Nutrition
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Microbial cells require certain essential nutrients for growth and metabolism. These include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, as well as various minerals and vitamins. Microbes can obtain these nutrients from either organic or inorganic sources, depending on whether they are heterotrophs or autotrophs. Nutrients can enter microbial cells through passive diffusion, osmosis, or active transport processes that require energy.
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This document discusses the physiology and metabolism of bacteria. It explains that bacteria metabolize organic and inorganic substrates to generate energy through catabolic pathways, while using this energy for anabolic pathways to synthesize cellular components. The four main components of bacterial cells are water, organic matter like proteins and carbohydrates, and inorganic minerals. Bacteria are classified based on their nutritional requirements, oxygen usage, and optimal temperature for growth. Enzymes play a key role in bacterial metabolism by catalyzing biochemical reactions. Bacterial growth occurs through binary fission and follows a characteristic growth curve with lag, logarithmic, stationary, and death phases.
5546.pdf
This document discusses the physiology and metabolism of bacteria. It explains that bacteria metabolize organic and inorganic substrates to generate energy through catabolic pathways, while using this energy for anabolic pathways to synthesize cellular components. The four main components of bacterial cells are water, organic matter like proteins and carbohydrates, and inorganic minerals. Bacteria are classified based on their nutritional requirements, oxygen usage, and optimal temperature for growth. Enzymes play a key role in bacterial metabolism by catalyzing biochemical reactions. Bacterial growth occurs through binary fission and follows a characteristic growth curve with lag, logarithmic, stationary, and death phases.
bacterial-metabolism
This document provides an overview of bacterial nutrition, including the major and minor bio-elements required by bacteria. The ten major bio-elements that bacteria require in relatively high concentrations are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and iron. These elements are important constituents of cellular materials and cofactors for enzymes. Bacteria also require smaller amounts of other elements like zinc, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, cobalt, copper, tungsten, and nickel, which serve as cofactors for specific enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism, formate oxidation, and other processes.
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Factors affecting Growth of Microorganisms - Anas Shaikh - 13FET1006
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A comparison between organic and conventionally grown carrots prepared on cut...
Hypothesis: Organic carrots should exhibit a higher quantity of microbial growth than their conventional counterparts, even after the application of various sanitizers.
Methods
This document outlines 5 basic microbiological techniques: inoculation, incubation, inspection, isolation, and identification. It describes how samples are introduced into nutrient media and incubated to allow microbial growth. Microbes are then inspected visually and microscopically, isolated into pure cultures, and identified using biochemical and morphological characteristics. A variety of media types and stains are used to selectively grow, differentiate, and identify microorganisms. Microscopy techniques provide higher magnification views of cellular structures and staining patterns for classification.
Metabolism c
The document discusses various topics related to metabolism in bacteria and other microorganisms. It covers classification of bacteria based on oxygen tolerance, biochemical reactions, fermentation products, pathways of energy metabolism like glycolysis and Krebs cycle, and biosynthesis of compounds like proteins, lipids, amino acids and nucleotides. It also distinguishes between different types of microbes based on their carbon and energy sources, including photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs and chemoautotrophs.
Metabolism b
The document discusses several biochemical pathways involved in energy metabolism in cells. It describes glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the Entner-Doudoroff pathway for carbohydrate metabolism. It also discusses fermentation, respiration, the Krebs cycle, and how proteins, lipids, and other molecules are broken down to generate energy. The pathways are integrated through common intermediates to allow both catabolic and anabolic reactions.
Metabolism a
Microbial metabolism involves chemical reactions and workings that allow cells to obtain energy and materials for growth. These reactions are catalyzed by enzymes, which increase reaction rates and lower energy requirements. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the central energy currency that powers cellular reactions but must be continually regenerated through metabolism. Enzymes exhibit high substrate specificity and determine which reactions occur in a cell's metabolism. Metabolic pathways involve interconnected enzyme-catalyzed steps that allow cells to break down nutrients and synthesize cellular components.
Medical micro
This document discusses human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection over multiple paragraphs. It covers the incubation period of HIV, which can be weeks to years until AIDS develops. It describes how HIV progressively reduces immune cell numbers and function, leaving the host vulnerable to opportunistic infections and cancers. Treatment aims to suppress HIV and prevent complications, as a cure is not currently possible. The prognosis depends on access to long-term medical care and antiretroviral drugs.
Introduction structure
This document provides an overview of microbiology concepts including:
1) It lists common human pathogens and notes that 61% are zoonotic.
2) It discusses the office hours, labs, and lectures for a microbiology course.
3) It summarizes key discoveries and advances in microbiology, infectious disease, and molecular biology from the 18th century to present.
Growth b
Microbial growth is defined as the increase in the number of cells through cell division, rather than increases in individual cell size. Microbes undergo several growth phases as they multiply, including lag, log, stationary, and death phases, which can be modeled using growth curves. There are various methods to quantify microbial growth, including counting colony forming units, most probable number calculations, and direct microscopic counts. Microbial growth is influenced by various environmental factors such as temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and nutrient availability.
