3. NIGER – RAPID POPULATION GROWTH
LEDC – One of the poorest countries in the world
Population Growth Rate of 2.9% (very high)
Almost half of the population is under 15 years old
Fertility Rate of 7.1 children per mother
Population Growth is due to falling death rates
-Reliable, clean water supply
-Babies are inoculated against disease
-Better diets are eaten
-More clinics + hospitals
-Better health education
-Women are becoming more educated

4. RUSSIA – FALLING BIRTH RATES + HIV
Population decline from 143m (2007) to a predicted 111m (2050)
Due to:
-High death rate (Low life expectancy – Male = 59y/o)
-High level of alcohol related deaths
-More than 1,000,000 Russians with AIDS
-Low birth rate (1.1 children per woman)
-Russian women are well educated and so do not want to have
large numbers of children
-Low level of immigration
-High level of emigration to other European countries, in search of
a better lifestyle

5. CHINA – BIRTH CONTROL POLICIES
L A T E R , L O N G E R ,
F E W E R ( 1 9 7 0 - 7 9 )
China realised that there
would not be enough food,
jobs etc. and so introduced
this policy
Encouraged:
- delay before 1st child
- longer interval between
children
- fewer children overall
O N E C H I L D P O L I C Y
( 1 9 7 8 - P R E S E N T D A Y )
The rapid population growth
seemed to be stalling China’s
development and so they
introduced this policy
One child per family
Population growth has slowed
down – China has avoided
having an extra 300,000,000
births
However:
- there are many female
orphans
- much pressure is place on
the child to succeed
- too many boys/not enough
girls

6. SINGAPORE – PRENATAL POLICIES
In the 1980s, the Singaporean government decided that it
needed a young, vibrant work force to develop its economy
- encouraged rapid population growth through natural
growth and immigration
- even though Singapore already has a high
population density
- encouraged more educated women to have more children
Introduced ‘Stop at Two’ in 1970 to slow down birth rates
(successful)
- gave grants of US$7000 to less well educated women who
agreed to be sterilized after 2 children
Introduced ‘Have Three or More, if you can afford it’ in the mid
1980s to raise the birth rate
- tax rebates for the 3rd child
- subsidies for day-care
- priority in enrolling in the best schools

7. EU - MIGRATION
Almost 500m people are able to travel freely between the EU countries
- no need for a visa or even show a passport
Lots of movement between the EU countries
Advantages
- mixing of culture
- job vacancies are filled quickly
- EU funds can improve infrastructure
Disadvantages
- loss of distinctive culture
- racism
- conflict
- over migration in some places
Polish Workers in the UK
-Perform many unskilled jobs
-Boomerang Migrants
- work hard in UK
- then return to Poland to set up a business

9. READING – CBD AND INNER CITY PLANNING
Construction of The Oracle Shopping Centre (late 1999) revitalised
Reading’s shopping facilities, providing more and larger modern shops,
attracting more shoppers (wide sphere of influence), to support
Reading’s economy
Encouraged by the local authority by making the planning easy for the
developers
Pedestrianised Broad St., the road just outside the Oracle to make it more
attractive to shoppers and to raise the footfall in these areas, benefitting
local shops
-Added street furniture (benches and public art) to make the area
more aesthetically pleasing to the shoppers
-Because of these developments it turns into a secondary high
order shopping area, but still manages to keep a traditional
high street, which compliments the Oracle

10. ATLANTA – URBAN SPRAWL
Fastest growing metropolitan city in USA
Population increase from 1.4m to over 5m in 36 years – results in urban sprawl (expanding
into rural areas – RURAL-URBAN FRINGE
Problems Created
- air + noise pollution is the 4th worst in the US – 90% of residents drive to work –
respiratory illnesses are common (bronchitis, asthma etc.)
- suburbs along Chattahoochee river increase run-off and contaminate drinking water –
septic tanks are necessary
- farmland has been bought up and replaced with shopping malls etc. – farmers’
livelihoods taken
- 125 hectares of trees are lost per day by deforestation in the city
- concrete and asphalt mean that surface water cannot drain away – FLASH FLOODS +
CONTAMINATION
- Hotlanta: concrete and removal of trees leads to a heating effect – 10ºC higher than in
the countryside

