The document discusses population distribution, density, and growth, analyzing various factors affecting demographics such as natural resources and social conditions. It explores concepts including the demographic transition model, population structures, and the distinctions between different types of populations, including young, youthful, transitional, and mature populations. Additionally, it addresses migration motivations and demographics, emphasizing the impact of policies such as China's one-child policy and the challenges faced by populations in less economically developed countries.

1. IGCSEGEOGRAPHY
POPULATIONANDMIGRATION
PRESENTATION 1

2. Locate European cities
What patterns do you see?

3. Population Distribution
(the concentration and spread of people)

4. Population Distribution
(South West USA)

5. North America @ night
shows population
distribution

6. The World @ Night

8. Population Density
(number of people per square kilometre)
Choropleth map - a thematic map in which areas are shaded or patterned
according to the measurement of a given statistic. They provide an easy
way to visualize how a measurement varies across a geographic area or it
shows the level of variability within a region

9. Population Density
Cartogram: a thematic representation of population density

10. Natural & Social Factors that affect
population density and distribution
Natural…
• Relief
• Climate
• Vegetation
• Soil
• Natural resources
• Water supply
• Natural routes
How would each of
these factors affect
population density
& distribution?
Human…
• Economic
• Political
• Social

11. Population Growth
The growth of the world’s population was
slow until the beginning of the 19th
Century (1800’s). Since then it has grown
much faster…
Why could this be…?
But in some countries there is evidence
that population growth is slowing down…
Why could this be…?

12. Population Change
A growth or decline
of a population
depends on BR and
DR, and to a lesser
extent on migration.
What is???
• Birth Rate
• Death Rate
• Migration
Imagine the
population is the
water in this cup

13. Births
Deaths
If what is going in
(births)…
is equal to what is
going out
(deaths)…
then the water
level (population)
stays the same

14. Births
Deaths
If the birth rate is greater
than the death rate…
then the population will
increase.
This is called NATURAL
INCREASE: where birth
rate is higher than death
rate causing the
population to grow.

15. Births
Deaths
If the death rate is greater
than the birth rate…
then the population will
decrease
This is called NATURAL
DECREASE: where birth
rate is less than death rate
then the population will
decline.

16. Define:
a) Birth Rate
b) Death Rate
c) Natural Increase
d) Natural Decrease

17. Demographic Transition Model
- Where on the graph is natural increase?
- Where on the graph is natural decrease?
High
Fluctuating
Late
Expanding
Low
Fluctuating
???Early
Expanding
Indigenous
Amazon
tribes
UK pre 1780
Bangladesh,
Nigeria
UK 1780-1880
Brazil, China
UK 1880-1940
Japan, NZ
UK post 1940

18. Population Structure
Population Structure refers to the composition of the
population in terms of age and sex.
Population structure is
best illustrated by
age-sex pyramids (aka
population pyramids).
What does this
pyramid tell us about:
- Birth rate
- Death rate
- Life expectancy
- Working age
population

19. POPULATION PYRAMIDS…
• graphically display a population's age
and gender composition;
• are bar graphs;
• show numbers or proportions of males
and females in each age group;
• show gains of cohort members due to
immigration and birth, and loss of cohort
members due to emigration and death;
• reflect population growth or decline

21. Refer to the Population Structure hand-out which shows
simplified age-sex pyramid models.
1. Cut out each pyramid.
2. Each pyramid matches a stage in the DTM. Glue in
each pyramid to it’s matching stage (1-4) in the space
you left under your DTM.
3. Describe the BR, DR and life expectancy of each stage.

22. • We can discern the development of a nation by
the shape of its population pyramid.
• There are four main types of population pyramid
shapes, each with corresponding levels of
development:
• Very Young
• Youthful
• Transitional
• Maturing/Ageing
Least Economically Developed Countries
Moderately Developed Countries
Less Economically Developed Countries
More Economically Developed Countries

23. 23
Very Young Youthful
Transitional Mature

24. These four age/sex profiles represent progressive steps along the
path of the demographic transition
Very Young
Youthful
Transitional
Mature
LEDCs
High death &birth rates
large families
short life expectancy
MEDCs
lower death & birth rates
smaller families
longer life expectancy.

25. In countries with a Mature/Ageing
structure...
WHAT IF...
...fertility & death rates continued to drop?
...life expectancies continued to increase?