Growth a
The document discusses microbial growth and factors that influence bacterial growth rates. It describes the bacterial growth curve, which consists of lag, exponential, stationary and death phases. The exponential phase is characterized by continuous cell division at maximum rates. Temperature, pH, oxygen levels and water activity are some of the key physical and chemical factors that affect microbial growth rates.
Genetics c
Bacterial cells regulate gene expression in response to environmental changes through transcriptional control mechanisms. The lac and arg operons are two examples that are regulated in Escherichia coli. The lac operon encodes enzymes for lactose metabolism and is induced in the presence of lactose. The arg operon encodes enzymes for arginine biosynthesis and is repressed in the presence of arginine. Operons allow functionally related genes to be coordinately regulated at the level of transcription through repressors and inducers binding to operator sites on the DNA.
Genetics b
The document discusses several topics related to DNA and genetics including:
- DNA was established as the genetic material through Griffith's experiments showing transfer of virulence in pneumococcus bacteria (transformation).
- The genetic code corresponds to DNA base sequences specifying amino acid sequences in polypeptides. Codons and the wobble property are discussed.
- Mutations can be spontaneous or induced by mutagens and cause changes in biochemistry and phenotypes of cells. Different types of mutations like point mutations and frameshifts are described.
- Methods for selecting, detecting, and isolating mutants in microbial genetics experiments are outlined.
- Bacterial plasmids, conjugation, curing of plasmids, and antibiotic resistance factors are
Genetics appt
Bacterial genetics involves three main mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer - transformation, transduction, and conjugation. These mechanisms allow bacteria to acquire new genetic material from other bacteria to help them survive in changing environments. Mutation also contributes to genetic variation in bacteria and usually involves changes to single genes, while gene transfer can involve simultaneous transfer of multiple genes.
Genetic engineering
This document summarizes recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology and genetic engineering. It discusses how restriction enzymes and DNA ligases are used to cut and paste DNA from different sources to create recombinant DNA molecules. It also describes genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and provides examples of transgenic organisms. Vectors such as plasmids are used to carry and replicate foreign DNA fragments in bacteria. Selection techniques like antibiotic resistance allow identification of transformed bacteria.
Disinfectants b
The document discusses various methods for controlling microorganisms, including physical methods like heat, filtration, and radiation, as well as chemical agents. It provides definitions for key terms like sterilization, disinfection, and sanitization. For physical heat methods, it describes moist heat sterilization techniques like boiling, autoclaving, pasteurization, and ultrahigh-temperature processing. It also covers factors that influence the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents and calculations using D-values and z-values to determine sterilization times.
Disinfectants a ppt
1. The document discusses various methods for disinfecting and controlling microbial growth, including physical methods like heat and radiation, and chemical methods like disinfectants, antiseptics, and other antimicrobial agents.
2. It describes the mechanisms of action for different antimicrobial agents like phenolics, iodophores, alcohols, aldehydes, and oxidizing agents which act by damaging cell membranes, proteins, and nucleic acids.
3. The effectiveness of disinfection depends on factors like concentration and contact time of the antimicrobial agent, amount of organic matter present, and characteristics of the microbes being targeted.
Bacterial diseases 2011
The document discusses various diseases and vaccines. It provides information on monkeypox transmission between wild animals in the US in 2003. It also summarizes the distribution of monkeypox cases across several midwestern and central US states. The document then discusses signs and symptoms of disease, protective immune responses, phases of vaccine development including preclinical and clinical trials, bacterial toxins, Vibrio cholerae pathogenesis and treatment, tetanus and diphtheria causative bacteria and diseases, polysaccharide encapsulated bacteria, meningococcal disease and treatment, conjugate vaccines for H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis, and combination vaccines.
Antibiotics ppt
- Antibiotics selectively target microbial processes without harming human host cells. Proper antibiotic use and hand hygiene have improved patient outcomes.
- Many antibiotics are naturally produced by bacteria and fungi to inhibit competition. Major classes include penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, and sulfonamides.
- Antibiotics work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall, protein, or nucleic acid synthesis. However, antibiotic resistance has emerged through various mechanisms and poses a growing challenge.
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Nutrition
- 1. MICROBIAL NUTRITION Essential Nutrients
- 2. Chemical Composition of a Prokaryotic Cell
- 8. NITROGEN CYCLE Nitrobacter sp., Nitrosomonas sp., Rhizobium sp.
- 11. SULPHUR CYCLE Thiobacillius sp., Beggiatoa sp., Sulfofobus sp.
- 20. SUMMARY
- 25. OSMOTIC RELATIONSHIPS IN LIVING SYSTEMS ISOTONIC HYPOTONIC HYPERTONIC
- 29. SUBSTANCES TRANSPORTED: monosacc’s, Aa’s, organic acids, phosphates, metal ions