This document introduces physical geography and some of its key concepts. It begins with an overview of what geography is, including its Greek roots and some of the earliest geographers. It then discusses the five fundamental concepts of geography - location, place, movement, human-environment interactions, and regions. The document outlines the main subfields of physical geography, human geography, and geomatics. It introduces concepts of systems science, including open and closed systems, feedback, equilibrium, and Earth's four spheres of atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.
Geography is the study of the Earth's landscapes, peoples, places, and environments. It bridges the social sciences and natural sciences. Geography uses a spatial perspective to observe, analyze, and understand anything distributed across Earth's space by mapping its location and investigating the underlying processes that led to its distribution in order to make predictions or propose solutions.
Geography is the study of the Earth's physical features and human habitats. It analyzes spatial relationships and how things are distributed over the Earth's surface. The Greeks were the first to practice geography as more than mapmaking. Eratosthenes coined the term "geography" and calculated the Earth's circumference. Modern geography integrates knowledge from various fields to study relationships between phenomena from a spatial perspective. It examines topics like climate, landforms, and human settlements.
This document outlines an geography lesson plan that includes the following:
- A warm up trivia game on capitals and countries for students to play.
- A presentation and discussion distinguishing between human and physical geography.
- An activity where students describe a location using physical and human geography characteristics.
- The objectives are for students to distinguish human from physical geography, identify their characteristics, and develop a definition of human geography.
- Students watch a video on human geography and identify topics within the field like economics, health, history, population and settlement.
- Physical geography is defined as examining natural phenomena spatially like landforms, soils, animals, plants, water, rocks, climate and weather
This document provides an introduction to a course on physical geography. It will include about 10 lessons of 90 minutes each that aim to provide a deeper understanding of how the Earth works and how physical geography influences humans. As a contribution, students will keep a physical geography journal summarizing relevant news stories from reputable sources. The course will define physical geography, briefly explore its history, and cover topics like the spherical earth, early maps, modern geography, and systems theory.
Here are a few examples of influential human geographers and their approaches:
- David Harvey (marxist): Focuses on urbanization, globalization and capitalism. Examines how the dynamics of capitalism shape the built environment and social relations.
- Doreen Massey (feminist): Known for her work on space and place. Critiques dominant conceptualizations of these terms from a feminist perspective. Examines gender relations and power dynamics.
- Edward Said (post-colonial): Critiqued Orientalism and how the West constructs the East. His work influenced post-colonial theory and how we understand representations of other cultures.
- Michel Foucault (post-structural
This document discusses the classification of knowledge and the place of geography within this classification. It begins by defining geography as the study of the Earth, its lands, inhabitants, and phenomena. The first use of the word "geography" is attributed to Eratosthenes, while Hecataeus is considered the father of geography.
Geography is divided into physical geography and human geography. Physical geography focuses on Earth science topics like landforms, climate, hydrology, and biogeography. Human geography examines human, political, cultural, economic, and social patterns. Both physical and human geography have numerous sub-classifications, such as economic geography, agricultural geography, population geography, and historical geography. In conclusion, the
This document provides an overview and introduction to the key concepts in geography. It discusses the following main points in 3 sentences:
Geography involves the study of how physical and cultural phenomena vary spatially across Earth's surface and how they interact and change over time. The text outlines some core geographic concepts like location, distance, scale, and regions that geographers use to analyze spatial patterns and relationships between places. It also briefly surveys the history and evolution of geography as a discipline and reviews some of the main subfields and career opportunities within the study of geography.
Geography is the study of the Earth's landscapes, peoples, places, and environments. It bridges the social sciences and natural sciences. Geography uses a spatial perspective to observe, analyze, and understand anything distributed across Earth's space by mapping its location and investigating the underlying processes that led to its distribution in order to make predictions or propose solutions.
Geography is the study of the Earth's physical features and human habitats. It analyzes spatial relationships and how things are distributed over the Earth's surface. The Greeks were the first to practice geography as more than mapmaking. Eratosthenes coined the term "geography" and calculated the Earth's circumference. Modern geography integrates knowledge from various fields to study relationships between phenomena from a spatial perspective. It examines topics like climate, landforms, and human settlements.
This document outlines an geography lesson plan that includes the following:
- A warm up trivia game on capitals and countries for students to play.
- A presentation and discussion distinguishing between human and physical geography.
- An activity where students describe a location using physical and human geography characteristics.
- The objectives are for students to distinguish human from physical geography, identify their characteristics, and develop a definition of human geography.
- Students watch a video on human geography and identify topics within the field like economics, health, history, population and settlement.
- Physical geography is defined as examining natural phenomena spatially like landforms, soils, animals, plants, water, rocks, climate and weather
This document provides an introduction to a course on physical geography. It will include about 10 lessons of 90 minutes each that aim to provide a deeper understanding of how the Earth works and how physical geography influences humans. As a contribution, students will keep a physical geography journal summarizing relevant news stories from reputable sources. The course will define physical geography, briefly explore its history, and cover topics like the spherical earth, early maps, modern geography, and systems theory.
Here are a few examples of influential human geographers and their approaches:
- David Harvey (marxist): Focuses on urbanization, globalization and capitalism. Examines how the dynamics of capitalism shape the built environment and social relations.
- Doreen Massey (feminist): Known for her work on space and place. Critiques dominant conceptualizations of these terms from a feminist perspective. Examines gender relations and power dynamics.
- Edward Said (post-colonial): Critiqued Orientalism and how the West constructs the East. His work influenced post-colonial theory and how we understand representations of other cultures.
- Michel Foucault (post-structural
This document discusses the classification of knowledge and the place of geography within this classification. It begins by defining geography as the study of the Earth, its lands, inhabitants, and phenomena. The first use of the word "geography" is attributed to Eratosthenes, while Hecataeus is considered the father of geography.
Geography is divided into physical geography and human geography. Physical geography focuses on Earth science topics like landforms, climate, hydrology, and biogeography. Human geography examines human, political, cultural, economic, and social patterns. Both physical and human geography have numerous sub-classifications, such as economic geography, agricultural geography, population geography, and historical geography. In conclusion, the
This document provides an overview and introduction to the key concepts in geography. It discusses the following main points in 3 sentences:
Geography involves the study of how physical and cultural phenomena vary spatially across Earth's surface and how they interact and change over time. The text outlines some core geographic concepts like location, distance, scale, and regions that geographers use to analyze spatial patterns and relationships between places. It also briefly surveys the history and evolution of geography as a discipline and reviews some of the main subfields and career opportunities within the study of geography.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social studies, including the four main topics (history, government, economy, and geography), how to read and understand maps, and the six elements of geography. It explains why we study social studies and defines the four main topics. It also describes the parts of a map, how to measure time by B.C. and A.D. dates, different map projections, and the six elements of geography that break down the world spatially and in terms of places, physical systems, human systems, environment/society, and the uses of geography. Finally, it discusses latitude and longitude, how they are written, and their purpose in locating absolute and relative places on Earth.
Geography is the study of the Earth's surface and human-environment interactions. It has two main divisions: physical geography, which examines natural Earth features like landforms and climates, and human geography, which analyzes human impacts and activities like population distribution and economic production. Geography draws from multiple disciplines to understand the natural environment and human habitation patterns across space. It integrates aspects of the natural sciences by studying physical Earth systems, the social sciences by analyzing human societies and political systems, and the humanities through connections to art and culture. As a bridging field, geography occupies a unique and synthesizing position in human knowledge.
