Production technology of Cabbage

INTRODUCTION
Botanical Name: Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata
Chromosome no. 2n= 18
Family: Cruciferae
Origin: Mediterranean region
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 Cabbage is grown over an area of 2412 thousand hectares
in the world, with a production of 69381 thousand tonnes.
 China is the leading producer of cabbage in the world
followed by India
 Productivity of cabbage is highest in Republic of Korea
with 72.45 t/ha.
World Scenario
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S. No. Country Area (‘000 ha) Production (‘000 tons) Productivity
(tons/ha)
1. China 966 33188 34.35
2. India 402 9035 22.47
3. Republic of Korea 35 2536 72.45
4. Russian Federation 72 2495 34.65
5. Ukraine 63 1672 26.53
6. Indonesia 66 1407 21.31
7. Japan 35 1379 39.4
8. Romania 47 1067 22.70
9. Poland 24 985 41.04
10. U.S.A 21 884 42.09
Area, Production and Productivity of Major Cabbage Producing
Countries in the world during 2018
FAO Stat, 2018
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 India is the second largest producer of cabbage in the
world with a production of 9035 thousand tonnes from an
area of 402 thousand hectares.
 West Bengal is the leading producer of cabbage in India
but the productivity is highest in Uttar Pradesh.
 In Jammu and Kashmir it is grown over an area of 3.79
thousand hectares with a production of 114.70 thousand
tonnes.
INDIAN SCENARIO
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S.No. State Area (‘000 ha) Production (‘000 tons) Productivity
(tons/hac)
1. West Bengal 79.46 2288.50 28.80
2. Orissa 37.34 1058.78 28.35
3. Madhya Pradesh 29.89 686.91 22.98
4. Bihar 37.94 673.44 17.75
5. Assam 33.24 640.13 19.25
6. Gujarat 27.85 629.48 22.60
7. Chhattisgarh 21.84 414.19 18.96
8. Haryana 21.21 342.45 16.14
9. Jharkhand 19.06 326.22 17.11
10. Uttar Pradesh 9.06 302.97 33.44
Area, Production and Productivity of Major Cabbage Producing
States in the India during 2018
FAO Stat, 2018
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 Demand for high value produce is growing both in domestic and
overseas market at the same time, competition is also increasing.
 Biotechnological tools must be used in conjunction with
conventional breeding to tag genes of interest. There is need
to develop varieties with durable resistance to multiple diseases and
pests; heat, drought and salt tolerant varieties
 Eco-region specific technology generation based on maximum
productivity of available natural resources like climatic condition,
soil fertility and water.
 Improve the understanding of interactions between native
ecosystems and production systems and develop best practices to
conserve biodiversity.
FUTURE THRUSTS
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 Integrated management of emerging diseases and pests. Emphasis
should be on identification of new and effective bio-molecules for
management of biotic stresses being encouraged for ecofriendly and
sustainable management of diseases and pests.
 Develop production and post-harvest technologies to improve
product quality and minimize environmental impacts.
 Sustainable path for development to meet challenges in
vegetable production through proper technological innovations and
interventions
 Inter institutional mechanisms to network and review the ongoing
programmes of biotechnology, cost effective production
technologies, postharvest technology, farm mechanization, transfer
of technology and organic farming.
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NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF CABBAGE
Composition of minerals
Vitamin A 80 IU
Lutein + Zeaxanthin 27 µg
Vitamin C 37.5 mg
Vitamin E (α-Tocopherol) 0.41 mg
Vitamin K 108.7 µg
Thiamin 0.061 mg
Riboflavin 0.038 mg
Niacin 0.248 mg
Vitamin B6 0.112 mg
Folate 30 µg
Pantothenic acid 0.174 mg
Composition of vitamins
USDA , 2018
Calcium 48 mg
Iron 0.17 mg
Magnesium 15 mg
Phosphorus 33 mg
Potassium 196 mg
Sodium 8 mg
Zinc 0.2 mg
Copper 0.017 mg
Manganese 0.205 mg
Selenium 0.6 µg
Fluoride 1 µg
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Protein 1.27g Valine 0.042g
Tryptophan 0.011g Arginine 0.074g
Threonine 0.035g Histidine 0.022g
Isoleucine 0.03g Alanine 0.042g
Leucine 0.041g Aspartic acid 0.121g
Lysine 0.043g Glutamic acid 0.292g
Methionine 0.012g Glycine 0.03g
Cystine 0.011g Proline 0.048g
Phenylalanine 0.032g Serine 0.052g
Tyrosine 0.019g Valine 0.042g
Arginine 0.074g
Composition of protein and amino acids
USDA , 2018
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Medicinal Importance
Antioxidant Agent
 Due to the high vitamin C content of
cabbage, it helps in boosting the
immune system and fighting off free
radicals.
