Jasmine- introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Marigold - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management –special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Cultivation of marigold. production technology of marigold .Arvind Yadav
Genomic classification of marigold.African marigold(Tagetes erecta).CN- 2n=24.Family-Composity/Asteraceae. Origin ---Maxico and South america.
French marigold(Tagetes patula).CN-2n=48
.Family-composity/Asteraceae
.Origin-Maxico and South america
There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)
Jasmine- introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Marigold - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management –special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Cultivation of marigold. production technology of marigold .Arvind Yadav
Genomic classification of marigold.African marigold(Tagetes erecta).CN- 2n=24.Family-Composity/Asteraceae. Origin ---Maxico and South america.
French marigold(Tagetes patula).CN-2n=48
.Family-composity/Asteraceae
.Origin-Maxico and South america
There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)
Gerbera - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
turmeric cultivativation , production technology of turmeric Arvind Yadav
TURMERIC.Scientific Name : Curcuma longa.
Family :Zingiberaceae,
2n = 3X=63.
Origin place : South East Asia.
Economic part :- dried rhizome.
Curcuma longa an herbaceous perennial herb.
Curcumin (4 -7 %) is the principle colouring pigment in turmeric .
Essential oil content :- 2.5 -7.2 %.Area and production :-
India is the largest producer and exporter of turmeric in the world.
Area :- 180.96 lakh hectares.
Annual production of 7.92 lakh metric tonnes.
Andhra Pradesh stood first contributing 30% of the production followed by Orissa, Tamilnadu.
The productivity of turmeric is 4,400 kg/hectare.
Scented rose - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Pract no. 9 (b) floral biology of mangotusharamodugu
Scientific Name: Mangifera indica L.
Common Names: Mamidi, Am
Chromosome number : 2n = 2x = 40
The origin of mango is Indo – Burma region.
In India Mango is acclaimed as “King of fruits”.
Floral Biology :
Inflorescence :
Inflorescence is a large and terminal panicle.
The branching of the inflorescence is usually tertiary, rarely quaternary, but the ultimate branching is always cymose.
The mango inflorescence or panicle bears mainly two types of flowers – male and hermaphrodite.
The panicle bear 500-6000 flowers of which 1-70% are bisexual, remaining are male depending on the cultivar and temperature during its development. The percentage of perfect flowers varies between 0.74 per cent in Rumani, 16.41 to 55.7 per cent in Neelum and up to 69.8 per cent in Langra.
CULTIVATION OF OKRA , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF OKRA ,Arvind Yadav
OKRA
Scientific Name : Abelmoschus esculentus
Family : Malvaceae,
Chromosome number : 2n=72, 108,130
Origin : Asiatic region /Etthiopea/Africa.
Common names : Bhendi, Lady’s FingerEconomic importance and uses :-
Okra is more remunerative than the leafy vegetables.
Tender green fruits are cooked in curry and also used in soups. The root and stem are useful for clearing cane juice in preparation of jaggery.
Okra is rich in vitamins, calcium, potassium and other minerals. 100g consumable unripe bhendi fruits contain 10.4g dry matter, 3,100 calorie energy, 1.8g protein.
The dry seeds contain 13-22% edible oil and 20-24% protein.Area and production:-
India is the largest producer of okra in the world. The major bhendi growing states are Utter Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal.
Popular varieties:-
Pusa Makhmali
Pusa Sawani
Arka Anamika (Selection 10)
Arka Abhay (Selection
Punjab Padmini
Punjab -7
Parbhani Kranti
Varsha Uphar (HRB 9-2)
Gujarat Bhendi 1
Gerbera - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
turmeric cultivativation , production technology of turmeric Arvind Yadav
TURMERIC.Scientific Name : Curcuma longa.
Family :Zingiberaceae,
2n = 3X=63.
Origin place : South East Asia.
Economic part :- dried rhizome.
Curcuma longa an herbaceous perennial herb.
Curcumin (4 -7 %) is the principle colouring pigment in turmeric .