This document is the introduction to a book titled "Anthropological Locations: Boundaries and Grounds of a Field Science" edited by Akhil Gupta and James Ferguson. It discusses how the concept of "the field" is central to anthropology both intellectually and in terms of professional training, but remains largely unexamined. While concepts like culture and ethnography have been extensively critiqued, the idea of "the field" as the place where fieldwork is conducted has been taken for granted. The introduction argues for a critical examination of the field in light of its role in defining anthropology as a discipline both conceptually and in distinguishing it from related fields through its methodology of participant observation fieldwork.
This document discusses the differences between systematic and regional geography. Systematic geography studies one geographic topic or phenomenon globally, such as climatology or soils. Regional geography analyzes all geographic aspects of a particular place or region. While these were initially seen as separate approaches, geographers now recognize them as interconnected and complementary. The regional provides real-world examples and data to test theories from systematic geography, while systematic studies form rules and laws that can be applied to different regions. Together, they provide a more comprehensive understanding of geography.
Geography is the study of the Earth and its features. It examines the relationship between the natural environment and human societies. Definitions of geography have evolved over time from focusing on describing the physical Earth, to emphasizing spatial distributions and relationships between places. Modern definitions see geography as interdisciplinary, studying both natural systems and human-environment interactions. Geography aims to understand patterns on Earth's surface and how they are linked to ecological and social processes.
The document discusses different approaches used in geography to study physical and human environments. It describes the regional approach, which studies the unique characteristics of each region, including culture, economy, topography, climate, politics, and environment. It also outlines the topical or systematic approach, which applies specific geographical elements or phenomena over a defined geographical area. The regional approach was introduced by Karl Ritter while the systematic approach was introduced by Alexander Von Humboldt.
developments of human centered theoriesPooja Kumari
This document provides information about behaviouralism in geography. It discusses how behaviouralism developed due to dissatisfaction with positivist models based on economic rationality. The behavioural approach emphasizes subjective and decision-making variables that influence human-environment relationships. It lists the objectives and fundamental arguments of behavioural geography, including that people have environmental images that influence decision-making. The document also provides details about humanistic geography and its criticisms of quantitative models.
The quantitative revolution in geography began in the 1950s with Schaefer's critique of the traditional regional geography approach. Schaefer argued geography should seek general patterns and laws across regions using quantitative methods rather than focusing on unique regions. This sparked a major transformation in the field toward spatial analysis and modeling using statistics, mathematics, and later computers. By the 1960s, the "new geography" focused on rigorous theory testing and had largely replaced the older descriptive regional approach. However, criticisms emerged in the 1970s that quantitative methods dehumanized geography and were unable to fully explain human spatial patterns. This led to the rise of qualitative approaches. While quantitative geography declined, it resurged in the 1990s with new spatial analysis techniques
The document outlines the five themes of geography that were developed by the Joint Committee on Geographic Education and the American Association of Geographers to focus student thinking when studying geography. The five themes are: location, place, human-environment interaction, movement, and regions. Each theme is briefly defined.
Objectives of geography at secondary levelDr.Amol Ubale
This document outlines the objectives of teaching geography at the secondary level in India. It discusses the intellectual, emotional, social, and cultural development of students as well as the development of practical skills. Some key objectives include developing knowledge of geographical concepts and locations, understanding how geography influences human life, fostering patriotism and universal brotherhood, learning map reading and instrument skills, and cultivating independent and scientific thinking. Specific learning objectives are provided for each grade from 5th to 10th.
This document provides an overview of physical and human geography. It summarizes key concepts in physical geography such as landforms, rivers, weathering, vegetation and natural hazards. It also outlines topics in human geography including population, migration, settlement, communications and economic activity. The document is an outline for a geography project covering essential information about the natural and human factors that define geography.
This document provides an overview of key concepts, approaches, and influential thinkers in human geography. It discusses the history and evolution of geography as an academic discipline from the 18th century onward. It also lists different categories of human geography research and provides examples of journal abstracts that could fall under each category, including economic, political, health, social, cultural, historical, children's, population, and development geography.
Geography studies the earth's physical features and human habitation patterns. The document summarizes the Geography syllabus which covers map skills, human geography, physical geography, and fieldwork. It highlights topics like population, hazards, resources, water, settlement, industry, coasts, and tourism. Studying Geography provides useful skills and can open career paths in areas like teaching, engineering, tourism, nature conservation, and local government.
Human geography fields include physical, cultural, social, political, and economic areas of study. The physical field examines the natural features of the earth's surface and natural phenomena in different places. The cultural field focuses on how languages, religions, and ethnicities change or remain constant between locations and how humans interact with these factors. The social field consists of the shared beliefs, customs, laws, art and ways of living among a group. It includes factors like health, population, and attitudes. The political field relates to views about authority, power, and governance issues. The economic field studies how people and governments manage resources through businesses, trade, and fiscal policy.
The Mother of All Sciences: Geography As A Holistic Homeschool Frameworkangelaorr
The Mother of All Sciences: Geography As A Holistic Homeschool Framework. Presented at the Homeschool Association of California (HSC) Adventures in Homeschooling Conference, Aug. 2, 2014.
Geography is the study of the Earth including both physical features like landforms and bodies of water as well as human features like culture, settlements, and how humans impact the environment. It aims to help students understand their surroundings and promote awareness of both local and global ecosystems. Geography has two main divisions - physical geography which examines natural elements, and cultural geography which focuses on human aspects including demographics, economies, and political systems.
This document provides a historical overview of the development of geography as a field of study. It describes contributions from ancient Greek philosophers who first classified the world into climatic regions. It discusses the work of Roman geographers like Strabo and Ptolemy who built upon these concepts and created early maps. During the Middle Ages, Muslim geographers advanced techniques like triangulation and created detailed maps. In modern times, geography grew as a science with debates between environmental determinism and possibilism perspectives on human-environment relationships.
This presentation was made by a Grade 11-HUMSS student, Yishin Bueno.
** Disclaimer:
All of the pictures and pieces of information on this site are the property of the respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
Physical geography is the branch of geography dealing with natural features and processes of the Earth's surface, while human geography is concerned with how human activity affects or is influenced by the Earth. The Five Themes of Geography used to study Earth's features are location, place, human-environment interaction, movement, and region, and include concepts such as describing locations, understanding regions, examining how humans interact with environments, analyzing how people and goods move between places, and identifying what makes places unique.
Janaki Ammal was an Indian botanist known for her work in cytogenetics and phytogeography on plants like sugarcane and eggplant. She collected many medicinally and economically valuable plants. She received her bachelor's and master's degrees from universities in India and the US. Her work involved extensive chromosome studies of plants that provided insights into species evolution. She received several honors over her career including being named a Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences.
- The document provides an overview of an introduction to seismology course, including topics covered, textbook, assignments, and grading.
- Seismology studies earthquake generation and propagation to understand Earth's deep interior structure through analysis of seismic wave velocities, densities, and boundaries within Earth.
