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ROSE CULTIVATION
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- 6. Introduction • Kingdom: Plantae •Class: Magnoliopsida • Family: Rosaceae • Genus: Rosa • Scientific names: Rosa centifolia L, Rosa damascena Mill. Rosa alba L. etc
- 7. IMPORTANT ROSE IMPORTERSAND EXPORTERS: • Germany is the highest importer followed by USA, The Netherlands,France, Switzerland and U.K • The main exporter is the Netherland followed by Columbia Ecuador, Kenya, Israel and Zimbabwe. • In India , the major rose flower cultivating states are Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu , Karnataka & West bengal .
- 8. • Roses arebest known as ornamental plants • Some are used as landscape plants,for hedging • Roses are a popular crop for both domestic and commercial cut flowers. • Rose perfumes are made from attar of roses or rose oil. • Rose water, made as a byproduct of rose oil production. • Rose hips are occasionally made into jam, jelly, and marmalade. • Roses are also used in herbal and folk medicine. Uses and importance
- 9. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OFROSES • Rose belongs to family Rosaceae. • All species of this flower with minor exception belongs to the genus Rosa. • There are about 150 recognized and described species of roses. • The genus Rosa is divided into 4 sub genera namely- Eurosa, Platyrhodon,Hesperhodos, Hulthemia.
- 10. Grace and Elegance Enthusiasm Innocenceand Purity Friendship & Welcome Love and Romance Symbolism Rose colors symbolize soft feelings for many special occasions.
- 11. CLASSIFICATION OF ROSES •Hybrid tea:- (Hybrid perpetual×Tea roses) Most popular rose. Bears large & highly centered flowers, borne singly at the end of a stem. First variety:- La France created in1867. Some known varieties are Melody, Darling , Sonia , Only Love etc.
- 12. Floribunda:- (Hybrid teax Poliantha) • They combined the beautiful forms of the Hybrid Teas with the perpetual flowering habit of the Polyanthas. • Flowering in clusters with small size and open centre. • Good for garden display. • Important Varieties are :- Kiss, Florence , Mercedes, Jaguar etc.
- 13. • Grandifloras: Mainlyobtained from crosses between Hybrid Tea and Floribunda type. Produces large number of flowers in cluster with fine form. Eg: Montezuma (1955), Queen Elizabeth (1954),
- 14. Miniature / ButtonRoses: • Popularly known as Baby roses with small leaves & flowers. • They are hardy and good for pot culture. • Multiplied by cuttings as well as budding on root stocks.
- 15. Climbers and Ramblers: •They bears large clusters of small, single or double flowers, mainly belong to two groups. • Used for training on arches, pergolas.
- 16. Cabbage roses: • Thecabbage roses called such due to their numerous petals that create a large, full bloom resembling a cabbage. • They belongs to species R.centifolia.
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- 21. IIHR Released Variety ArkaParimala
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- 24. PROPAGATION • Commercial method:-T budding • Dormant eyes on a scion of chosen variety are budded by T method on a roots. • Rootstock:- R. multiflora is more suitable for southern parts as indicated by research done at IIHR. Bangalore. • Budded plants take less time to build up and produce economic production in short time.
- 25. CLIMATE • The temperatureshould be maintained between 15-18⁰ C. • High temperature in polyhouse can be managed by simple ventilation,evaporative cooling from pad and fan system, micro sprinklers. • Low temperature at night is more detrimental for growth and flowering of rose. • Humidity is maintained between 50-60% in poly house during hot summer months. • CO₂ level of 1000ppm is ideal for quality bloom production of rose. • In open field condition ideal temperature is 15-28⁰C and humidity 75%.
- 26. INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTPARAMETERS • Increase in temperature resulted in reduction in juvenile period, length of leafy shoots and fresh weight of shoot in Hybrid Tea rose. • Low temperature beyond 100C in polyhouse promote diseases. • At low temperature , growth and flower production become slow but the quality of flowers are better. • The stem and flower buds in some roses do not elongate or expand until there has been an exposure to cool temperature. • Winter chilling was found to be necessary for flower bud formation. • Very high humidity results in condensation of low temperature encourage the diseases.