Essential oil content :- 2.5 -7.2 %.Area and production :-
India is the largest producer and exporter of turmeric in the world.
Area :- 180.96 lakh hectares.
Annual production of 7.92 lakh metric tonnes.
Andhra Pradesh stood first contributing 30% of the production followed by Orissa, Tamilnadu.
The productivity of turmeric is 4,400 kg/hectare.
Scented rose - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Pract no. 9 (b) floral biology of mangotusharamodugu
Scientific Name: Mangifera indica L.
Common Names: Mamidi, Am
Chromosome number : 2n = 2x = 40
The origin of mango is Indo – Burma region.
In India Mango is acclaimed as “King of fruits”.
Floral Biology :
Inflorescence :
Inflorescence is a large and terminal panicle.
The branching of the inflorescence is usually tertiary, rarely quaternary, but the ultimate branching is always cymose.
The mango inflorescence or panicle bears mainly two types of flowers – male and hermaphrodite.
The panicle bear 500-6000 flowers of which 1-70% are bisexual, remaining are male depending on the cultivar and temperature during its development. The percentage of perfect flowers varies between 0.74 per cent in Rumani, 16.41 to 55.7 per cent in Neelum and up to 69.8 per cent in Langra.
CULTIVATION OF OKRA , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF OKRA ,Arvind Yadav
OKRA
Scientific Name : Abelmoschus esculentus
Family : Malvaceae,
Chromosome number : 2n=72, 108,130
Origin : Asiatic region /Etthiopea/Africa.
Common names : Bhendi, Lady’s FingerEconomic importance and uses :-
Okra is more remunerative than the leafy vegetables.
Tender green fruits are cooked in curry and also used in soups. The root and stem are useful for clearing cane juice in preparation of jaggery.
Okra is rich in vitamins, calcium, potassium and other minerals. 100g consumable unripe bhendi fruits contain 10.4g dry matter, 3,100 calorie energy, 1.8g protein.
The dry seeds contain 13-22% edible oil and 20-24% protein.Area and production:-
India is the largest producer of okra in the world. The major bhendi growing states are Utter Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal.
Popular varieties:-
Pusa Makhmali
Pusa Sawani
Arka Anamika (Selection 10)
Arka Abhay (Selection
Punjab Padmini
Punjab -7
Parbhani Kranti
Varsha Uphar (HRB 9-2)
Gujarat Bhendi 1
Rose cultivation practices, uses, variety, soil and climatic requirement, pla...Nischal Sapkota
Rose cultivation practices, uses, variety, soil and climatic requirement, planting, manuring, harvesting and post harvest and disease and insect control
Slides include production technology of loquat, its origin and distribution in Pakistan, plant description, environmental and cultural requirements etc..
Nerium and Celosia - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning –role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Flower Production in Pakistan
• Limited area under flower production
o Lack of awareness about modern production systems
o Poor production and postharvest handling
infrastructure
o Poor international marketing standards information
• Major flower growing areas in Pakistan
o Pattoki (Kasur)
o Lahore
o Rawalpindi/Islamabad
o Multan/Melsi
o Hyderabad
o Karachi
o Rawlakot (AJK)
o Mansehra & Swat
Asparagus and dracaena - Species and varieties - Production technologyDr. M. Kumaresan Hort.
FOLIAGE FILLERS - Asparagus and Dracaena - introduction and uses – varieties – propagation - planting systems and methods – nutrition and water management - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This document contains about some of the under utilized and under exploited leguminaceous crops and this may be useful for atleast few of the students like me
THE FOLLOWING are embided i n this presentation
Winged bean
Lima bean
Jack bean
Cluster bean
Pigeon pea
Dolichos bean
African yam bean
Yam bean
This presentation about chayote is prepared by me during fourth semester. chayote is also called "Iss kush" in Nepali and one of the less studied vegetables cultivated in hills of Nepal.