Anti-inflammatory Agent
 They contain sulforaphane, which is
a compound that reduces
inflammation.
 Cabbage is also known to
accumulate a build-up of cadmium-
binding complexes in its leaves; one
of the main components of that
is glutamine. Glutamine is a strong
anti-inflammatory agent, so
consuming it can help to reduce
inflammation, irritation, allergies,
joint pain, fever, and various skin
disorders.
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Anticancer Properties
 cabbage- which contain a relatively high content of glucosinolates,
having anti-carcinogenic properties.
 The glucosinolates are converted into isothiocyanate compounds;
This conversion helps in the prevention of various cancers
including breast cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, and colon
cancer.
 Red cabbage specifically has a number of anti-cancer compounds
like lupeol, sinigrin, and sulforaphane (glucosinolates derived
isothiocyanate), which are known to stimulate enzyme activity and
inhibit the growth of tumors that lead to cancer.
 Cabbage has an abundant amount of beta-carotene, As per studies
in the American Journal of Epidemiology dietary beta-carotene
has been positively linked with reduced chances of prostate cancer
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Supports the Digestive Tract
 The fibres present in cabbage helps
to bulk up the bowel movements and
treat constipation.
 Rich in fibres and glucosinolates,
thus helps the body to retain water
Improves Heart Health
 cabbage is rich in polyphenols,
which reduce the risk
of cardiovascular diseases by
reducing blood pressure and
preventing platelet build-up.
 Also, by binding the bile acids,
cabbage helps to lower
bad cholesterol levels
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Skin Care
 Free radicals can be an underlying
cause of wrinkles, skin
discoloration, spots, and many other
conditions.
 Therefore, the antioxidants we get
by eating cabbage can cause a turn-
around in our aging processes,
leaving us feeling and looking
healthy and young
Brain Health
 The presence of vitamin K and
anthocyanins in cabbage can give a
strong boost to mental health.
 Vitamin K is essential for the
production of sphingolipids, the
myelin sheath around some nerve
cells.
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 Cabbage, as well as all cruciferous vegetables, are great
sources of minerals, like calcium, magnesium, and
potassium. These three essential minerals are integral in
the protection of bones from degradation and the onset
of conditions like osteoporosis and general bone
weakening.
Improves Bones
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 For an early crop sandy or sandy loam soils are considered best but
for a late crop where higher yield is the main consideration clay loam
or silt loam (heavy) soils which can retain moisture are more
suitable.
 Due to slow growth on heavy soils, the keeping quality of heads is
improved because of compactness.
 The optimum pH for the growth of cabbage is 5.5-6.5 since
phosphorus availability is more in this range. However, adding
dolomite lime not only the pH is adjusted but magnesium is added to
the soil, a nutrient often found deficient in cabbage.
 Most of the cabbage types are moderately tolerant to salt. Plants
grown in saline soils are more susceptible to diseases like black-leg.
Soil
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 It thrives best in a relatively cool and moist climate. Japanese investigations
have shown that 15-20 ˚C is the optimum temperature range for growth and
head formation of cabbage. At temperature exceeding 25 ˚C, the growth is
checked. The minimum temperature for growth of cabbage is just above 0 ˚C.
 Cabbage may withstand temperatures of 10-40 ˚C for a few days only. The
young plants can grow at higher temperature followed by the their
requirement for cool season for heading.
 The development of heat tolerant varieties of cabbage in japan has increased
the potentiality for growing these varieties under wider temperature range and
formed tight heads even at an average temperature of 25 ˚C.
 The imported hot weather hybrids like Green Boy and Green Express form
compact heads under tropical conditions in day temperatures of 30-35 ˚C in
East, South and western India.