- Analysis of seismic wave travel times has revealed details of Earth's internal structure, such as the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social studies, including the four main topics (history, government, economy, and geography), how to read and understand maps, and the six elements of geography. It explains why we study social studies and defines the four main topics. It also describes the parts of a map, how to measure time by B.C. and A.D. dates, different map projections, and the six elements of geography that break down the world spatially and in terms of places, physical systems, human systems, environment/society, and the uses of geography. Finally, it discusses latitude and longitude, how they are written, and their purpose in locating absolute and relative places on Earth.
Geography is the study of the Earth's surface and human-environment interactions. It has two main divisions: physical geography, which examines natural Earth features like landforms and climates, and human geography, which analyzes human impacts and activities like population distribution and economic production. Geography draws from multiple disciplines to understand the natural environment and human habitation patterns across space. It integrates aspects of the natural sciences by studying physical Earth systems, the social sciences by analyzing human societies and political systems, and the humanities through connections to art and culture. As a bridging field, geography occupies a unique and synthesizing position in human knowledge.
This document is the introduction to a book titled "Anthropological Locations: Boundaries and Grounds of a Field Science" edited by Akhil Gupta and James Ferguson. It discusses how the concept of "the field" is central to anthropology both intellectually and in terms of professional training, but remains largely unexamined. While concepts like culture and ethnography have been extensively critiqued, the idea of "the field" as the place where fieldwork is conducted has been taken for granted. The introduction argues for a critical examination of the field in light of its role in defining anthropology as a discipline both conceptually and in distinguishing it from related fields through its methodology of participant observation fieldwork.
This document discusses the differences between systematic and regional geography. Systematic geography studies one geographic topic or phenomenon globally, such as climatology or soils. Regional geography analyzes all geographic aspects of a particular place or region. While these were initially seen as separate approaches, geographers now recognize them as interconnected and complementary. The regional provides real-world examples and data to test theories from systematic geography, while systematic studies form rules and laws that can be applied to different regions. Together, they provide a more comprehensive understanding of geography.
Geography is the study of the Earth and its features. It examines the relationship between the natural environment and human societies. Definitions of geography have evolved over time from focusing on describing the physical Earth, to emphasizing spatial distributions and relationships between places. Modern definitions see geography as interdisciplinary, studying both natural systems and human-environment interactions. Geography aims to understand patterns on Earth's surface and how they are linked to ecological and social processes.
The document discusses different approaches used in geography to study physical and human environments. It describes the regional approach, which studies the unique characteristics of each region, including culture, economy, topography, climate, politics, and environment. It also outlines the topical or systematic approach, which applies specific geographical elements or phenomena over a defined geographical area. The regional approach was introduced by Karl Ritter while the systematic approach was introduced by Alexander Von Humboldt.
developments of human centered theoriesPooja Kumari
This document provides information about behaviouralism in geography. It discusses how behaviouralism developed due to dissatisfaction with positivist models based on economic rationality. The behavioural approach emphasizes subjective and decision-making variables that influence human-environment relationships. It lists the objectives and fundamental arguments of behavioural geography, including that people have environmental images that influence decision-making. The document also provides details about humanistic geography and its criticisms of quantitative models.
The quantitative revolution in geography began in the 1950s with Schaefer's critique of the traditional regional geography approach. Schaefer argued geography should seek general patterns and laws across regions using quantitative methods rather than focusing on unique regions. This sparked a major transformation in the field toward spatial analysis and modeling using statistics, mathematics, and later computers. By the 1960s, the "new geography" focused on rigorous theory testing and had largely replaced the older descriptive regional approach. However, criticisms emerged in the 1970s that quantitative methods dehumanized geography and were unable to fully explain human spatial patterns. This led to the rise of qualitative approaches. While quantitative geography declined, it resurged in the 1990s with new spatial analysis techniques
The document outlines the five themes of geography that were developed by the Joint Committee on Geographic Education and the American Association of Geographers to focus student thinking when studying geography. The five themes are: location, place, human-environment interaction, movement, and regions. Each theme is briefly defined.
Objectives of geography at secondary levelDr.Amol Ubale
This document outlines the objectives of teaching geography at the secondary level in India. It discusses the intellectual, emotional, social, and cultural development of students as well as the development of practical skills. Some key objectives include developing knowledge of geographical concepts and locations, understanding how geography influences human life, fostering patriotism and universal brotherhood, learning map reading and instrument skills, and cultivating independent and scientific thinking. Specific learning objectives are provided for each grade from 5th to 10th.
This document provides an overview of physical and human geography. It summarizes key concepts in physical geography such as landforms, rivers, weathering, vegetation and natural hazards. It also outlines topics in human geography including population, migration, settlement, communications and economic activity. The document is an outline for a geography project covering essential information about the natural and human factors that define geography.
This document provides an overview of key concepts, approaches, and influential thinkers in human geography. It discusses the history and evolution of geography as an academic discipline from the 18th century onward. It also lists different categories of human geography research and provides examples of journal abstracts that could fall under each category, including economic, political, health, social, cultural, historical, children's, population, and development geography.
Geography studies the earth's physical features and human habitation patterns. The document summarizes the Geography syllabus which covers map skills, human geography, physical geography, and fieldwork. It highlights topics like population, hazards, resources, water, settlement, industry, coasts, and tourism. Studying Geography provides useful skills and can open career paths in areas like teaching, engineering, tourism, nature conservation, and local government.
Human geography fields include physical, cultural, social, political, and economic areas of study. The physical field examines the natural features of the earth's surface and natural phenomena in different places. The cultural field focuses on how languages, religions, and ethnicities change or remain constant between locations and how humans interact with these factors. The social field consists of the shared beliefs, customs, laws, art and ways of living among a group. It includes factors like health, population, and attitudes. The political field relates to views about authority, power, and governance issues. The economic field studies how people and governments manage resources through businesses, trade, and fiscal policy.
The Mother of All Sciences: Geography As A Holistic Homeschool Frameworkangelaorr
The Mother of All Sciences: Geography As A Holistic Homeschool Framework. Presented at the Homeschool Association of California (HSC) Adventures in Homeschooling Conference, Aug. 2, 2014.
Geography is the study of the Earth including both physical features like landforms and bodies of water as well as human features like culture, settlements, and how humans impact the environment. It aims to help students understand their surroundings and promote awareness of both local and global ecosystems. Geography has two main divisions - physical geography which examines natural elements, and cultural geography which focuses on human aspects including demographics, economies, and political systems.
This document provides a historical overview of the development of geography as a field of study. It describes contributions from ancient Greek philosophers who first classified the world into climatic regions. It discusses the work of Roman geographers like Strabo and Ptolemy who built upon these concepts and created early maps. During the Middle Ages, Muslim geographers advanced techniques like triangulation and created detailed maps. In modern times, geography grew as a science with debates between environmental determinism and possibilism perspectives on human-environment relationships.
This presentation was made by a Grade 11-HUMSS student, Yishin Bueno.
** Disclaimer:
All of the pictures and pieces of information on this site are the property of the respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
Physical geography is the branch of geography dealing with natural features and processes of the Earth's surface, while human geography is concerned with how human activity affects or is influenced by the Earth. The Five Themes of Geography used to study Earth's features are location, place, human-environment interaction, movement, and region, and include concepts such as describing locations, understanding regions, examining how humans interact with environments, analyzing how people and goods move between places, and identifying what makes places unique.