26. a fifth type of population structure may
emerge before 2025:
• AGED population

27. 27
Very Young Youthful
Transitional
Mature Aged

28. • Draw up a table like this:
• You will fill it in as we go through the next slides
PYRAMID
STAGE
DTM
STAGE DESCRIPTION CONSEQUENCES EXAMPLE
SKETCH
OF
PYRMID
Very Young
Population
1
Youthful
Population
2
Transitional 3
Mature 4

29. Very Young
• two thirds or more of the population is typically
comprised of young people under age 30
• only 3 – 6% of the population is above 60
• High birth rate, death rate & infant mortality rate
• Low life expectancy
29
In 2005, there were 62 countries of this type, incl. nearly
all of sub-Saharan Africa (Kenya), Asian (Bangladesh)

31. Youthful
These countries are beginning to experience progress along the
demographic transition. Growth among their young age groups
(birth – 29 yrs) is declining. High birth rate but infant mortality
and death rates are declining, & life expectancy increasing –
therefore more people reach middle age. The large youthful
pop will soon reach reproductive/working age.
31
In 2005, 27 countries fit this category, including almost all
Central and South Asia, North Africa and parts of the Middle
East (India, Egypt, Philippines).

32. Transitional
Older age groups still represent a very small share of the
population. Declining fertility rates result in a more
equitable distribution among age groups younger than
40. Stable population growth.
32
In 2005, this category included 40 developing countries
from various regions. (Argentina)

33. Mature
Largest age group consists of working-age adults from 30
to 59. This group comprises 40-55% of the population.
Large proportion in post –reproductive groups. Declining
proportion in pre-reproductive groups. As the pre
reproductive groups enter the reproductive groups there
will in time be population decline.
33
In 2005, this category included 47 countries across Europe, North
America, NZ, Australia, the former Soviet Republics and East Asia.

36. Dependent population
The Dependent Population are those
aged 0-14 years (youthful dependents)
and 65+ years (elderly dependents).
These people depend on the working
age (15-64) population for economical
support.

37. Aged Population Structure =
Elderly Dependent Population
In the future, the age structure of MEDC’S will undergo
significant changes resulting in fewer children, more
older people and further ageing of the population.
37
Half of NZs population will be 46 years and older by 2051, compared
with a median age of 35 years in 2004.

38. 38

39. 39

40. 40

41. 41
Population growth and age structure
Working age
group
Young
People
Older
People
The proportion of elderly dependents is growing while
the proportion of youthful dependents is declining as
NZ population ages.

42. Over the next 50 years the 65+ dependency ratio is projected to
more than double, from 18 (people aged 65+ years) per 100 (people
aged 15–64 years) in 2006 to 45 per 100 in 2061. This means that
for every person aged 65+ years, there will be 2.2 people in the
working-age group in 2061, compared with 5.4 people in 2006.

43. What would be the
CONSEQUENCES of
of an ageing
population?
What would be
some plausible
SOLUTIONS to these
consequences?

44. Youthful Population Structure =
Young Dependent Population
Countries in Stage 2 of the DTM
are LEDC’s, characterised by
declining death rates and still
very high birth rates. This results
in over 40% of the population
being aged under 15!
Problems…
Youthful populations need health care and
education… LEDC’s can’t afford these
services. In the future, more people will
reach child bearing age. This will lead to an
ever increasing population in LEDCs!

45. Population Trends
• Before the 18th century the population growth was very slow
(almost zero) because the high birth rate was cancelled out
by widespread disease, wars and famines (high death rate).
• During the 19th century the population growth was still low,
about 2% each year.
• However since the 20th Century, due to rapid medical and
technological advances, the death rate has fallen rapidly
while the birth rate has remained high =
• This pattern of decreasing death rates, but still very
high birth rates (Stage 2 DTM) is evident in LEDC’s,
who consequently have contributed to this global
population explosion.
Population Explosion

47. China
China is an ideal example of how government policies can change the
trajectory of pop growth & population structure:
Read the hand out on China’s one-child policy
1. Why was the BR and FR high during the mid-20th Century?
2. What was the BR and average family size during this time?
3. By how much did the BR and family size decline between 1950 –
1975?
4. Describe the main conditions of the One-Child Policy
5. Describe the effects of the One-Child Policy to China’s population.
6. Why has the Government recently relaxed the policy?
7. What are these amendments to the policy?
8. Sketch the population pyramid of China 2008, and what it would
have looked like without the One Child Policy.