Climate
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Copenhagen Market
• An introduction from Denmark
• Early, round
• 1.5-3kg
• 75-80days
Late variety
Heads are with few outer
leaves, uniform, solid
Drum shaped, pale green
Stalk is short, small frame
Late Drum Head
Varieties/Hybrids in Cabbage
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GoldenAcre
Earliest variety
Sel. From Copenhagen
Market
Outer leaves cup shaped
Solid, short core,1-1.5kg
Cracking of heads-late
sowing
60-65 DAP
Recommended in Kashmir
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Pride of India
Introduction
Plant type similar to Golden
Acre
Week later in maturity
Heads Bigger size
1.5-2.0kg
Jersey wakefield
Early Jersey Wakefield is known for
the solid, conical heads it produces
on compact plants
The heads are tender and crisp
55-60 days for head formation
1.0-1.5kg
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Danish Ballhead
Introduced from
United States in 1887
Bolt and split resistant
This cabbage produces
round, blue-green heads
weighing 5-7 pounds
Kranti
Dark green leaves
Compact, Semi Round
and Light Green Heads
Harvesting with in 60
days after transplanting
Head weight : 0.8-1.2kg
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PusaDrum Head
Released by IARI
Light green outer leaves
Prominent midribs and venation
3-4kg
80-90days
Resistant to Black Leg
Recommended in Kashmir
Pusa Mukta
Well adapted
throughout India.
Average yield 30 t/ha
Resistant to black rot.
Maturity in 70-75 days
after transplanting
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Pusa Synthetic
Released from IARI
Early variety
350- 460 q/ha
September
Introduction from Germany
Popular in Nilgiri hills
Foliage is dark green, wavy margin
Long stalk
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Bajrang(BSS-50)
Beejo Sheetal Seeds Pvt.Ltd.,Jalna, MH
Heads are dark green,smooth,highly compact
Outer leaves upright
Recommended in Kashmir.
Resistant to fusarium wilt
Average weight is 1kg
Mitra
Early hybrid
Excellent head to plant
ratio
Fresh green, uniform,
compact, ball shaped
0.8-1.2kg each
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Quisto
High yielder hybrid
Tolerant to hot conditions
70 days
Round heads
Tropical climate
Very solid
Savoy type
 It is more open-headed
and used in salads
 Savoy King and Savoy Queen
 Both have a deep, dark green
colour with a few days
difference in their maturity
period Savoy King takes 85 days
to harvest while Savoy Queen
takes 88 days.
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Baby Cabbage
300 gram headsafter 60
days.
Strong tolerance to
bolting
Shiny green exterior
An attractive yellow
internal colour.
Red Cabbage
Tolerant to DBM
Distinct coat of wax
1-2kg
90days
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Nursery Management
 Select new field every year. Avoid heavy soils for better drainage.
 Prepare nursery beds of size 3m X 1m X 0.15m. 10 beds are sufficient to raise seedlings for one
hectare.
 FYM should be applied @ 20-25 kg/bed.
 Drench the nursery beds with captaf 2g/litre of water 5 days before sowing.
 Seeds are sown in nursery beds @ 37-50g/bed. Cover the seeds with sieved mixture of well
decomposed manure and soil in equal proportion.
 In northern plains the seeds are sown in August-September for early crop and September-
October for late crop. In hills the cabbage seeds are sown from the beginning of March to the
end of June for fresh vegetable and for seed crop it varies from July (late cultivars) to August
(early cultivars).
 Hot water treatment of seeds at 50oC for 30 minutes is beneficial to control seed borne disease
like black rot and black leg.
 Cover the seed beds with straw and remove it soon after germination starts.
 Water the nursery beds morning and evening everyday with a rose can for first few days and light
irrigation later on.
 Protect nursery beds from hot sunshine and heavy rains. (polytunnels)
 Stop watering gradually 3-4 days before lifting.
 Water thoroughly 2-3 hours before lifting to facilitate lifting of seedlings without root damage.
 Seedlings are ready for transplanting within 4-5 weeks.
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Transplanting
 Generally, 4-6 weeks old seedlings are ready for transplanting but older seedlings
up to 8 weeks age can also be transplanted
 Seedlings are transplanted at following distances
Early varieties: 45x45 cm, mid: 60x45 cm and late 60x60 cm
 For early planting, ridge method is more suitable.
