuttings should be 15-25cm in length with 2-
3 nodes and to be collected from matured vines aged 3 months and above
➢ Seed rate-Planting material-vine cuttings 50,000/ha Treat the vine cuttings before planting by
dipping in a solution of Azospyrillum mixing 400 g in sufficient quantity of water.
➢ Spacing- 75cmx30cm or ridges furrows 60cmx30cm
Varieties –H-42,Pusa Safed,Pusa sunehari,H-41,pusa Lal,Co 3, Co CIP 1, Sree Nandini, Sree Vardhini,
➢ Preparation of field Plough the field to fine tilth.3-4 ploughings followed by 1-2 harrowing and bring
the soil to fine tilth
➢ Manures and fertilizers FYM/Compost-10t/ha. Fertilizers- RDF-100:75:100kg NPK/ha
Basal application- 50:75:100NPKKg/ha. At planting. Top dressing- 50kg N –after one and
half month after planting followed by earthing up.
➢ Harvesting – sweet potato is about four months(110-120days) duration. Stop irrigation one week before
harvest.it is harvested when leaves and ends of the vines turning yellow.Harvesting is done by cutting the vine
and soil loosen around the plant digging up the potatoes.Separate out damaged and bruised tubers. Curing-
After digging up the tubers, removes soli adhered to the tubers and kept for curing in a warm place about two
weeks.
➢ Yield- 20-25 t/ha of tubers .

50. MENTHA
➢ Botanical name:- Mentha
➢ FAmily- Labiatae/ Lamiaceae
➢ Local Name:- Pudina (Marathi) Mint (English),Japanese
/Chinese mint/field mint
➢ Origin: Mediterranean region
➢ Economic Importance: 1. Use for essential oil. Fresh leaves contain 0.4-0.8% oil 2. The main constituents of the oil
is menthol – 70-80%(by steam distillation)
➢ Soil: well drained medium to fertile deep soil, sandy loams, rich in humus, good water holding capacity. pH-6 to 7.5.
It can also be cultivated on red and black soil.
➢ Climate: It grows in all tropical and sub-tropical areas. It prefers a cooler climate. It requires temperature 10-300 C
and humidity 60 to 70%.rainfall between 100-110 cm.
➢ Preparation of land: Bring the soil to fine tilth by one ploughing and 2-3 cross harrowing. All the stubbles should be
removed before the crop is planted.
➢ Harvesting and yield: Japanese mint is generally harvested after 100-120 days after planting, the crop
planted through stolons in January and February is harvested twice i.e. in June and October months.

51. ➢ Seed rate(Planting material)- 500kg stolons/ha or 1, 50,000 cuttings/ha.
➢ Spacing:- i) Ridges and furrows: - 45 to 60cmx15cm ii) Flat bed: - 45 to 60cmx15cm
➢ Varieties: Japanese mint- MAS-1, Kalka (Hybrid-77) EC-41911,Shivalik (selection from
Chinese cultivar),, Gomti, Himalaya, Kosi, Kushal,EC-41911. EC-41911 selection from
Russian germplasm
➢ Manures and Fertilizers:- a. Manures: FYM/compost – 8-10 tonnes/ha b. Fertilizers:- RDF- 125:75:37
kg NPK/ha. 1) Basal dose at planting: - 50:75:37 kg NPK/h
➢ Chemical weed control: 1. Pre-emergence spray of Diuron or Terbacil @ 2kg a.i./h
➢ Pests -1.Cutworms- young plants are damaged at the collar
region Control measures--Soil treatment with Phorate 10g
before planting.
➢ Diseases-Stolon Rot- During rainy season, stolon rot occurs on the underground parts; resulting in a soft
decay
➢ Yield- Fresh herbage- 20 tonnes/ ha in two harvests which, in turn,
yields around 250 kg of oil in a year

52. LEMON GRASS
➢ Botanical Name: Cymbopogon flexuosus
➢ Family: Gramineae/poaceae
➢ Local Name:- Marathi – Gavati chaha Hindi – Gandhaturn
Origin: -South Asia, South-East Asia and Australia
➢ Economic Importance: 1. The chief constituent of the oil is the citral (75 to 85%) due to this oil has strong
lemonlike aroma.it is a starting material for manufacture of ionones, which produces synthetic vitamin – A. 2.
Fresh grass gives recovery of oil about 0.3 to 0.5%.
➢ Soil: Well-drained, sandy loam, rich loam to poor laterites, Soil pH ranging from 4.5 to 7.5 is ideal.
➢ Climate: It requires a warm, humid climate with plenty of sunshine. High rainfall – 250 to 300 cm, well
distributed over the year.
➢ Preparation of land: One deep ploughing in summer. Two
harrowings and field should prepared loose and fine.
➢ Sowing time:- June to July
➢ Sowing Method:-Planting of one year old clumps/old plants rooted slips
➢ Spacing: - Ridges and furrow – 90cm x 60cm
➢ Seed rate:- i) Clumps /rooted slips- 22000to 25000/h