48. HIV (human
immunodeficiency virus) is
the progressive failure of
the immune system. HIV
leads to AIDS (acquired
immunodeficiency
syndrome), which is when
a person has an acute
infection or cancer, which
there immune system had
failed to fight.
So… people don’t die of
AIDS, but die of another
disease or infection.
HIV/AIDS epidemic & Africa’s Population

49. Country 1970 1998
Males Females Males Females
Zambia 46 49 36 36
Uganda 45 49 39 40
Zimbabwe 50 53 36 36
Life Expectancy is increasing globally. An
anomaly to this are those countries where
the AIDS epidemic has had the greatest
impact; namely, sub-Saharan Africa. the
average life expectancy by the worst affected
countries is 48 years, whereas if the epidemic
never occurred it might have been 58 years.
(Despite the rising death rates, the
populations of most sub-Saharan countries
are still growing rapidly because birth rates
are still very high.)

50. Activities
1. Groups of 3
a) Read through the Impact of HIV/AIDS hand-out
b) Summarise the impacts of HIV/AIDS
2. The Food and Agricultural Organization says
“The disease is no longer just a health
problem but has become a
development issue as well.” Explain this
statement – give examples.
3. How might poverty exacerbate the HIV/AIDS
problem and increase individual
vulnerabilities to the disease?

51. Population & Resources
Overpopulation:
This occurs when there are too many people living in an
area for the resources and technology available for them to
maintain an acceptable standard of living.
EG; most of sub-Saharan Africa = insufficient food, minerals and
energy resources to sustain their exponentially growing
population.
Resources are exploited which leads to famine, desertification,
deforestation and drought. Characterised by poverty.

53. Underpopulation
This occurs when there
is more food, minerals,
and energy resources
than a country needs.
Australia & Canada.
Surplus resources are
exported, this raises
incomes, living
conditions and the GDP.

54. Activities
1. What is “optimum population”?
2. With reference to population density, explain why the
concepts of over and under are populating complex.
3. Read through the National Geographic article on
Overpopulation.
a) How much has Africa, Asia, Latin America, North America and
Europe’s populations grown since 1960?
b) What % of the worlds pop’n live in LEDC’s
c) By how much do LEDC’s contribute to global pop’n growth?
d) What is likely to be the cause for population growth in
MEDC’s?
e) Provide 3 pieces of evidence of overpopulation in LEDC’s.
f) What developments have allowed increases in food
production?
g) What is the major challenge for governments and industry in
providing food resources for the worlds growing population?

55. Migration

56. Why do people migrate?

57. Migration can be internal
…or external

58. …it can be voluntary
…or forced

59. Activities
1. What is the difference between:
a) Voluntary and forced migration?
b) Permanent and temporary migration?
2. What is net migration loss and net migration
gain?
3. List at least 3 examples of voluntary migration.
4. List at leas 3 examples of forced migration

60. Reasons for migration
Push Pull
Social
Discrimination
Lack of housing
Bereavement
Growth of Family
Good welfare services
Relatives and friends
Marriage
Higher Education
Political
Civil Unrest
Persecution
Planning decision
Freedom of speech
Propaganda
Political asylum
Economic
Unemployment
Poverty
High rents
Heavy taxation
High living standards
Good wages
Promotion
Resource exploitation
Natural
Inaccessibility
Harsh climates
Natural disasters
Attractive scenery
Fertile soils
Lack of natural hazards

61. Refugees
1. What is a refugee?
2. Why are the UN estimates of refugee’s likely to be
inaccurate?
3. Why are most refugee’s women & children?
4. Describe the plight of refugees.
5. Study Figure 5.4. which continent has the greatest
number of refugees?
6. What percentage of refugee’s are from LEDC’s?
7. Why do refugee’s from LEDC’s tend to move to other
LEDC’s?
8. What are the main causes of refugee moments
increasing since 1980?

62. Refugee Case Study: Rwanda

63. Voluntary Migration Case Study:
Mexicans -> California
1. Why do many Mexicans try to entre the USA
illegally?
2. Give two reasons why the USA:
a) Tries to restrict Mexican migration
b) Needs to attract seasonal Mexican labour
3. Many Mexicans move to LA. Describe the
types of accommodation and jobs they are
likely to find there

64. Obama has recently loosed the deportation law for Young Mexican
Immigrants. This will affect up to 800,000 young Mexican’s in USA.
WHO STAYS
• Illegal immigrants will be immune from deportation if:
– They were brought to the US before they turned 16 and are
younger than 30.
– Have been in the country for at least five continuous years.
– Have no criminal history.
– Graduated from a US high school.
– Or earned an equivalent diploma or certificate.
– Or served in the military.
How do you think this law change will affect:
- Young Mexican’s in the USA?
- Illegal Mexican immigration?
- USA population structure?