11. CAIRO – POLLUTION, SHANTY TOWNS + CONGESTION
P R O B L E M S
- lack of housing
- 80% of Cairo covered by
illegally built brick houses on
farmlands by the Nile
- 2-3m people set up homes
amongst the tombs of Old Cairo
- congestion
- in the last 30 years, no. of cars
rose from 100,000 to >1m
- slow journeys to work
- pollution
- burning of fuel leading to
heavily polluted air
- leaking sewers
- illegally dumped waste
contaminating ground water
S O L U T I O N S
- satellite + dormitory towns
built around the city
- ring road built around the city
- people with donkey carts
licensed to collect + recycle
rubbish
- the Greater Cairo Waste
Water Project extended and
repaired the sewage system
- modern metro system was
built
- homes + public services were
upgraded in the most run
down parts of the city
1950-2000: Population rose from 2m to 18m - Infrastructure not able to cope

13. CHAITEN, CHILE - VOLCANO
2 May 2008 Chaiten Volcano erupted – previously thought to be dormant
Caldera volcano
Formed at a convergent boundary
- sits on edge of South American and Nazca plates (beneath because sea plate)
- subducting plate melts and pressure builds up due to friction between plates
- magma tricked through plate boundary and built up huge chamber under crater
4000 people fled homes
- evacuation was difficult because of terrain
- evacuated by Naval ship
Ash went 20km up and settled over Chile and Argentina
Town coated in ash 15cm thick
Forests set on fire
Schools used as shelters

14. HAITI - EARTHQUAKE
Haiti lies on the Enriquillo-Plaintain Garden Fault which is a product of the transform
plate boundary between the North American plate and the Caribbean plate.
- these plates, after much friction, moved violently apart, creating the earthquake
Death toll was so high due as the earthquake took place during the evening rush hour
- lots of children coming back from school (unsupervised)
- workers coming home from work
- crossing unstable bridges and going past unstable buildings
- unstable because there was not enough money in the country to build
stable buildings as the country is nearly always in major debt due to the common
nature of hazards in the country
Epicentre right underneath the capital city, Port-au-Prince – most densely populated
part of Haiti – many tall buildings affected by the earthquake
7 on the Richter Scale
It was not the major earthquake that caused the damage, but the smaller scale
aftershocks which collapsed all of the ready weakened buildings

15. MADAGASCAR - RAINFORESTS
9th poorest country in the world
78% of workers work in the primary sector
Deforestation people have used land for agriculture
- lots of species under threat because of deforestation (eg. flying fox) – LOSS OF
BIODIVERSITY
People are cutting down rainforests because countries exports rely on agriculture (70%) so
need to grow fast crops like rice in more areas
Woods such as ebony and rosewood can be sold worldwide at a high price
Trees are burned to create farm land
- ash supplies nutrients for a while
- crops grow well for number of years
- heavy rainfall washes away nutrients – SOIL EROSION
- crops no longer grow because all nutrients used up
- FARMERS MOVE ON – SHIFTING CULTIVATION
Animals lose food and habitat

16. SAHARA AND THE SAHEL - DESERTS
The Sahel: the transitional zone between the true desert to the north and
the savanna grasslands to the south – currently moving further south
- average rainfall of 300-600mm per year
Desertification: the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically
as a result of drought, or inappropriate agriculture
- overcultivation
- overgrazing
- deforestation
- overpopulation
- climate change
Topsoil erosion by wind due to lack of rain + lack of vegetation protecting it

17. MALI - DESERTIFICATION
Largest country in West Africa but one of the poorest in the world
80% of Mali’s population work in agriculture
65% of Mali’s land is desert or semi-desert
- large amount of drought and food shortages in these areas
Overcultivation in the areas south of the SAHEL (due to a population
growth rate of 3%) leads to LAND DEGRADATION
- results in topsoil erosion by wind due to a lack of vegetation +
moisture to protect it
- extends the SAHEL south