 In saline soils, planting should be done in furrows.
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Water Management
 Cabbage requires a continuous supply of moisture for uniform growth and
development of heads.
 The optimum growth of cabbage occurs at moisture content varying from 60-
100% of field capacity with an average of 80%. Irrigation should be given when
the moisture content of the soil had dropped below 50% of field capacity.
 “Whether the weather dry or wet always water when you set.”
 During head initiation and development stages proper moisture level in the soil
should be maintained.
 Drip Irrigation increases yield by increasing water use efficiency.
 The use of drip irrigation in combination with mulch increases yield over
furrow irrigation in cabbage by 65% (Tiwari et al., 2002)
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Nutrient Management
 Cabbage is a heavy feeder and requires adequate manuring for profitable yields.
 Organic manuring can play a vital role in sustaining soil fertility and crop
production
 Vermicomposting is a potential source of readily available nutrients, growth
enhancing substances and a number of beneficial microorganisms like N fixing, P
solubilizing and cellulose decomposing organisms (Suthar, 2012).
 Vermicompost contains more organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur,
calcium and magnesium (Zahid, 2001)
 It not only helps to improve and protect the soil fertility of top soil but also helps
to boost productivity by 40% with 20 to 60% lower nutrient inputs (Sunassee,
2001).
 The quantity of nitrogen, phosphorous and potash varies from place to place.
Fertilizers Dosage (kg/ha) Time of application
Nitrogen 150 Entire P,K and half of N at the time of
sowing and other half of N 30 days
after transplanting
Phosphorus 60
Potash 60
SKUAST-K, Package of practices volume II
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Role of Biofertilizers:
 Biofertilizers like Rhizobium, Azotobacter and Azospirillum improves growth
yield and quality of the vegetable crops along with increasing nutrient uptake and
its availability in the soil.
 Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria converts insoluble phosphates in soil into
soluble forms and secrete organic acids such as acetic, formic, propionic, lactic,
glycolic, fumaric and succinic acids.
 Phosphorus solubilizing micro-organism has synergistic effect with other
biofertilizers (as Rhizobium, Azotobacter and Azospirillum).
 VAM (Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza) increases nutrient content , growth and
yield.
 Application of Azospirillum in cabbage increases yield by 9.53 % (bhat et al.,
2007)
 Application of Azotobacter in cabbage increases yield by 24.30% (verma et al.,
1994)
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Growth Regulators
 In cabbage var. Golden Acre, vegetable yield was increased by soaking of seeds in
0.1% boric acid before sowing whereas spraying 50ppm boric acid at flowering
enhanced the seed yield.
 GA3 (100-1000ppm) spray resulted in better development of seed.
Recommended Plant Growth Regulators (PGR’S) in Cabbage
Name of
PGR’S
Concentration
(mg/l)
Method of
application
Attributes
affected
References
NAA 0.1 Seed
treatment/
Improves head Chhonkar and
Jha, 1963
IBA 0.4 Foliar spray Size and yield Chauhan and
Bordia, 1971
NAA + chelated
Zn
100+0.2% Foliar spray at
45 days after
transplanting
Increases yield Mishra et al.,
1984.
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Role of micro-nutrients in Vegetables
Micro-nutrient Role
Boron Essential for pollination and reproduction; cell division; transport of
sugars
Molybdenum Part of enzyme involved in nitrogen metabolism; aids nitrogen fixation
and protein synthesis
Manganese Important in chlorophyll formation; part of enzyme involved in
respiration and nitrogen metabolism
Iron Important in chlorophyll formation; part of enzyme involved in
photosynthesis, respiration and nitrogen fixation
Chlorine Involved in light reaction of photosynthesis; aids root and shoot growth
Zinc Important in chlorophyll, auxin and starch formation.
(Wikipedia)
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Effect of foliar application of micronutrients on yield of
cabbage var. Golden Acre (Vibhuti et al., 2017)
Micro-nutrient Concentration Yield (t/ha)
Ammonium molybdate 0.1% 18.7
Boric acid 0.2% 21.68
Zinc sulphate 0.5% 21.13
Copper sulphate 0.5% 18.88
Ferrous sulphate 0.5% 18.93
Manganese sulphate 0.5% 19.76
control 17.05
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Weed Management
 In cabbage intercultural operations are necessary to check the weed growth and to
conserve moisture by the formation of a soil mulch.