53. ➢ Varieties: OD-440, Sugandhi (OD-19), OD-408, OD-440, Pragati, Praman, Kaveri, Krishna,
RRL-16, RRL-39, CKP-25 (Hybrid), SD-68, GRL-1, NLG-84, Chorhahit.
➢ Manures and fertilizers: a. Manures:- FYM/Compost – 8 to 10 tonnes/ha b.
Fertilizers:- 220:50:50kg NPK/ha i) Basal dose at planting: 20:50:50kg NPK/ha ii) Top
dressing: 40kg N at 45to 60DAT/DAP
➢ Water Management: In winter season irrigation interval 15 days. In summer
season irrigation interval 10days
➢ Harvesting and Yield: First cutting at 4-5months after planting. Subsequent harvests are done at
intervals of 60- 70 days or 3months interval after first cutting depending upon the fertility of the soil
and other seasonal factors.
➢ Average oil Yield:- 3 to 5 kg oil from 1 tonnes of grass.

54. LUCERNE
➢ Botanical Name : Medicago sativa, Linn.
➢ Family:- Leguminaceae/Fabaceae
➢ Area & Distribution: It is grown mostly in the states of Punjab. Haryana,
U.P. Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Tamilnadu as irrigated cro
➢ Soil :- It can be grown on a wide range of soils from sandy loam to clay. It grows best on well-
drained fertile medium deep loam soils. It does not thrive well on very heavy and waterlogged soils
➢ Climate-Lucerne can stand a wide range of temperature but cool and dry climate is congenial for its
growth
➢ Land preparation: Lucerne needs a fine, well-levelled seedbed with adequate moisture. Plough the field
once with the mould board plough and 3-4 times with local wooden plough or 2-3 harrowing followed by
planking each time to ensure fine & firm seedbed.
➢ Varieties: Sirsa-9, Anand-2, Anand-3, Sirsa-8, CO-1, NDRI-
selection NO .1, Rambler IGPIRIS-244. IGFRIS-54, Chetak (IL-
244) SS-627, RL-88, Ahmednagar local.

55. ➢ Seed rate: 25kg/ha for drilling
➢ Spacing: The seed may be drilled in lines 30 cm apart with seed drill
➢ .Method of sowing: It is either sown by line sowing or broadcasting. Broadcasting- after last harrowing & covered
with planking or i.e. seed broadcasted in lines..
➢ Seed Treatment: Just before sowing seed treatment with Rhizobium melilotti culture @250g/10kg of seeds
➢ Manures and Fertilizers: FYM- 10 tonnes/ha. Fertilizers- RDF-100:280:40 kg NPK/ha Basal dose-20:80:40 Kg NPK/ha at
the time of sowing. There after Apply – 20:50:00KgNPK/ha after every fourth cutting. It is being a leguminous crop
fulfills its nitrogen requirement through the process of symbiotic nitrogen fixation. An adequate application of
phosphorus is necessary for the proper functioning of the nodules
➢ Weed control: First weeding should be done at 20-25 days after sowing and subsequent weedings should be done
after each cutting. Or hoeing should be done after every three cuttings. Pre sowing application of Diuron (Carmex)
@ 2.0 kg a.i./ha or EPTC @ 3.0 kg a.i/ha 30 DAS or MCPB @ 0.75kg a.i./ha, 30 DAS us effective.
➢ Disease management- 1.Bacterial blight- infected plants get stunted and large number of branched stem. The roots
show brownish yellow discoloration of the woody tissues. Grow resistant varieties, Adopt long duration crop rotation.
2.Leaf spot: Diseased plants turn yellow and leave drop off.
➢ Harvesting- Foliage cutting management First cutting should be done at 50 DAS(at half bloom stage). Subsequent
cuttings should be done at 21-25days interval till the month of May after which it may be left for setting of seeds as
the plant starts flowering. Generally Lucerne foliage cutting takes place for one and half year and then crop left for
seed production. On an average 10-12 cuttings may be taken per year. Yield : Green fodder- 1000-1200qt/ha

56. BERSSEM
➢ Botanical Name : Trifolium alexandrium L
➢ Family:- Leguminaceae/Fabaceae
➢ Local name –Ghodaghas(in Marathi)
➢ Soil:Medium to heavy soil, with well drained.The crop can tolerate mild acidic soils.
➢ Climate: Berssem can stand a wide range of temperature but cool and dry climate is congenial
for its growth. Land preparation: Berseem needs a fine, well-levelled seedbed with adequate
moisture.one ploughing and 2-3 harrowing followed by plankin
➢ Seeds & sowing:
➢ i) Time of sowing:- October – November.
➢ ii) Seed rate:- 30kg/ha
➢ iii) Sowing method and spacing:- Line sowing(drilling) at 30cm row to row spacing.
➢ iv)Seed treatment:- Just before sowing seed treatment with Rhizobium trifoli culture
@250g/10kg of seeds.
➢ Varieties- Vardan, Meskavi, JB–3,4, IGFRI-S-99-1,UPB-101,103,104,Pusa Giant
Water management: Schedule irrigation at 10-12 days interval

57. ➢ Manures: FYM/compost @ 5-10 tonnes/ha is applied before
last harrowing. Fertilizers:- at sowing time 20:80:40kg
NPK/ha
➢ Harvesting: Cutting management Always harvest the crop at
50% bloom stage. First cutting should be done after 45-50 days
from sowing, and subsequent cutting are taken 21-25 days
interval. Total number of cuttings are 3-4. Yield: - Green forage-
600-800q/ha i.e.60-80t/ha.