- 27. SOIL • An idealsoil should be rich loose and structurally stable with a depth of around 50cm ensuring optimum drainage and aeration of the roots. • Roses do not tolerate water logging and high water table therefore an ideal soil must have a stable water table at the active root zone. • Roses can also be grown in soil less media like rock wool, peat, cocopeat, perlite. • Soil pH should be slightly acidic 6.2-6.8.
- 28. Land Preparation • Thesoil should be dug to a depth of 60 cm. and incorporated with organic or inorganic additives to improve the soil structure. • Soil sterilizing is an important technique to prevent the soil from soil borne diseases.
- 29. Soil sterilizing techniques:- •Soil solarization • Chemical sterilization:To control soil borne phytopthora,fusarium and pythium • Fumigation with 2% Formeldehyde (or) • Methyl bromide-30g/m2 (or) • Recent chemical-Dazomate (Basaline)-30g/m2 • Covered with plastic sheet for 3 days
- 31. Manure and Fertilizers •Roses are gross feeder. • The requirement of major nutrient are broadcasted on the beds and mixed into the upper 30 cm of soil. • After establishment of plant nutrition is applied through irrigation system. CONCENTRATED REQUIRED FOR FERTIGATION
- 32. PLANTING 1.Ideal method ofplanting of rose double row system 2.Plant to plant distance -25 cm. 3.Row to row distance-30 cm. 4.Long stemmed varieties are planted at 25-26 cm. 5.Short stemmed varieties are planted at 18-25 cm. 6.Planting time: October- November
- 33. Plant growth regulators GibberellicAcid:- • Regulate the growth and flowering • Increases the length of shoots • Increases the number of nodes • Prolonged the period of flowering and enhanced the yield. • CCC(3%) solution caused dwarfing and improve flowering.
- 34. Irrigation • Roses donot like water logging condition but need plenty of water for their growth and development. • Frequency of irrigation depends on the water requirement of particular varieties. • Ideal method-Drip irrigation system • Another method of irrigation –Sub surface ,in which water is directly delivered at the root zone without any losses. • Regular soil moisture is very essential for rose.
- 36. Cultural Operation Weed Management •Manual weed control is effective if done frequently. • Diuron @ 2 kg ai/hac. • Oxyfluorofen @0.5 kg ai/hac. • Rice straw mulch is also effective. • Major weeds of rose :- Anagallis arvensis, Melilotus albums. Chinopodium alba, Poligonum etc.
- 37. Mulching • It conservesoil moisture. • Supply humus. • Suppress weeds. • It is done with paddy straw, dried leaves. • Also promotes growth and flowering. • It promotes physical properties of the soil.
- 39. Pinching 8th week afterplanting
- 43. Bud netting • Regulatethe shape of the buds • Some varieties should be covered with bud nets.
- 44. Pruning For cut flowerproduction:- • First week of October (North Indian condition) • Last week of June and again last week of November (Bangalore condition) • The height of pruning varies from 30-45 cm. from ground. For hybrid tea roses:- • A sharp cut should be given at an angle of about 45º above eye bud. • FLORIBUNDA:- Pruned lightly • POLYANTHAS:-Need thinning of over crowded branches. • CLIMBERS:-Removal of unwanted wood to control size and shape.
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- 53. Blind shoots × Noflower bud initiation × Shoots do not initiates of pistils and stamens primordial. causes × Low temperature × Boron deficiency Control : × ccc@500ppm and GA@100ppm × Boron @30 to 60 ppm
- 64. YIELD CUT FLOWER Under protectedcultivation ; 150-300 quality flower stems per m2 per year. Under open field condition ; 10- 20 flower stems (Hybrid Tea ) LOOSE FLOWER 10-50 quintals/hactare (R. damascena)
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- 73. REFERENCES: • Singh ,A.K. (2006) Flower crops Cultivation and management . • Bose , T.K.,Yadav , L.P., Pal ,P. , Das,P. , Parthasarathy, V.A.- Commercial flowers • Randhawa , G.S. and Mukhopadhyay, A. Floriculture in India. • Internet sources.
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