This document provides an overview of plasmids. It defines plasmids as small, circular, extrachromosomal DNA molecules that can replicate independently in bacteria. Plasmids contain genes that provide benefits to bacteria like antibiotic resistance. They are transferred between bacteria through processes like transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Plasmids are classified based on their functions and are important tools in biotechnology as they allow cloning, protein production, and other applications.
Autonomously replicating circular fragment present in DNA is called plasmids.
The term plasmid was first introduced by American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg in1952.
An episome is a plasmid capable of inserting DNA into the host chromosome.
Because of their ability to transfer DNA from one bacterium to another, plasmids are extensively used in recombinant DNA technology or genetic engineering.
Autonomously replicating circular fragment present in DNA is called plasmids.
The term plasmid was first introduced by American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg in1952.
An episome is a plasmid capable of inserting DNA into the host chromosome.
Because of their ability to transfer DNA from one bacterium to another, plasmids are extensively used in recombinant DNA technology or genetic engineering.
molecular biology phage vector, full lifecycle and all necessary information regarding lambda phage, it contain 2 types that is insertion and replacement.
It is defined simply as a technique to efficiently and stably introduce foreign genes into the genome of target cells.
The insertion of unrelated, therapeutic genetic information in the form of DNA into target cells
MBB 501 PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION ABOUT DIFFERENT DNA MODIFYING ENZYMES
WHAT IS AN ENZYME?
Alkaline Phosphatase
Polynucleotide kinase
Terminal deoxyneucleotidyl transferase
Nucleases
Exonuclease
Bal31 Exonuclease III
Endonuclease
S1 endonulease
Deoxyribonuclease 1 (Dnase 1)
RNase A
RNase H
Restriction Endonuclease
PvuI
PvuII
Different types of endonuclease enzymes
The recognition sequences for some of the most frequently used restriction endonucleases.
Categorization of enzymes
Isoschizomers
Neoschizomers
Isocaudomers
Definition - Rolling circle replication is a process of unidirectional nucleic acid replication.
* can rapidly synthesize multiple copies of circular molecules of DNA or RNA, such as plasmids.
* Eucaryotic also replicate.
* widely used in molecular biology & biomedical
nanotechnology, especially in the field of
biosensing (as a method of signal Amplification).
Steps:
Circular ds DNA will be “nicked”
3` end is elongated →Leading strand
5` end displaced → Lagging strand
made up of double stranded by OKAZAKI fragments.
4) Replication of both “ unnicked” and displaced ss DNA
5) Displaced DNA circulates and synthesis its own complementary strand.
Initation-- phosphate ends, by the action of:
a) Helicase
b) Topoisomerases
c) Single stranded binding proteins(SSBPs)
Elongation-OH group of broken strand, using the unbroken strand as a template. The polymerase will start to move in a circle for elongation, due to which it is named as Rolling Circle Model.
end will be displaced and will grow out like a waving thread.
Termination-* At the point of termination, the linear DNA molecule is cleaved from the circle resulting in a double stranded circular DNA molecule and a single- stranded linear DNA molecule.
* The linear single stranded molecule is circularized by the action of ligase and then replication to double stranded circular plasmid molecule.
Example- Conjugation of F+ and F- bacteria
Diagrammatic representation of Rolling circle
some Examples-Viral DNA
* Human herpes virus
* Human papilloma virus
* Geminivirus
Viral RNA
* pospiviridiae
* Avsunviridiae
Reference:- https://en. m. wikipedia.org
what- when- how.com
https//www.sciencedirect.com
www.slideshare.com
Genetics-notes.wikispace.com
you tube
Prescott 5th edition page.no: 236, 237
Brock biology of microorganism , page.no: 253,616
There is the fifth video by Miss Aymen Arif Sindh Biotechnologist Association has taken initiative for all young scientists, researchers, and students to have the platform to show their talent and interest in different activities.
Topic: Plasmids and its types
Presentation by: Aymen Arif
Research Officer at Halal Food and testing Laboratory,
Industrial Analytical Center, H.E.J (ICCBS).
Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-spdnc-2z6Q
transformation in bacteria is a classical example of horizontal gene transfer which leads to enhanced survivability and also introduction of variations that may lead to evolution
BAC & YAC are artificially prepared chromosomes to clone DNA sequences.yeast artificial chromosome is capable of carrying upto 1000 kbp of inserted DNA sequence
description of plasmids and types and importance of plasmids and artificial plasmids(PBR322,cosmids,phagemids) and selection of the recombinants and uses and advantages and disadvantages of the plasmids
molecular biology phage vector, full lifecycle and all necessary information regarding lambda phage, it contain 2 types that is insertion and replacement.
It is defined simply as a technique to efficiently and stably introduce foreign genes into the genome of target cells.
The insertion of unrelated, therapeutic genetic information in the form of DNA into target cells
MBB 501 PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION ABOUT DIFFERENT DNA MODIFYING ENZYMES
WHAT IS AN ENZYME?