58. OAT
➢ Botanical Name:- Avena sativa L
➢ Family: Gramineae / poaceae
➢ Origin and History: Oats are reported to be Asian origin (Asia Minor region).
Area and Distribution: - It is grown in Russia, USA, Canada, China, France,
Germany, Poland and Australia. Oat is grown mainly a fodder crop In North
India comprising state of Punjab, Haryana, UP, Bihar, West Bengal, MS, Gujarat,
and MP.
➢ Soil: It grows well on medium textured well drained, fertile soils are
preferable for better results. Climate: Oat crop requires cool
temperature; in the range of 15 C to 25 C. Welldistributed rainfall of
760mm is ad
➢ Seeds & sowing: 1.Time of Sowing-Early October to end of November. 2. Seed rate-
100kgs/ha. 3. Method of sowing-Line sowing (drilling) 4. Spacing- 30cm row to row
spacing.
➢ Varieties- Phule Harita, Kent, Phule Surbhi, Weston-11, OS-6,
OS-7, JHO-822, 855, 851, IGFRI- 2688, UPO-212, 222, OL-9,
Pusa oat – 1, 2,3.

59. ➢ Manuring: - F.Y.M. @ 5-10 tonnes/ha before last harrowing
is thoroughly mixed in the soil. Fertilizers: RDF-120:50:40 kg
NPK/ha Split Application- 40:50:40kgNPK/ha -as basal does
at sowing, 40kgN/ha -at 25 days after sowing
➢ Irrigation- Irrigation at 10days interval is necessary for better
yields. Irrigation is must after each cut. Total water
requirement of oat is 10.03 hacm
➢ Harvesting: Oats harvested First cutting at 50-55days and
second cutting 35days after first cutting or at mid-flowering
(50% flowering) stage. Cutting should be done at 10cm
above the ground level. This helps to increase total green
forage as well as quality fodder. Green forage
➢ yield:- 500-600q/ha (from two cuttings).

60. CITRONELA
➢ Botanical Name: Cymbopogon winterianus
➢ Family:- Gramineae/poaceae
➢ Local Name: Malbar grass,
➢ Origin: - Ceylon
➢ Economic Importance: 1. It is an aromatic grass. 2. Trade name oil is Java citronella 3.
Java citronella oil contains chemical like citronellal 25-45%, citronellol 65%), % and
Geraniol 12-34% 4. Citronella grass leaves contain 0.9 to 1.2% oil. 5. Java citronella oil
has higher alcohol content 90-95% and Ceylon type 60-71%.
➢ Soil: Medium to deep soils rich in humus, having good water holding capacity and good drainage should be
preferred. Soil pH-5 to 7. Alkaline, water logged soils are detrimental for crop growth.
➢ Climate: The plant prefers humid warm climate with plenty of sunshine. Places having 75-90% humidity
favour the growth. Well distributed rainfall ranging from 200-250cm.
➢ Preparation of land: The land is brought to a fine tilth by one deep
ploughing and 2-3 harrowings. Collection of stables if any

61. ➢ Seeds and sowing:
➢ Sowing time:- June to July 134
➢ Sowing method:- planting of one year old clumps or old plants rooted slips.
➢ Spacing:- 1.Ridges and furrows – 90cm x 60cm. and 60x60cm. One clumps / rooted slips planted on one side of
ridge at 60cm distance.
➢ Seed Rate(rooted slips): 27,8000 to 35000/ha Varieties: Jorhat – C2, Java-2, CIMAP-bio-13, Manjusha, Mandakini,
RRL-JOR-3, IW-31243, IW-31243, IW-31245, KS-CW-SI
➢ Manures and Fertilizers: Manures:- Fym/compost 8-10 tonnes/ha Fertilizers: - 160:50:50kg NPK/ha Basal dose at
planting:- 20:50:50kg NPK/ha i) Top dressing:- 20kg N at 45-60DAP ii) After each cutting 30kg N/ha (120kg N in 4
split doses) iii) P and K applied per year after first cutting in beginning of every year
➢ Water Management: For healthy crop growth it should be irrigated frequently. This crops uses large amount of
water. Irrigation interval of 15 days in winter and 10 days i
➢ Pests and Diseases: Generally leaf blight and Anthracnose affect citronella grass. Dithane M-45 OR Z-
78 sprays control leaf blight. However, Anthracnose can be controlled by application of
Dithiocarbamate
➢ . Harvesting and Yield: it is a perennial grass and after planting, crop remains in the field for 4 to 5
years. Two cuttings may be obtained in the first year commencing 6 months after planting. There
after cutting at 3 to 4 months interval. Crop should be cut when attends1.35 meter plant height.
➢ Yield: Average Oil Yield:- 8 to 10kg oil from 1 tonnes of gras