18. 3rd May 2008 – Cyclone Nargis hit
Myanmar
Wind Speeds between 200-300km/h
Flooding & mudslides due to heavy
rainfall.
3.6 meter storm surge flooded
Irrawaddy Delta
2.4 million people affected
140,000 people killed or missing
Infrastructure damage
Agricultural damage
LONG TERM DAMAGE
- homelessness
- lack of food and clean water
supply
- rise in food prices
TROPICAL STORM – HOW IS IT
FORMED
Warm air from North meets warm air
from South in tropics
Sea temp. 27ºC and sea 60m deep,
winds begin to circle
anticlockwise due to the Earth’s
rotation
Intense low pressure creates the eye
of the storm as the spiralling air
rises to create low pressure
along the equator. Tropical
storms develop as depressions
and wind speeds increase.
Easterly winds at high levels move
them east to west at first, as they
move further from the equator it
loses power as the sea
temperature decreases.
Die out over land as there is less heat
and no water to keep them going.
MYANMAR – CYCLONE NARGIS

19. AUSTRALIA - DROUGHT
The Murray-Darling rivers provide over 70% of irrigation to the farming areas
which produce 40% of Australia’s food (New South Wales and Victoria)
Since 2002, rainfall has been well below average and rivers + reservoirs are too
low to provide enough water for crops and livestock to survive
- Average rainfall in outback can be 336 mm per year - very low
In Goulburn, farmers cannot keep livestock in the hills as the Pejar reservoir has
run dry
- abattoirs and wool plants cut consumption by 30%
- tap water is unfit for human consumption, so bottled water must be bought
In Melbourne, residents are fined or imprisoned if they wash their cars, fill
swimming pools or sprinkle gardens
In Sydney, after 4 years of drought, the main reservoir is at 40% capacity + bush
fires regularly occur due to the dry weather

20. MOZAMBIQUE - FLOODS
February 2000: Zambezi, Limpopo and Save rivers flood
Many of the country’s 19m people live on the floodplains of these rivers
- most of the population are farmers, and these are the most fertile soils
The banks of the Limpopo river burst, causing severe flood damage
About 2 weeks later, Cyclone Eline hit the Mozambique coast near Beira,
north of the areas previously affected by flooding
Flash floods inundated low farmlands around Chokwe + Xai-Xai
- more than 180,000 people affected
Dirt roads easily turned to mud + so it took 2 days for a food lorry to travel
200 miles from the port at Beira to Caia, the town used as a food
distribution centre

22. INDIA – SUBSISTENCE RICE FARMING
Rice is the staple of the diet in SE Asia
Grown to feed themselves and their families
- labour intensive and requires the whole family
The farmer would also grow a secondary crop on the same land – beans,
lentils or peas. They may also keep chickens for eggs or meat
Grows best in the heavy monsoon seasons or where irrigation water can be
provided
The floodwaters are usually useful from the Ganges however
- floods can be catastrophic + destroy the rice crop
- some years rainfall is lower than expected + the crop is ruined
Rice gives a high yield per hectare
Heavy alluvial soils provide an impervious muddy layer

23. NEW ZEALAND – COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
Warm, wet climate ideal for growing grass – great for pastoral farming
HARWOOD’S FARM, NORTH CANTERBURY
- over 1500 hectares in size – mostly hill country or rolling downs
- special grasses planted on this land, providing high quality feed
for large herds of sheep + cattle during the winter
- fed on hay + silage when it snows in winter
- Corriedale sheep: provide good quantity of meat + wool
- Hereford cattle: sold for meat in October to save the cost of feeding
them over the winter
- Rabbits are regularly culled to stop them from eating large quantities
of grass