Alkaline Phosphatase
Polynucleotide kinase
Terminal deoxyneucleotidyl transferase
Nucleases
Exonuclease
Bal31 Exonuclease III
Endonuclease
S1 endonulease
Deoxyribonuclease 1 (Dnase 1)
RNase A
RNase H
Restriction Endonuclease
PvuI
PvuII
Different types of endonuclease enzymes
The recognition sequences for some of the most frequently used restriction endonucleases.
Categorization of enzymes
Isoschizomers
Neoschizomers
Isocaudomers
Definition - Rolling circle replication is a process of unidirectional nucleic acid replication.
* can rapidly synthesize multiple copies of circular molecules of DNA or RNA, such as plasmids.
* Eucaryotic also replicate.
* widely used in molecular biology & biomedical
nanotechnology, especially in the field of
biosensing (as a method of signal Amplification).
Steps:
Circular ds DNA will be “nicked”
3` end is elongated →Leading strand
5` end displaced → Lagging strand
made up of double stranded by OKAZAKI fragments.
4) Replication of both “ unnicked” and displaced ss DNA
5) Displaced DNA circulates and synthesis its own complementary strand.
Initation-- phosphate ends, by the action of:
a) Helicase
b) Topoisomerases
c) Single stranded binding proteins(SSBPs)
Elongation-OH group of broken strand, using the unbroken strand as a template. The polymerase will start to move in a circle for elongation, due to which it is named as Rolling Circle Model.
end will be displaced and will grow out like a waving thread.
Termination-* At the point of termination, the linear DNA molecule is cleaved from the circle resulting in a double stranded circular DNA molecule and a single- stranded linear DNA molecule.
* The linear single stranded molecule is circularized by the action of ligase and then replication to double stranded circular plasmid molecule.
Example- Conjugation of F+ and F- bacteria
Diagrammatic representation of Rolling circle
some Examples-Viral DNA
* Human herpes virus
* Human papilloma virus
* Geminivirus
Viral RNA
* pospiviridiae
* Avsunviridiae
Reference:- https://en. m. wikipedia.org
what- when- how.com
https//www.sciencedirect.com
www.slideshare.com
Genetics-notes.wikispace.com
you tube
Prescott 5th edition page.no: 236, 237
Brock biology of microorganism , page.no: 253,616
There is the fifth video by Miss Aymen Arif Sindh Biotechnologist Association has taken initiative for all young scientists, researchers, and students to have the platform to show their talent and interest in different activities.
Topic: Plasmids and its types
Presentation by: Aymen Arif
Research Officer at Halal Food and testing Laboratory,
Industrial Analytical Center, H.E.J (ICCBS).
Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-spdnc-2z6Q
transformation in bacteria is a classical example of horizontal gene transfer which leads to enhanced survivability and also introduction of variations that may lead to evolution
BAC & YAC are artificially prepared chromosomes to clone DNA sequences.yeast artificial chromosome is capable of carrying upto 1000 kbp of inserted DNA sequence
description of plasmids and types and importance of plasmids and artificial plasmids(PBR322,cosmids,phagemids) and selection of the recombinants and uses and advantages and disadvantages of the plasmids
The content provided about "plasmid and its types with current research applications. The content presented with best of my knowledge and reference with several articles from appropriate source. I hope this will be useful.
A genetically engineered DNA molecule from bacteria , phage or yeast to carry foreign DNA for the purpose of cloning and expression of the inserted DNA of interest in RDT
The main difference between plasmid and vectors is that plasmid is an extra-chromosomal element of mainly bacterial cells whereas vector is a vehicle that carries foreign DNA molecules into another cell. Vectors are mainly used in the recombinant DNA technology to introduce foreign DNA molecules into cells.
a brief introduction to countercurrent chromatography with its principle. working and modes of operation along with little bit of history, the types of CCC and its applications
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
3. INTRODUCTION
• A plasmid is a small, circular, extrachromosomal double stranded DNA that has the
capacity to replicate independently.
• Discovered by Laderberg in 1952.
• It naturally occur in bacteria, however sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotes.
• The genes carried in plasmid benefit the survival of the organism by providing them
with genetic advantages like antibiotic resistance etc. under certain situation or
particular conditions.
• They provide mechanism for horizontal gene transfer within a population of microbes
and thus provide a selective advantage under a given environmental state.
4. PROPERTIES
• Specific to one or a few particular bacteria.
• Replicate independently and code for their own transfer.
• Do not cause damage to cells and generally are beneficial, do not have
extracellular forms and exist inside cells simply as free and typically circular
DNA.
• Size ranges from 1 kbp to several mbp.
• Number of plasmids in an individual cell may vary, ranging from one to several
hundreds, denoted by copy number.
• Genes carried by plasmid encodes traits for antibiotic resistance or resistance to
heavy metal.
• Some produces virulence factor that help in defence or nutrient utilization.
• Plasmids can also provide bacteria with the ability to fix nitrogen.
• Some also exhibits properties like sulphur utilization, hydrocarbon degradation,
drug resistance etc.
5. ELEMENTS OF PLASMIDS
• Origin of replication: it is the DNA
sequence which directs initiation of
plasmid replication by recruiting
bacterial transcriptional machinery.