Dutch rose - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
History, Albert mayor, Stanley, Smith, Crystalline nature, DNA as genetic material, antigenic properties, tmv structure, RNA as genetic material, contribution of Indian scientists to plant virology
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
6. Introduction
• Kingdom: Plantae
• Class: Magnoliopsida
• Family: Rosaceae
• Genus: Rosa
• Scientific names: Rosa centifolia L, Rosa damascena Mill.
Rosa alba L. etc
7. IMPORTANT ROSE IMPORTERS AND EXPORTERS:
• Germany is the highest importer followed by USA, The
Netherlands,France, Switzerland and U.K
• The main exporter is the Netherland followed by Columbia
Ecuador, Kenya, Israel and Zimbabwe.
• In India , the major rose flower cultivating states are
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu , Karnataka & West bengal .
8. • Roses are best known as ornamental plants
• Some are used as landscape plants,for hedging
• Roses are a popular crop for both domestic and
commercial cut flowers.
• Rose perfumes are made from attar of roses or rose oil.
• Rose water, made as a byproduct of rose oil production.
• Rose hips are occasionally made into jam, jelly, and
marmalade.
• Roses are also used in herbal and folk medicine.
Uses and importance
9. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF ROSES
• Rose belongs to family Rosaceae.
• All species of this flower with minor exception belongs to the
genus Rosa.
• There are about 150 recognized and described species of
roses.
• The genus Rosa is divided into 4 sub genera namely- Eurosa,
Platyrhodon,Hesperhodos, Hulthemia.
10. Grace and Elegance
Enthusiasm
Innocence and Purity
Friendship & Welcome
Love and Romance
Symbolism Rose colors symbolize soft feelings for
many special occasions.
11. CLASSIFICATION OF ROSES
• Hybrid tea:- (Hybrid perpetual×Tea roses)
Most popular rose. Bears large & highly centered flowers, borne
singly at the end of a stem.
First variety:- La France created in1867. Some known varieties are
Melody, Darling , Sonia , Only Love etc.
12. Floribunda:- (Hybrid tea x Poliantha)
• They combined the beautiful forms of the Hybrid Teas with
the perpetual flowering habit of the Polyanthas.
• Flowering in clusters with small size and open centre.
• Good for garden display.
• Important Varieties are :- Kiss, Florence , Mercedes, Jaguar
etc.
13. • Grandifloras: Mainly obtained from crosses between
Hybrid Tea and Floribunda type. Produces large
number of flowers in cluster with fine form. Eg:
Montezuma (1955), Queen Elizabeth (1954),
14. Miniature / Button Roses:
• Popularly known as Baby roses with small leaves & flowers.
• They are hardy and good for pot culture.
• Multiplied by cuttings as well as budding on root stocks.
15. Climbers and Ramblers:
• They bears large clusters of small, single or double flowers, mainly
belong to two groups.
• Used for training on arches, pergolas.
16. Cabbage roses:
• The cabbage roses called such due to their numerous petals that
create a large, full bloom resembling a cabbage.
• They belongs to species R.centifolia.
24. PROPAGATION
• Commercial method:- T budding
• Dormant eyes on a scion of chosen variety are budded by T method on a roots.
• Rootstock:- R. multiflora is more suitable for southern parts as indicated by
research done at IIHR. Bangalore.
• Budded plants take less time to build up and produce economic production in
short time.
25. CLIMATE
• The temperature should be maintained between 15-18⁰ C.
• High temperature in polyhouse can be managed by simple ventilation,evaporative
cooling from pad and fan system, micro sprinklers.
• Low temperature at night is more detrimental for growth and flowering of rose.
• Humidity is maintained between 50-60% in poly house during hot summer
months.
• CO₂ level of 1000ppm is ideal for quality bloom production of rose.
• In open field condition ideal temperature is 15-28⁰C and humidity 75%.
26. INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT PARAMETERS
• Increase in temperature resulted in reduction in juvenile period, length of leafy
shoots and fresh weight of shoot in Hybrid Tea rose.
• Low temperature beyond 100C in polyhouse promote diseases.
• At low temperature , growth and flower production become slow but the quality of
flowers are better.