24. BANGALORE – HI TECH INDUSTRY
One of India’s largest industrial cities. In 1991 a Software Technology Plant
was created and since then multinational IT companies have set up
their offices in Bangalore
Due to:
- pleasant climate conditions: 900km above sea level making it cooler
than most of India
- dust-free environment
- the state government having a long history of support of science and
technology
Companies OUTSOURCE to India because:
- labour costs are considerably lower
- many high skilled workers available
- India has a large English speaking population (about 50m)
925 software companies
80,000 ICT workers
21 engineering colleges – workers taken straight from these
colleges
>100 electrics companies in The Electronic City

25. PAKISTAN – STEEL INDUSTRY
First steel factories were built in Pakistan in 1973 in order to develop the
industrial sector of their economy
Built on cheap flat land at Pipri near Gharo Creek in Karachi, out of the way
so no residents of the city could see it
Also build downwind from Karachi so noise and air pollution would not
blow into residential areas
In the past few years, Pakistan steel have reforested the area around the
factories and set new targets for waste and pollution reduction
Water has been treated in freshwater supplies that feed lakes and
reservoirs
Also created a cricket ground, lakes, bird sanctuaries and a running track
for employees
Creates more jobs – benefits the city of Karachi

27. SEYCHELLES - TOURISM
Made up of 115 islands in Indian Ocean, 1500km east of Africa
Tourism industry provides the islands with 70% of total income
Money raised is invested back into the country
Tourism employs about 30% of the labour force – many jobs created
Over-tourism results in drought + this can affect sanitation
The drought is made worse by 75% of the water being lost through old and
leaking pipes
Due to the drought, the government are forced to take out a $25m loan to
pay for a desalination plant which is not only expensive, but takes away
from the natural beauty of the island
Management: The minister of tourism for the
Seychelles wants to limit the no. of tourists to 200,000
per year to ensure stability and sustainability in the
industry

28. DUBAI - TOURISM
1 of the 7 Emirates that make up the UAE
Subtropical climate – Arid – Infrequent rainfall (5 days of rain per year) –
Mean daily temperature of 30ºC in January, rising to >40ºC in July
Tourism makes up 30% of Dubai’s GDP
Hotels and Apartments recorded 6.5m guests in 2006 with a revenue of
>US$3 billion
Tourism has transformed an area of desert into one of the world’s top
tourist destinations of the 21st Century
However tourism stretches water supply and the rapid growth could lead to
the place losing some of its attractive aspect that first brought tourists
there
But tourism provides a medium to long term addition to Dubai’s oil and gas
exports

30. D.R. CONGO - FUELWOOD
40% of the world’s population rely on fuelwood to cook and heat their
homes
DEFORESTATION
Most of these countries burn fuelwood because they have no alternative
70% of the population rely on subsistence farming and on collecting
fuelwood to survive
Puts D.R. Congo’s rare species at risk
Villagers have to walk 7km for 3kg of firewood
70% is transported by cart and 30% on people’s heads
What is left over is sold to Kinshasa, the capital, where it’s used for
bakeries and food processing
Alternative is dung, but it deprives the fields of fertiliser, reducing crop
yields

31. ITAIPU DAM – HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER
Located along River Paraná
- second longest river in S. America
- large reliable flow of water
Joint venture between Brazil and Paraguay
Hard impermeable rock was ideal for constructing both the dam and
reservoir
However 40,000 people had to be relocated because of construction
Before construction there was already a reasonable amount of
infrastructure in place thanks to the nearby towns of Foz de Iguaçu and
Puerto Strossner
The depth of the valley and the relief of the wider area flooded for the
reservoir means that Itaipu has the lowest flooded area per unit of
power production of all major HEP schemes in Brazil

32. DAYA BAY, CHINA – NUCLEAR POWER
4 of China’s 11 nuclear reactors are located at Daya Bay in Guangdong,
south-east China
Coastal location permits seawater to be used in the cooling process
Hard rock in the area provides solid foundation for these large and heavy
installations
No major threat from earthquakes or faulting in the area
Major cities not too far away (Hong Kong 50km, Shenzhen 40km) so little
energy is lost in transmission, but are a reasonable distance away in
case of a nuclear accident
Nearby supply of labour
General infrastructure is very good