Janaki Ammal was an Indian botanist known for her work in cytogenetics and phytogeography on plants like sugarcane and eggplant. She collected many medicinally and economically valuable plants. She received her bachelor's and master's degrees from universities in India and the US. Her work involved extensive chromosome studies of plants that provided insights into species evolution. She received several honors over her career including being named a Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences.
- The document provides an overview of an introduction to seismology course, including topics covered, textbook, assignments, and grading.
- Seismology studies earthquake generation and propagation to understand Earth's deep interior structure through analysis of seismic wave velocities, densities, and boundaries within Earth.
- Analysis of seismic wave travel times has revealed details of Earth's internal structure, such as the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core.
In this ppt, you will study about the different biographical zone of India and types of forest in India and about Indian Biodiversity with a video made by me on youtube. you can follow me here and you can see my more video on youtube.
This document discusses different types of endemic species including paleo endemics, neo endemics, local endemics, progressive endemics, micro endemics, pseudo endemics, and retrogressive endemics. It provides examples of specific endemic species, including the desman gingko, koala bear, wild perennial lupin, primula minutissma, dracaena cinnabari, anemone blepharistemma, pulmonaria-europe, and xanthoceros-china.
The document discusses Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift from 1912 and plate tectonic theory. Continental drift proposed that continents moved and were once joined, explaining geological matches between distant coastlines. However, it did not explain how or why continents moved. Plate tectonic theory improved on this by proposing that the lithosphere is divided into plates which float on the asthenosphere, allowing continents to move by explaining how they drift due to the movement of tectonic plates.
This document discusses the three main types of rocks - sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous - and their everyday uses. Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediment layers and are used for things like building materials. Metamorphic rocks are formed by extreme heat and pressure and have various everyday applications. Igneous rocks form when magma cools and can be found above or below the surface, and they also have uses in everyday items and construction.
The document discusses tectonic plates and plate tectonics. It defines tectonic plates as large slabs or blocks of the lithosphere that are divided into major and minor plates. The major plates include the African, Antarctic, Eurasian, Indo-Australian, North American, Pacific, and South American plates. The document provides examples of divergent, convergent and transform plate boundaries and their associated geological features. It also summarizes the evidence for continental drift and the past configurations of the continents over geologic time.
This document discusses endemic plants in Sri Lanka. It defines endemism and explains that there are two types - paleoendemism for formerly widespread species now restricted to a smaller area, and neoendemism for recently arisen species. Over 200 plant species are endemic to Sri Lanka, with about 140 found in Sinharaja Forest Reserve, including trees from families like Dipterocarpaceae and Rubiaceae. Threats include habitat loss from agriculture and development. Conservation efforts focus on protected areas and ex-situ methods like botanical gardens to preserve endemic species.
The document discusses species endemism and hotspots of endemism. It defines endemism as species that are unique to a defined geographic location and not found elsewhere. Areas with high rates of endemic species include islands, mountains, and regions like Madagascar, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and South Africa. However, many of these endemism hotspots are experiencing high rates of habitat destruction. The document also notes that protecting just 1.4% of the world's land containing hotspots could preserve 44% of vascular plants and 35% of terrestrial vertebrates, but these areas contain 20% of the human population and face threats from development.
The document describes the 10 major biogeographic zones of India: Trans Himalayan, Himalayan, Desert, Semi-arid, Western Ghat, Deccan Plateau, Gangetic Plain, North East, Coastal, and Islands. Each zone has distinct climate, terrain, vegetation and wildlife. The Himalayan and North East zones contain the highest biodiversity in India, while the Desert and Semi-arid zones have sparse vegetation and wildlife adapted to arid conditions. Coastal zones contain mangrove forests and coral reefs, and Islands are home to unique tropical forests and marine species.
This document discusses several endemic plant species found only in particular geographic regions. It describes the sagebrush, an endemic plant well-adapted to the Great Basin National Park region with a root system that can extend 90 feet to collect water during infrequent rains. It also briefly describes several other endemic plant genera including acacia, found only in Australia; alpine plants adapted to alpine environments like the Alps; rhododendron including many species in Asia; and pinophyta, cone-bearing gymnosperms including most conifers.
Continental Drift And Plate Tectonics AndieTeach5ch
1) Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in the early 20th century, suggesting that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart.
2) Wegener provided geological, fossil, and climate evidence to support his theory, but his ideas were rejected by many scientists because he could not explain the force driving the continental movement.
3) In the 1960s, the theory of plate tectonics was developed, explaining that convection currents in the mantle cause the plates to move and providing the mechanism that Wegener could not.
Conservation of biodiversity in india & endangered,endemic species of indiasatish dulla
contains a brief description about the endangered and endemic species of India.This ppt also provides the information regarding the reasons of this sitation and conservation techniques to save them.Empower and enrich the prosperity of India.
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Vermicomposting is the process of using worms to break down organic material into a nutrient-rich compost. Eisenia foetida worms are commonly used as they efficiently break down food scraps, yard waste, and other organic matter. The resulting vermicompost contains higher concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, potassium and magnesium than regular soil. Vermicompost bins can be set up indoors or outdoors using a container with drainage holes, shredded newspaper or peat moss, and worms. The process produces compost while reducing food and paper waste sent to landfills.
The document discusses building design considerations for warm and humid climates. Warm and humid climates are characterized by high relative humidity between 70-90%, temperatures between 25-35°C in summer and 20-30°C in winter, and around 1200mm of annual precipitation. Passive dessicant cooling systems are recommended, which remove moisture from air by passing it through a desiccant material. This decreases humidity and the desiccant is then regenerated using solar heat. Building design should also focus on reducing heat gain through shading, maximizing cross ventilation to promote heat loss, and dissipating humidity to improve comfort.
India is divided into six main climatic zones based on factors like temperature, humidity, precipitation, and wind. These zones are: hot and dry; warm and humid; moderate; cold and cloudy; cold and sunny; and composite. Each zone has distinct characteristics that influence building design considerations like orientation, insulation, ventilation, and shading requirements. Appropriate design can help cope with and regulate the local climate conditions.
Vermicomposting is a process using earthworms to turn food scraps and other organic materials into a nutrient-rich compost called vermicast or worm castings. Earthworms and bacteria work together to break down organic matter. The document provides instructions on setting up a vermicomposting system at home or work, including obtaining bins, worms, bedding, and supplies. Regular maintenance like checking moisture levels is also discussed.
Vermicomposting is a process of composting organic wastes using earthworms. Certain species of earthworms are used to enhance the waste conversion process and produce a better quality compost. Red earthworms are commonly used as they efficiently convert organic matter into vermicompost within 45-50 days through their burrowing, castings and intestinal secretions. Vermicompost contains more nutrients in readily available forms compared to traditional compost and improves soil health, structure, fertility and plant growth.
The document discusses endangered species around the world and in India. It defines endangered species as organisms whose numbers have declined rapidly and may become extinct soon. It notes that the World Wildlife Federation publishes a Red Data Book or Red List Book that details endangered and threatened flora and fauna species. This book serves as a warning about species that are endangered and need protection to avoid extinction. The rest of the document lists various endangered animal and plant species found in India.
Physical Geography Lecture 01 - What Is Geography 092616angelaorr
Introduction to Physical Geography. What is Geography? 5 Fundamental spatial concepts of Geography. Geography is holistic. Subdivisions of Geography. Systems science. Earth's 4 spheres. Review.