 Removal of weeds eliminates competition for moisture, nutrients, light and air.
 Weeds can be controlled either manually or by the use of herbicides or a blend of
both.
 Due to shallow root system of cabbage, deep hoeing should always be avoided.
 Use of black polythene mulch is effective in controlling weeds, conserving moisture
and increasing yield of cabbage.
 Chemical weed control is economic because it saves time and labour. Preplant
application of Trifluralin @ 0.5 litre/ha or Basalin @ 0.5 litre/ha gave excellent
control of monocot as well as dicot weeds with higher yield.
 Pre plant application of stomp 30EC (1kg a.i /ha) followed by first hoeing/weeding
at the critical crop weed competition period 35-40 days after planting and second
light hoeing/weeding 60 days after planting is effective in controlling most annual
grasses and broad leaved weeds.
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Cropping System
 To utilize land and labour effectively especially in kitchen and market garden,
cabbage can be grown in rotation, succession cropping or intercropping.
 Any plan of cropping system should not be made permanent but it should be
flexible depending on individual or market needs, change in weather conditions,
disease and pest infestation.
 Cabbage can be intercropped with lettuce from November-March followed by
cluster bean and French bean from march-october as succession crops in kitchen
gardens.
 Cropping pattern wherein cabbage (late) can be intercropped with lettuce
(October-February) followed by Okra (March-June) and radish (July-September)
as succession crops or Cabbage (early) intercropped with knol khol (September-
December) followed by bitter gourd (January-May) and cowpea (June-August) as
succession crops.
 while doing intercropping care should be taken that cabbage crop get proper light,
moisture and be weed free, otherwise lengthy seedling growth may not be able to
form uniform heads.
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Mulching
 Mulching is primarily used for the conservation of moisture and control of weeds
 other benefits derived from mulching are addition of organic matter, especially
when plant materials are used as mulch, helps in activating microrganisms in soil,
improvement in quality of vegetables and control of certain disease and pests.
 Leaves, straw, hay, crop wastes, different kinds of paper or polythene may be used
as mulch.
 Black polythene mulch is effective in controlling weeds, conserving moisture,
including better growth and higher yield of cabbage.
 In cabbage use of plastic mulch increases yield by 39.16% (NCPAH 2018)
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Protected Cultivation
 The cultivation of cabbage in India under protection has not been
practiced due to varied agroclimatic conditions where it can be grown
throughout the year in one part or the other.
 The growing of cabbage in polyhouses may not be profitable due to high
cost involved on infrastructure and production. However they can be
utilized for raising seedlings of cabbage in the hills during feb-mar for
growing as off-season crop during summer.
 In heavy snow bound areas like Himachal Pradesh cabbage seed
production is done partly under protection because the heads with roots
intact are stored during winter in trenches before being planted in the field
in April-may.
 Vernalization of heads takes place in these storages.
 Maintainance of self incompatible lines of cabbage is done by breaking it
temporarily by use of 2-5% carbon dioxide gas in greenhouse.
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Poly tunnels Sunken Nursery
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Container Culture
 A household activity that utilizes containers in growing fruits, vegetables and
herbs for family consumption.
 It is the cheapest and healthiest way of food production as it utilizes bio-wastes
as sources of fertilizers in growing crops.
 It is also known as urban container gardening.
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Harvesting
 Cabbage becomes ready for harvesting when the heads are firm but tender.
However, it can be done earlier in early winter cultivars like Golden Acre and
Pride of India when the market prices are high.
 Delay in harvesting results in cracking and rotting of heads
 For harvesting the plant is tilted by holding the head in one hand so that the head
can be cut with some wrapper leaves which give protection to head from bruising
injury.
 The heads after harvesting should not be directly kept on the soil which otherwise
gives bad look to the heads
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Processing:
Sauerkraut: It is just like a fermented pickle prepared by using salt. Under
anaerobic conditions the sugars of cabbage are decomposed by the activity of
lactic acid bacteria into lactic acid which reduces the pH to 4.0. At this low pH all
the living microbes are killed and the product is air tight sealed to prevent further
deterioration. Storage varieties of white cabbage with compact heads, fine leaves
with thin veins are preferred for sauerkraut making.