33. KINGSNORTH, UK– THERMAL POWER
Major 2000MW thermal power station in south-east England
Located on the Hoo Peninsula on the banks of the Medway estuary
- lots of water for cooling
Has a port facility to allow the importation of coal and oil
The station is adjacent to farmland and there are no significant residential
areas nearby – lots of space
Not too far away from the houses that it provides for – not much energy is
lost in transmission

34. LESOTHO – WATER RESOURCES
The Lesotho Highlands Water Project is the largest civil engineering project
in Africa
When completed it will divert about 40% of the Senqu/Orange river water
through 5 large-scale damns (estimate 2027)
After taking the water for its own use, much will be sold to South Africa
where the demand is greater than the supply
The income can be used to develop its infrastructure and economy
Lots of highlands in Lesotho which receive high rainfall, so the valleys are
ideal for building dams and reservoirs
Able to generate HEP from the dam
Lakes will attract tourism, creating jobs and benefitting the economy
However Lesotho will become solely dependent on South Africa for future
income

36. OPPORTUNITIES AND HAZARDS IN
RAINFORESTS
About 200m people live in areas that are/were covered by tropical rainforests
Fertile soils for farming
- for palm oil
Potential for Hydro Electric Power Stations
- high rainfall
Tourism
Fishing and Food Supply
Forestry
- expensive hardwoods such as mahogany
But the removal of vegetation can lead to the disruption to the circulation and
storage of nutrients, surface erosion and compaction of soils, sandification,
increased flood levels and sediment content of rivers, climate change and a
loss of biodiversity

37. OPPORTUNITIES AND HAZARDS IN DESERTS
Land use in deserts is limited
Farming is possible, with irrigation from rivers (e.g.. Nile) and deep aquifers
(e.g.. Below Libya and south-west USA), and is profitable
In semi arid areas, cattle/sheep ranching is economically viable without
irrigation
Tourism has great potential in countries such as Dubai
However:
- weathering has the ability to weaken engineering structures very
rapidly
- stream flow can be erratic causing flooding
- there is increased soil erosion with high rates of overland runoff

38. ALBANIA - POLLUTION
Tirana, the capital city, is one of the most polluted cities in the world
Deaths due to illness caused by pollution have increased by 20% in the
past 2 years
This is due to 90% of vehicles being too old
- 70% use diesel
- 30% petrol
- mostly petrol with lead and a huge quantity of sulphur
Heavy industry, especially in Elbasan, produces pollution 15x above
acceptable levels
Babies are being born with deformities as well as deformed animals (4
legged roosters, 2 headed calves)
Soil is so contaminated that some places have banned planting crops

39. THE MALDIVES – EFFECTS OF GLOBAL
WARMING
Made up of 1200 tiny islands but highest point is only 2.4m above sea level
80% of the islands are no more than 1m above sea level
Rising sea levels put these islands at threat – DUE TO GLOBAL WARMING
In Male, a 3m high wall, which took 14 years to build and cost US$63m, has
been constructed in an attempt to protect the capital
The government has identified 5 ‘safe’ islands, designed to resist the rising
sea
Government has proposed to artificially raise the height of some of the
islands
Near Male, a land reclamation project is taking place to create a new island
which could potentially house 50,000 people, most of the nations
population

40. NEPAL – SOIL EROSION
Deforestation occurring for the growing need for fuelwood
18% of Nepal is forested but 25% of the forest was removed between 1990
and 2005
Removing trees on steep slopes leads to soil erosion
Monsoon rains between May and September increase erosion
Villagers in Tadiya have easy access to the forest to collect fuel and fodder
- however they are having to travel further and further
Women spend 1/3 of their day collecting firewood for fuel
Tourism is important – 70,000 per year – creates many jobs
- using fuelwood for tourists has increased deforestation and soil
erosion by 10%