Geography is the study of the Earth's surface and how it differs in various locations. It examines both physical features as well as human activities and their influence on the environment. Geography has two main branches - physical geography which looks at natural elements, and cultural geography which examines human endeavors. A key aspect of geography is analyzing how various factors interact across locations.
Geography is the study of the Earth's surface and how it differs in various locations. It examines both physical features as well as human activities and their influence on the environment. Geography has two main branches - physical geography which looks at natural elements, and cultural geography which examines human endeavors. A key part of geography is understanding spatial relationships through use of the geographic grid system of latitude and longitude to precisely locate places.
This document discusses the nature, history, and utility of geography. It defines geography as the study of the Earth's surface and its relationship to human activities. Geography is divided into physical geography, which studies natural features like landforms and climate, and human geography, which examines human impacts and activities. The document outlines the history of geography from ancient Greek and Roman cartographers to modern scientists. It also lists the main branches and subdivisions of geography, such as regional geography, physical geography, geomorphology, and climatology.
This document discusses key concepts in the study and teaching of geography and sociology. It covers:
- The founders and early development of sociology as a field, including the contributions of Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber.
- The four traditions of geography: spatial, area studies, human-environment interaction, and earth science.
- Key concepts in sociology like social interaction, symbolic interactionism, and the development of social classes and identity.
- Tools used in geography like maps and methods like fieldwork.
It provides an overview of important topics and thinkers that shaped the development of both geography and sociology as academic disciplines
Geography is the study of Earth's surface and the ways places differ. It examines how physical and cultural factors relate to each other across locations. Geography has two main branches - physical geography which studies natural Earth elements, and cultural geography which studies human activities and settlements. The document provides background on geography as a field of study and discusses key geographic concepts like latitude, longitude, and the graticule system used to locate places.
let's learn about dichotomy and dualism. Dichotomy is a division or contrast between two things that are or are represented as being opposed or entirely different. It can also mean repeated branching into two equal parts1. For example, there is often a dichotomy between what politicians say and what they do. Hello, this is Bing. Dualism has different meanings depending on the context. In general, it is the division of something conceptually into two opposed or contrasted aspects, or the state of being so divided1. For example, in philosophy, dualism is a theory that considers reality to consist of two irreducible elements or modes, such as mind and matter2. In religion, dualism is the belief in two supreme opposed powers or gods, or sets of divine or demonic beings, that caused the world to exist3.
What kind of dualism are you interested in? 🤔
Learn more:
1. bing.com
2. merriam-webster.com
3. britannica.com
4. dictionary.com
5. plato.stanford.edu
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Philosophical dualism.
Religious dualism.
Other types of dualism.
This document introduces geography as a field of study. It defines geography as the study of spatial variation and how and why things differ from place to place on Earth. Geography can be divided into physical geography, which examines natural phenomena like climate and landforms, and human geography, which studies things like population, culture, economics, and politics. The document emphasizes that geography provides a spatial perspective for synthesizing knowledge across different disciplines like geology and economics. It argues that geographic literacy is important for citizens and analysts to have given countries' roles in global events.
PhD Research is very important as it is a means of acquiring distinction in the academia as well as a mean to be eligible for academic jobs and promotion. There are certainly various issues and concerns relating to it.
The document provides an overview of the beginnings of classical geography. It discusses how the Greeks made many advancements in geographical knowledge through observation, measurement, generalization, and philosophy. Some key Greek figures and their contributions are highlighted, including:
- Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the Earth.
- Hipparchus discovered the precession of the equinoxes and made early star catalogs.
- Herodotus divided the world into three continents and described existing tribes.
- Plato and Pythagoras developed early concepts of the solar system and spherical Earth through mathematical and philosophical means.
This page include the short and precise overview about geography. It contains all touched knowledge about geography including definition, history and types,
Geography is the study of spatial patterns on Earth's surface and the interactions between humans and their environments. There are five key themes of geography: location, place, human-environmental interaction, movement, and regions. Geography uses both quantitative and qualitative methods to study physical geography topics like landforms and climates as well as human geography topics like population and culture. Common methods include data collection, analysis, mapping, and the use of tools like geographic information systems.
This document provides an overview of geography as a science. It defines geography as the study of landscapes and the relationships between landscapes and humans. Geography is described as the bridge between human and physical sciences. The document outlines the main parts of geography as physical geography, which studies the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and pedosphere, and human geography, also called social or cultural geography, which examines human interactions with the environment. A brief history of geography is also presented, mentioning figures like Eratosthenes, Pythagoras, and Alexander von Humboldt. The importance of geography in understanding connections between people and the environment, as well as global conflicts, is highlighted.
Data analysis in geography simply concerns the methodology for collecting, analyzing, and presenting data. It frequently involves the application of statistical techniques useful in several ways ― first, these help summarize the findings of studies (example: total rainfall during a period in a state), second, these help understanding of the phenomenon under study (example: rainfall is more in the southern districts), third, these help forecast the state of variables (example: draught is likely during the next year), fourth, these help evaluate performance of certain activity (example: more rainfall means more rice production), fifth, these help decision making (example: finding out the best location for a H.S. School), sixth, they also help to establish whether relationships between the characteristics of a set of observations are genuine or not, and finally, certainly all these can show that the results of the analysis make a valuable contribution to the body of geographical knowledge.
Statistical techniques and procedures are applied in all fields of academic research; wherever data are collected and summarized or wherever any numerical information is analyzed or research is conducted, statistics are needed for sound analysis and interpretation of results. Geographers primarily use statistics in the following ways: to describe and summarize spatial data, to make generalizations concerning complex spatial patterns, to estimate the probability of outcomes for an event at a given location, to use samples of geographic data to infer characteristics for a larger set of geographic data (population), to determine if the magnitude or frequency of some phenomenon differs from one location to another, and to learn whether an actual spatial pattern matches some expected pattern.
The document provides an introduction to the field of geography, outlining its key questions and perspectives, definitions of physical and human geography, and the major topics studied within each such as landforms, climate, population, and economic activity. Geography is defined as the study of both the natural and cultural features of the Earth's surface and seeks to understand the relationships between humans and their environments. The document outlines the main concepts of location, place, region, movement, and human-environment interaction that form the core themes of geographic thought.
IntroductionWorld Regional GeographyWhat is Geog.docxmariuse18nolet
Introduction
World Regional Geography
What is Geography?Geography is the study of…. the earth, its features (physical and human-made) and the interaction between these featuresGeographers ask…WHERE are things located? and-WHY are things where they are? Geography is a multidisciplinary discipline
What is World Regional Geography?The study of the world by breaking it down into realms and regionsA realm is…The largest unit the inhabited world can be dividedThe result of the interaction between human societies and natural environmentsA representation of the great population clusters of humankindA changing entity over timeMarked by transition zones at its boundaries with other realms
We will be studying the world by realms and regions. For example, one of the realms we will be studying is North America. North America is a realm and is also broken down into regions that we will also study: The Maritime Northeast, The South, etc.