• Antibiotic resistance gene: these genes
allows for selection of plasmid
containing bacteria by providing a
survival advantage to the bacterial host.
• Multiple cloning site: this is the short
segment containing several restriction
enzyme sites, enabling easy insertion of
foreign DNA.
6. • Insert: it is the foreign DNA cloned into the multiple cloning site.
• Promoter region: it drives the transcription of the foreign insert.
• Selectable marker: it is used to select for cells that has successfully taken up the plasmid
for the purpose of expressing the insert.
• Primer binding site: it is the site for binding of short single stranded DNA sequence,
used as an initiation point for PCR amplification or sequencing of the plasmid.
7. PLASMID CONFORMATIONS
1. Nicked open circular DNA
2. Relaxed circular DNA
3. Linear DNA
4. Supercoiled or covalently closed circular DNA
5. Supercoiled denatured DNA
8. PLASMID REPLICATION
Plasmids replicate autonomously
because they have their own replication
origins.
• Most plasmids in gram-negative bacteria
replicate in a manner similar to the
replication of bacterial chromosome
involving initiation at the replication
origin site and bidirectional replication
around the DNA circle giving a theta (Ө)
intermediate.
• Most plasmids of gram-positive bacteria
replicate by a rolling circle mechanism.
9. MODE OF PLASMID TRANSFER
The genetic information encoded in a plasmid of bacteria is transferred across a broad range of
microorganism via-
1.Transformation: requires competent cells which are ready to accept extracellular plasmid and further stable
replication inside host cell.
2.Transduction: plasmid mediated gene transfer through bacteriophages.(can be generalised or specialised)
3.Conjugation: transfer through cell to cell contact of donor and recipient cell, requires DNA metabolism of
donor cell.
10. F-PLASMID (fertility
plasmid)
contain ‘tra’ gene,
capable of
conjugation.
R-PLASMID
(resistance plasmid)
contain genes that
provide resistance
against antibiotics
or poisons.
Col PLASMID
contain genes that
codes for
bacteriocins
(proteins that can
kill bacteria).
CLASSIFICATION
Based on their functions, plasmids are classified as follows-
11. VIRULENCE
PLASMID
they turn the
bacteria into
pathogen.
SUICIDE PLASMID
gets transferred to
another bacterial
cell but don’t
replicate further.
DEGRADATIVE
PLASMID
they enable the
digestion of unusual
substances like
toluene, salicylic acid
etc.
12. PLASMIDS AND RECOMBINANT DNA
TECHNOLOGY
• Recombinant DNA technology is joining together
of DNA molecules from two different species that
are inserted into a host organism to produce new
genetic combinations that are of value to science,
medicine, agriculture, and industry.
• Artificially constructed plasmids are used as
vectors in genetic engineering to clone or amplify
or express particular genes.
• When a single recombinant DNA molecule
composed of vector and inserted DNA molecule is
introduced into host cell, the inserted DNA is
reproduced along with the vector, producing large
number of recombinant DNA molecule that include
the fragment of DNA molecule originally linked to
the vector
14. IMPORTANCE OF PLASMID
• Easy to work with due to convenient size for physical isolation and manipulation,
easy to create and modify plasmids containing the genetic element that one is
interested in.
• Independent origin of replication allows plasmid replication in the cell to proceed
independently from direct chromosomal control.
• Multiple copy number makes them to be present in the cell in several copies so
that amplification of the plasmid DNA becomes easy
• Presence of selectable markers such as antibiotic resistance genes, which make
detection and selection of plasmid-containing clones easier.
15. Continued…
• Stable for long term either as purified DNA or within bacterial cell preserved as
glycerol stocks.
• Functional in many species including plants, worms, mice and even cultured
human cells and useful for a diverse set of applications like investigation of
promoters, small RNAs or other genetic elements.
DRAWBACK: Less useful for cloning large segment of DNA (>10kbp).
17. REFERENCES
1. Thomas, Christopher M; Summers, David (2008). "Bacterial Plasmids". Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. ISBN 0470016175.
2. Wolfgang Schumann (2008). "Chapter 1 - Escherichia coli Cloning and Expression Vectors". In Georg Lipps. Plasmids: Current
Research and Future Trends. Caister Academic Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-1-904455-35-6.
3. Stanley Falkow. "Microbial Genomics: Standing on the Shoulders of Giants". Microbiology Society.
4. Finbarr Hayes (2003). "Chapter 1 - The Function and Organization of Plasmids". In Nicola Casali, Andrew Presto. E. Coli
Plasmid Vectors: Methods and Applications. Methods in Molecular Biology. 235. Humana Press. pp. 1–5. ISBN 978-1-58829-
151-6.
5. T. A. Brown (2010). "Chapter 2 - Vectors for Gene Cloning: Plasmids and Bacteriophages". Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis:
An Introduction (6th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1405181730.
6. David Summers (1996). "Chapter 1 - The Function and Organization of Plasmids". The Biology of Plasmids. Wiley-Blackwell;
First Edition. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-0632034369.
7. Banu and Prasad, (2017) “Role of Plasmids in Microbiology”. J Aquac Res Development.