• The stem and flower buds in some roses do not elongate or expand until there has
been an exposure to cool temperature.
• Winter chilling was found to be necessary for flower bud formation.
• Very high humidity results in condensation of low temperature encourage the
diseases.
27. SOIL
• An ideal soil should be rich loose and structurally stable with a depth of
around 50cm ensuring optimum drainage and aeration of the roots.
• Roses do not tolerate water logging and high water table therefore an
ideal soil must have a stable water table at the active root zone.
• Roses can also be grown in soil less media like rock wool, peat, cocopeat,
perlite.
• Soil pH should be slightly acidic 6.2-6.8.
28. Land Preparation
• The soil should be dug to a depth of 60 cm. and incorporated with
organic or inorganic additives to improve the soil structure.
• Soil sterilizing is an important technique to prevent the soil from
soil borne diseases.
29. Soil sterilizing techniques:-
• Soil solarization
• Chemical sterilization:To control soil borne phytopthora,fusarium and
pythium
• Fumigation with 2% Formeldehyde (or)
• Methyl bromide-30g/m2 (or)
• Recent chemical-Dazomate (Basaline)-30g/m2
• Covered with plastic sheet for 3 days
30.
31. Manure and Fertilizers
• Roses are gross feeder.
• The requirement of major nutrient are broadcasted on the
beds and mixed into the upper 30 cm of soil.
• After establishment of plant nutrition is applied through
irrigation system.
CONCENTRATED REQUIRED FOR FERTIGATION
32. PLANTING
1.Ideal method of planting of rose double row system
2.Plant to plant distance -25 cm.
3.Row to row distance-30 cm.
4.Long stemmed varieties are planted at 25-26 cm.
5.Short stemmed varieties are planted at 18-25 cm.
6.Planting time: October- November
33. Plant growth regulators
Gibberellic Acid:-
• Regulate the growth and flowering
• Increases the length of shoots
• Increases the number of nodes
• Prolonged the period of flowering and enhanced the yield.
• CCC(3%) solution caused dwarfing and improve flowering.
34. Irrigation
• Roses do not like water logging condition but need plenty of water for their
growth and development.
• Frequency of irrigation depends on the water requirement of particular
varieties.
• Ideal method-Drip irrigation system
• Another method of irrigation –Sub surface ,in which water is directly delivered
at the root zone without any losses.
• Regular soil moisture is very essential for rose.
35.
36. Cultural Operation
Weed Management
• Manual weed control is effective if done frequently.
• Diuron @ 2 kg ai/hac.
• Oxyfluorofen @0.5 kg ai/hac.
• Rice straw mulch is also effective.
• Major weeds of rose :- Anagallis arvensis, Melilotus albums.
Chinopodium alba, Poligonum etc.
37. Mulching
• It conserve soil moisture.
• Supply humus.
• Suppress weeds.
• It is done with paddy straw, dried leaves.
• Also promotes growth and flowering.
• It promotes physical properties of the soil.
43. Bud netting
• Regulate the shape of the buds
• Some varieties should be covered with bud nets.
44. Pruning
For cut flower production:-
• First week of October (North Indian condition)
• Last week of June and again last week of November (Bangalore condition)
• The height of pruning varies from 30-45 cm. from ground.
For hybrid tea roses:-
• A sharp cut should be given at an angle of about 45º above eye bud.
• FLORIBUNDA:- Pruned lightly
• POLYANTHAS:-Need thinning of over crowded branches.
• CLIMBERS:-Removal of unwanted wood to control size and shape.
53. Blind shoots
× No flower bud initiation
× Shoots do not initiates of pistils and stamens
primordial.
causes
× Low temperature
× Boron deficiency
Control :
× ccc@500ppm and GA@100ppm
× Boron @30 to 60 ppm
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64. YIELD
CUT FLOWER
Under protected cultivation ; 150-300 quality flower stems per m2 per
year.
Under open field condition ; 10- 20 flower stems (Hybrid Tea )
LOOSE FLOWER
10-50 quintals/hactare (R. damascena)