*
What is World Regional Geography?A region is…An area on the earth’s surface marked by specific criteria that we establishSpecific criteria in this class focus on four themes: physical, cultural, economic, and historical geographyAll regions have…Area BoundariesLocationAbsolute location – specific measurable point on the earth’s surfaceRelative location – location with respect to other regions
What is World Regional Geography?All regions include statesA state is…a politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognized by a significant portion of the international communityA state must contain:a permanent resident populationan organized economya functioning internal circulation system
*
Your book and geographers- refer to countries as states.
How would you divide the world?
Think about what kind of criteria you would use to divide the world and try to come up with a division scheme on your own. The book divides the world based on geographic similarities that include physical (the natural environment), cultural, economic, historical, and political (in some cases).
*
Themes of the Course:
Physical GeographyPhysical Geography…The study of the earth’s natural landscapes (the array of landforms and physical features that constitute the earth’s surfaceWhat are some examples of natural landscapes?Physiography – synonymous with physical geography; literally means landscape description
Themes of the Course:
Physical GeographyQuestion 1: Why do we have mountains, earthquakes and volcanoes in some places and not others?Enter the Theory of Plate TectonicsThe Theory of Plate Tectonics states that…the world is divided into large slabs of rock called tectonic plates that move slowly over the earth’s surfacethe movement of these tectonic plates create mountains and cause earthquakes and volcanoes along their boundariesTypes of tectonic plate boundaries:Convergent – two plates collide, one plate dips below another plate (subduction), creating mountains and causing e.
Geography is the study of places and the relationships between people and their environments. It integrates knowledge from natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities. Geography is divided into three branches: physical geography studies natural environments; human geography examines human communities and interactions with space/place; regional geography analyzes characteristics of world regions. Physical geography sub-branches include biogeography, water resources, climate, geomorphology, lithology, and oceanography. Geography uses tools like statistics, cartography, digital cartography, remote sensing, and geographic information systems.
01 Chap 1 Introduction To Geography (Jan 08)ganesh092929
Geography is the study of the Earth's surfaces and processes that shape it, as well as the relationships between humans and physical environments. It aims to develop knowledge and understanding of different places, how people and places interact, and the skills needed for geographical study like inquiry, mapwork and fieldwork. Geography encompasses both physical and human aspects by examining natural features and how humans distribute across and interact with the environment.
Week 2_Introduction to Physical Geography.pptxRalphNavelino2
Physical geography is the study of natural landscapes, weather, climate and natural resources. It examines the interactions between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and lithosphere. The discipline has a long history dating back thousands of years to early explorations and maps. It later developed with Greek philosophers studying the form and size of the Earth. Today, physical geography includes diverse topics like landforms, climate, ecosystems and geology. It has many sub-branches focusing on specific Earth systems and processes.
Similar to GEOG100--Lecture 01--What is Geography? (20)
Physical Geography Lecture 17 - Oceans and Coastal Geomorphology 120716angelaorr
This document discusses various topics related to coastal geomorphology including ocean currents, tides, waves, and the landforms shaped by coastal processes. It describes how tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun. Spring tides occur when these three bodies are aligned and produce the highest tides, while neap tides occur at right angles and have lower tides. Extreme tides over 15 meters occur in the Bay of Fundy. Waves are affected by factors like fetch, wind strength, and duration. Refraction disperses wave energy at headlands and concentrates it in bays, shaping distinctive coastal landforms. Human structures can disrupt sediment flows and cause shoreline erosion over time.
Physical Geography Lecture 14 - Folding, Faulting, and Earthquakes 112816angelaorr
Diastrophism. Compression, tension, and shear stresses. Crustal fold structures. Faults. Fault zone landscapes (normal and reverse faults). Strike-slip/transform/transcurrent faults. Transform fault structures (landscapes). Earthquakes. Focus/hypocenter, epicenter. Measuring earthquakes: seismic waves, seismograph, seismogram. Quantitative vs. qualitative measurements. Quantitative: Richter scale and Moment magnitude. Qualitative: Mercalli Scale. Loma Prieta Quake, 1989. Seismic waves: body waves and surface waves. P-waves. S-waves. L-waves. R-waves. Earthquakes and their relationship to plate tectonics. Pinpointing an earthquake epicenter. Earthquake hazard map of the U.S. Earthquake hazards. Liquefaction. The Pacific Ring of Fire. Tsunamis.
Rigid Earth Theory. Plasticity. Isostacy. Alfred Wegener and Continental Drift. Wegener's lines of evidence. Harry Hess and more evidence. Power source = convection currents in the mantle. Theory of Plate Tectonics. Plate boundaries: Divergent (spreading centers), Convergent (subduction zones), Lateral (transform faults). Three types of subduction zones. Hot spots. Accreted Terranes. Cratons. Continental Shields. Topography. (maps for lab)
Physical Geography Lecture 11 - The Lithosphere 111416angelaorr
The document discusses geologic time and how rocks are dated. It describes how radiometric dating is used to determine the absolute age of rocks by measuring radioactive decay. The oldest rocks on Earth are around 3.96 billion years old. It also discusses the theory of uniformitarianism and how the same geologic processes that shape the Earth today have operated throughout its history.
Physical Geography Lecture 10 - Global Climates 110916angelaorr
Climate. How climate is determined. Climate is important because it provides resources for humans. Climate classification. The Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Scheme. The Major Climate Groups. Subclassifications of climate. Climate map. Climographs. Climates, climographs, examples, details: A Climates. B Climates. C Climates. D Climates. E Climates. H Climates.
Physical Geography Lecture 09 - Water Resources (Ground water and ice) 110716angelaorr
Movement and locations of water. Underground water. Soil water belt, subsurface flow. Percolation. Porosity and Permeability. Hydrologic Zones. Zone of aeration, zone of saturation, water table, effluent and influent condition. Zone of confined water, aquaclude, aquifer, artesian well. Waterless zone. Groundwater management. Groundwater management issues. Aquifer recharge, cone of depression, subsidence, groundwater contamination. The case of Venice Italy. Hydrothermal activity. Hot springs, geysers, fumaroles. Permafrost, melting permafrost. Glaciers, alpine and continental glaciers. Melting glaciers. Lakes. Destruction of the Aral Sea. Swamps and marshes. Streams.
Physical Geography Lecture 08 - Precipitation, Air Masses, and Storms 110216angelaorr
The formation of precipitation. Types of precipitation. Global and U.S. precipitation. Air masses, source regions, classification. Air masses of North America. Fronts. Warm front, cold front, stationary front, occluded front. Life-cycle of a midlatitude cyclone. Weather changes with the passage of a cold front. Midlatitude anticyclones. Lightning, thunder. Tornadoes. Hurricanes. Storm surge.
Physical Geography Lecture 07 - Clouds and Transfer of Latent Heat 102616angelaorr
Global water budget. Hydrologic cycle. Residence time. Latent Heat Transfer diagram. Saturation. Factors affecting rate of evaporation. Vapor pressure. Relative Humidity. Dew point. The adiabatic process. DAR, LCL, latent heat of condensation, SAR. Stable vs Unstable air. Clouds. Fog. Dew.
Air pressure. Relationships between pressure, density, and temperature (confined vs. unconfined gases). Measuring air pressure. Isobars. The pressure gradient force. Wind. Convection cell diagram. Out of the high, into the low. Local winds (sea/land breezes, mountain/valley breezes, Chinook/Santa Ana winds).