Drying: The shredded cabbage after blenching with steam or boiled water is
dried either by freeze drying or hot air drying.
Pickling: Red cabbage is used for pickle which is prepared by placing shredded
head in brine (25%) for one night after which the brine is replaced with vinegar
and packed into glass jars.
Cole slaw: cabbage after shredding in small pieces or grated is mixed with
different vegetable oils or vinegars, spices and creams is eaten as salad after
refrigeration. It can not be stored for longer period.
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Physiological Disorders
1. Hollow stem: Hollowness caused by boron deficiency is characterized by the
appearance of water soaked areas and discoloration of tissues. When it is caused
due to excess of nitrogen, the affected stem remains perfectly white with no sign
of disintegration. In this case the stem becomes hollow and the plant growth is
stunted.
 Control:
 Applying borax or sodium borate @ 20kg/ha
 In case of acute deficiency spraying of 0.25 to 0.50 % of borax.
 Reduce the dose of nitrogenous fertilizers.
 Transplant the crop at closer spacing
2. Whiptail: In this case young cabbage plants become chlorotic; the leaves
become cupped and wither. Eventually the leaf dies and the growing plant also
collapses and whiptail develops. It occurs due to molybdenum deficiency
particularly in acidic soils having pH below 5.0
Control:
 Application of 0.2 % Mo as foliar spray would give satisfactory control.
 Add lime in the soil to raise the p.H of soil to 6.5
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 3. Bolting;
 Premature formation of seed stalk without forming head is known as bolting. It
is not desirable in commercial crop but essential in seed production programme.
It is caused due to following reasons;
 Early sowing of seeds in hot weather.
 Failure of leaves to form solid heads.
 Lack of pure seed
 Inadequate nutrient supply and attack of insect pests and diseases.
 Control:
 Growing bolt resistant varieties
 Avoid sowing in warm weather.
 Supply adequate amount of nutrients and follow proper plant protection
measures
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Tip burn Splitting
 It is the death of the margins
of expanding young leaves
within the cabbage head. It is
caused by shortage of calcium
associated with rapid growth
and water stress.
 Control; growing non-
susceptible varieties
 Mature cabbage heads may split if not
harvested in a timely manner. Splitting
occurs when the stem and internal leaves
grow after the head is mature, putting too
much pressure on the leaves forming the
head. It occurs more frequently after a
rain.
 Control; harvesting should be done soon
after the head reaches the marketable
stage.
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Crop Modeling
 Modeling is the use of equations or sets of equations to represent the behaviour
of a system.
 crop models are computer programmes that mimic the growth and development
of crops (USDA, 2007).
 Model simulates or imitates the behavior of a real crop by predicting the growth
of its components, such as leaves, roots, stems and grains. Thus, a crop growth
simulation model not only predicts the final state of crop production or
harvestable yield, but also contains quantitative information about major
processes involved in the growth and development of the crop.
 Reactions and interactions at the level of tissues and organs are combined to
form a picture of the crop’s growth processes.
 There are no reports of crop modeling in cabbage till now.
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Bibliography
 Tindall, M. (2000). Mineral and organic fertilizing in cabbage. Residual effect for
commercial cultivation on yield and quality performance with organic farming.
Hort. Bras. 6, 15-20.
 Batsai, S. T., Polyakev, A. A. & Nedbal, R. F. (1997). Effects of organic and
mineral fertilizers on the yield and quality of irrigated late white cabbage in the
steppe region of the Crimea. Hort. Abst. 49 (11), 730.
 4. Suthar, S. (2012). Impact of vermicompost and composted farmyard manure on
growth and yield of garlic (Allium stivum L.) Field crop. Int. J. of Plant Prod. 3
(1), 27-38
 . Sunassee, S. (2001). Use of Litter for Vegetable Production. AMAS 2001. Food
and Agricultural Research Council, Reduit, Mauritius. pp. 259–263.
 . Zahid, H. M. (2001). Production of vermicompost and its use in Upland and
Horticultural crops. Annual reports of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council,
Farmgate, Dhaka.
 Chaudhari Vibhuti L, NK Patel, GD Patel, Chaudhari VJ, Sagar Raj Nayak.
International Journal of Chemical Studies 2018; 6(1): 1724-1726
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