3. Table of Contents.
We will talk about this
first.
We will talk about this
second.
After that we will talk
about this.
01 | How Strong?
02 |Earth’s Interior Through
Earthquake Waves
04 | What I Have
Learned?
Then, we will talk about
this.
03 |Role Play
4. OBJECTIVES:
� describe magnitude and intensity of an earthquake;
� differentiate intensity of an earthquake to its magnitude;
� identify the active and inactive faults in the Philippines.
6. INTENSITY VS. MAGNITUDE
An earthquake may be described in two ways: intensity and magnitude.
The intensity of an earthquake gives us an idea of how strong or weak the shaking
is. A device called a seismograph can measure the strength of an earthquake.
Analyzing a seismogram enables seismologists to determine the time, focus, and
epicenter, as well as the amount of energy released by the movement of the rock
masses. The magnitude of an earthquake is a measure of the amount of energy
released as estimated from seismogram readings. The Richter scale, designed by
Dr. Charles F. Richter, is the best-known logarithmic scale used in measuring the
magnitude (strength of the shock waves) of the earthquake. It is expressed in Hindu-
Arabic numerals (2,3,4). The intensity of an earthquake is determined by observing
the effects of the earthquake in different places. Houses, buildings, and other
structures are inspected. People are interviewed about what they saw, how they
felt, or what they did. It is expressed using Roman Numerals (I,II,III).
10. Seismic waves are the waves of energy caused
by the sudden breaking of rock within the
earth or an explosion. They are the energy that
travels through the earth and is recorded on
seismographs.
11. Did you know?
� Have you ever heard a big clap of thunder and
heard the windows rattle at the same time?
� The windows rattle because the sound waves were
pushing and pulling on the window glass much like
P waves push and pull on rock. Sometimes animals
can hear the P waves of an earthquake. Usually we
only feel the bump and rattle of these waves.
.
12. P Waves (compression wave)
� The first kind of body wave is the P wave or
primary wave. This is the fastest kind of seismic
wave. The P wave can move through solid rock and
fluids, like water or the liquid layers of the earth.
It pushes and pulls the rock it moves through just
like sound waves push and pull the air.
13. S wave (transverse wave)
� The second type of body wave is the S wave or secondary wave, which is
the second wave you feel in an earthquake. An S wave is slower than a P
wave and can only move through solid rock. This wave moves rock up and
down, or side-to-side.
14. Love Waves (Surface Waves)
� The first kind of surface wave is called a Love wave, named after A.E.H.
Love, a British mathematician who worked out the mathematical model
for this kind of wave in 1911. It's the fastest surface wave and moves the
ground from side-to-side.
15. Rayleigh Waves (Surface Waves)
� The other kind of surface wave is the Rayleigh wave, named for John
William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh, who mathematically predicted the
existence of this kind of wave in 1885. A Rayleigh wave rolls along the
ground just like a wave rolls across a lake or an ocean. Because it rolls,
it moves the ground up and down, and side-to-side in the same direction
that the wave is moving. Most of the shaking felt from an earthquake is
due to the Rayleigh wave, which can be much larger than the other
waves.
16. LET’S REFLECT:
� How do seismic waves behaves as it passes
through different layers of the earth?
� Is it seismic data accurate in knowing
layers of earth?
19. � 1. Primary (P) Seismic Waves can pass through
____________________________.
A) crust and core only
B) solids, gases, and liquids
C) liquids only
D) solids only
E) gases only
20. � 2. Secondary (S) Seismic Waves can pass through
____________________________.
A) gases only
B) crust and core only
C) solids only
D) liquids only
E) solids, gases, and liquids
21. � 3. Of the 3 seismic waves, the _____-Waves are
the fastest.
A) Q
B) L
C) P
D) R
E) S
22. � 4. P-Waves are also said to be ____________-
____________ waves.
A) up-down
B) side-side
C) east-west
D) push-pull
E) north-south
23. � 5. The point within the earth where
seismic waves originate is called the
_____.
A) origin
B) focus
C) fault scarp
D) epicenter
24. ROLE PLay
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