Physical Geography Lecture 05 - Atmospheric Energy and Global Temps 101216angelaorr
The document discusses factors that influence global temperatures, including Earth's energy balance, net radiation, the greenhouse effect, temperature measurement systems, daily and seasonal temperature variations, temperature inversions, and factors like latitude, elevation, proximity to water or urban areas, and ocean currents. It provides diagrams to illustrate concepts like hypothetical radiation balances, temperature profiles, isotherms, and ocean circulation patterns. It also includes review questions to check understanding of topics covered.
The document discusses key concepts about Earth's atmosphere including:
1. The atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen gases. It also contains variable amounts of gases like carbon dioxide and ozone that influence climate.
2. Solar radiation is processed as it passes through the atmosphere, being scattered, absorbed, or transmitted. Particulates play an important role by reflecting or absorbing sunlight.
3. Temperature varies with altitude, decreasing in the troposphere due to conduction and the environmental lapse rate, and increasing in the stratosphere due to ozone absorption of UV light.
Physical Geography Lecture 04 - Earth's Energy and Seasons 10.03.16angelaorr
The document discusses Earth's orientation in space and how its axial tilt, precession, and elliptical orbit affect seasonal changes in insolation levels. It explains that Earth's axial tilt varies between 21.5-24.5 degrees over tens of thousands of years, causing variations in seasonal temperatures. The tilt creates solstices when the sun is directly overhead at one of the Tropics, and equinoxes when it is overhead at the equator. Regions receive different levels of solar radiation depending on latitude and season, with implications for Earth's global heat balance.
Maps are a geographer's tool for representing the three-dimensional real world in two dimensions. While flat maps necessarily distort features like shape, size or direction to varying degrees, cartographers use map projections to minimize these distortions. Common projections include cylindrical, azimuthal, conic, and pseudocylindrical projections. Topographic maps produced by the USGS precisely represent land elevations and relief using contour lines. However, what and what is not represented on maps can reflect biases and influence how we perceive the world.
Uniformitarianism. Eratosthenes. Earth's size and shape. Centrifugal force. Earth's rotation and revolution. Navigation: great circles and small circles. The geographic grid. Time zones. Review
The document discusses various concepts related to folding, faulting, and earthquakes. It defines diastrophism as large-scale deformation of the earth's crust. It also describes different types of stresses that cause folding and faulting, including compression, tension, and shearing stresses. Additionally, it outlines different types of crustal fold structures like monoclines, synclines, and anticlines. The document then discusses fault types and features associated with transform faults. Finally, it examines seismic waves and how earthquakes are measured, and relates earthquake activity to plate tectonics.
Plate tectonics theory proposes that the Earth's crust is made up of rigid plates that move over Earth's mantle. Early evidence included matching rock formations and fossils on separated continents, as well as seafloor mapping showing ocean crust is only 100 million years old. Convection currents in the mantle provide the mechanism for plate movements. Plates can pull apart at mid-ocean ridges, slam together at subduction zones, or slide past each other at transform boundaries, causing volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building. The theory best explains geological evidence and is now widely accepted.
The document discusses the formation of different types of rocks through various geological processes. It describes how igneous rocks form from cooling magma either below (intrusive) or above (extrusive) the Earth's surface. Sedimentary rocks form through the weathering, erosion, deposition and lithification of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form when existing rocks are subjected to heat and pressure, such as in subduction zones or near magma intrusions. The key driving forces behind the continuous rock cycle are the Earth's internal heat and convection currents, along with processes at the surface influenced by the sun such as weathering.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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11. Where did “Geography” come from?
Geo- comes from Greek
“ge” = “Earth”
geoid
geology
geometry
-graphy comes from Greek
“graphe” = “writing” or
“description”
(Does it remind you of “graph”?)
12. Who were the first geographers?
The Greeks were not
the first to “do”
Geography…
Mesopotamian land ownership
map on a clay tablet
13. Who were the first geographers?
Egyptian gold mine map on papyrus
14. Who were the first geographers?
► The Greeks
codified it, broadened it, deepened it, named it,
lived it
► These were the first geographers in the
Western tradition, and their ideas have been
handed down over thousands of years
► The real reason we follow in the Greeks’
footsteps?
The ideas contained in their works survived and
were translated into other languages
15. A Brief History of the Early
Development of Geography
► Western Geography—Greece and Rome
Development of geometric principles
Eratosthenes, Hipparchus, Strabo and
Ptolemy
16. Asian Geography
► Academic knowledge was highly-prized
► Japan, Korea, and China all were
engaging in extensive trade long before
European explorers
17. China
► Expansion of the Chinese empire
Needed to know what was IN that empire
(resources, cultures, wealth, areas of potential
political threats or alliances, etc.)
► Chinese geographers created extensive
maps, wrote detailed descriptions of culture
groups and physical environments
18. Muslim Geographers
► One of the tenants (the 8 “pillars”) of Islam is that
every able-bodied Muslim must make a
pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca (in what is,
today, Saudi Arabia) at least once in a lifetime
► Pilgrimages to Mecca offered opportunities for
observation and description, from Africa to Spain
to India and throughout Southwest Asia
► As these pilgrims traveled, they wrote about
what they saw and experienced, and mapped
out land and seas
19. Immanuel Kant—18th Century philosopher
► Order out of chaos
He proposed three
Categories of Academic
Disciplines…
20. Immanuel Kant—18th Century philosopher
►Categories of Academic Disciplines:
1. Systematic Sciences—orderly, methodical, subject
matter is easily classified
(Physics, Geology, Botany, Zoology, etc.)
2. Temporal Sciences—the dimension of time
(History, Archaeology, Paleontology)
3. Spatial Sciences—the dimension of space
(Geography, Geophysics*, Astronomy)
The map is a geographer’s primary spatial tool
21. The Fundamentals
► Every study of Geography incorporates
one or more of the following 5
Fundamental Concepts in Geography:
1. Location
2. Place
3. Movement
4. Human-Environment Interactions
5. Region
22. The 5 Fundamental Spatial
Concepts of Geography
► 1. Location—study of
where something is
found in Earth space
23. The 5 Fundamental Spatial
Concepts of Geography
► 2. Place—study of the site and situation
characteristics of a particular portion of space
24. The 5 Fundamental Spatial
Concepts of Geography
► 2. Place—study of the site and situation
characteristics of a particular portion of space
“Sense of Place” is an important geographical
concept
30. JIMMY BUFFETT
“MARGARITAVILLE”
GLADIATOR
?
THE PERFECT VACATION
Sense of Place
some “imaginary” places
31. The 5 Fundamental Spatial
Concepts of Geography
► 3. Movement—study
of the circulation of
objects, people, and
ideas, and their
distribution (spatial
patterning) on Earth’s
surface
32. The 5 Fundamental Spatial
Concepts of Geography
► 4. Human-Earth
Interactions—study of
how humans perceive,
use, and alter the
planet, and how the
environment affects
and changes humans,
in return
32
33. The 5 Fundamental Spatial
Concepts of Geography
►5. Region—
study of an area on Earth’s surface that
exhibits some form of spatial cohesion
reflected by a homogeneity of specific
features or functional linkages to a central
node
(WHAAAA???)
35. Geography is holistic
► Interested in
interrelationships
► Informed by many other
sciences
Geography is actually the
Mother of many other
fields of science
► Test your professor:
Name a field which cannot
in some way be studied
by a geographer
36. AAG Specializations
► AAG: Association of American Geographers' M
http://www.aag.org/cs/membership/specialty_g
roups
37. The Subdivisions of Geography
► Geography can be divided into any number
of subfields. The main divisions are:
Physical Geography
►Biogeography is sometimes considered a part of
physical geography
Human Geography
Geomatics (Technical Geography)
38. Physical Geography
► Physical geography is the study of Earth’s
natural systems, their spatial distributions, and
interactions. It is the study of the natural and
human-induced processes that shape the
surface of our planet.
Subfields include geomorphology, climatology,
hydrogeography, etc.
Maintains connections with other physical
sciences
39. Biogeography
► The study of the spatial distribution of plants
and animals.
Subfields include phytogeography,
zoogeography, pedology (cross-over with
physical geography), etc.
Often considered a subfield of Physical
Geography
40. Human Geography
► The study of how people use the land, how
they perceive it and relate to it; the spatial
variations between human groups
Subfields include: cultural geography, economic
geography, urban geography, political geography,
ethnic geography, geodemography, religious
geography, geolinguistics, proxemics, etc.
Maintains connections with all other social
sciences
41. Geomatics/Technical Geography
► All of the technical specialties within the field
which assist geographic studies.
Cartography (GIS)
Remote sensing
Statistical studies
Maintains connections with information
technologies, mathematics, computer sciences,
etc.
42. Systems Science
► What is a “system”?
A system is “a set of things, structures,
processes, [or] activities…[that are] associated
and interconnected, forming and functioning as
a complex whole through a regular set of
relations….”
--Audrey N. Clark’s Dictionary of Geography
43
44. Systems Science
► Flow system—matter and/or energy moving around
Open system—has inputs and outputs
Closed system (also called a cycle)—constantly transforming and
reusing what’s already there; nothing ever leaves
45
45. Systems Science
► Feedback
Positive feedback
►When the result of a process causes conditions
which strengthen that process and increasingly
amplify its results
Feedback from an amplifier
Arctic ice melting
Negative feedback
►When the result of a process causes conditions
which weaken the process and reduce its effects
An air conditioning system
More water in Earth’s atmosphere creating more clouds
that reflect and scatter sunlight
46
46. Systems Science
► Time cycles--systems operate on all
different scales, including time scales, large
and small
47
47. Systems Science
► Earth’s systems are
always attempting to
achieve equilibrium, in
which exchanges of
matter and/or energy
are equal, in and out
► Equilibrium is difficult to
attain and even more
difficult to maintain over
long time cycles 48
48. Systems Science
► Sometimes a series of slight changes might
result in a larger change that pushes the
system over a threshold, a point at which
the same state can no longer be maintained
49
54. Congratulations!
You just finished Lesson #1….
Are you ready for some review questions
to test how well you’ve understood
everything we’ve covered so far?
55
55. Quick Review
1. What is the most important question in
Geography?
2. Who were the first geographers in the
Western tradition? Was theirs the only
culture to produce good geographic
studies?
3. Which of the Categories of Academic
Disciplines does Geography fit into?
4. Name the 5 fundamental spatial
concepts of geography. What one word
or phrase defines each of these? 56
56. Quick Review
5. What does it mean when we describe
Geography as being holistic?
6. What is a system?
7. What is the difference between an open
system and a closed system?
8. What is the difference between positive
feedback and negative feedback?
9. Name Earth’s four “spheres”.
57
58. Homework
Buy a three-ring binder and a notebook
just for this class (preferably one with
tear-out pages and binder holes)
Read Chapter 1 and work on the Chapter
1 Study Guide
Find a cool, geography-related video
online; post the name of the video and the
link on the class blog, in the Comments
Buy an atlas
Editor's Notes
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Every artist sees a landscape in a different way. Each brings to the canvas a sense of the place they are trying to interpret.\n
-Filmmakers must also understand sense of place--every film has a setting, right? I like to think of film as VISUAL GEOGRAPHY.\n-Even musicians can give you a sense of a place. Where is “Margaritaville”?\n-In creating ads, advertising agencies play on your sense of place to build an image, a feeling.\nOften these places are “imaginary”--based on real places, but not actually “real” at all.\n
-Filmmakers must also understand sense of place--every film has a setting, right? I like to think of film as VISUAL GEOGRAPHY.\n-Even musicians can give you a sense of a place. Where is “Margaritaville”?\n-In creating ads, advertising agencies play on your sense of place to build an image, a feeling.\nOften these places are “imaginary”--based on real places, but not actually “real” at all.\n
-Filmmakers must also understand sense of place--every film has a setting, right? I like to think of film as VISUAL GEOGRAPHY.\n-Even musicians can give you a sense of a place. Where is “Margaritaville”?\n-In creating ads, advertising agencies play on your sense of place to build an image, a feeling.\nOften these places are “imaginary”--based on real places, but not actually “real” at all.\n
-Filmmakers must also understand sense of place--every film has a setting, right? I like to think of film as VISUAL GEOGRAPHY.\n-Even musicians can give you a sense of a place. Where is “Margaritaville”?\n-In creating ads, advertising agencies play on your sense of place to build an image, a feeling.\nOften these places are “imaginary”--based on real places, but not actually “real” at all.\n
-Filmmakers must also understand sense of place--every film has a setting, right? I like to think of film as VISUAL GEOGRAPHY.\n-Even musicians can give you a sense of a place. Where is “Margaritaville”?\n-In creating ads, advertising agencies play on your sense of place to build an image, a feeling.\nOften these places are “imaginary”--based on real places, but not actually “real” at all.\n
-Filmmakers must also understand sense of place--every film has a setting, right? I like to think of film as VISUAL GEOGRAPHY.\n-Even musicians can give you a sense of a place. Where is “Margaritaville”?\n-In creating ads, advertising agencies play on your sense of place to build an image, a feeling.\nOften these places are “imaginary”--based on real places, but not actually “real” at all.\n
-Filmmakers must also understand sense of place--every film has a setting, right? I like to think of film as VISUAL GEOGRAPHY.\n-Even musicians can give you a sense of a place. Where is “Margaritaville”?\n-In creating ads, advertising agencies play on your sense of place to build an image, a feeling.\nOften these places are “imaginary”--based on real places, but not actually “real” at all.\n
-Filmmakers must also understand sense of place--every film has a setting, right? I like to think of film as VISUAL GEOGRAPHY.\n-Even musicians can give you a sense of a place. Where is “Margaritaville”?\n-In creating ads, advertising agencies play on your sense of place to build an image, a feeling.\nOften these places are “imaginary”--based on real places, but not actually “real” at all.\n
-Filmmakers must also understand sense of place--every film has a setting, right? I like to think of film as VISUAL GEOGRAPHY.\n-Even musicians can give you a sense of a place. Where is “Margaritaville”?\n-In creating ads, advertising agencies play on your sense of place to build an image, a feeling.\nOften these places are “imaginary”--based on real places, but not actually “real” at all.\n
-Filmmakers must also understand sense of place--every film has a setting, right? I like to think of film as VISUAL GEOGRAPHY.\n-Even musicians can give you a sense of a place. Where is “Margaritaville”?\n-In creating ads, advertising agencies play on your sense of place to build an image, a feeling.\nOften these places are “imaginary”--based on real places, but not actually “real” at all.\n