The document discusses various examples of genetically modified animals that have been created for different purposes. It describes animals that have been modified to glow in the dark by injecting them with fluorescent proteins from jellyfish, including sheep, rabbits, monkeys, dogs, and fish. It also mentions other genetically modified animals like cows that are resistant to diseases, featherless chickens, and pigs modified to produce healthier fat. The document provides information on the techniques used to create transgenic animals and both the potential benefits and problems of genetically modified organisms.

1. M.THILAKAR
LS1154,
3rd M.Sc. LIFE SCIENCES,
BDU.

2.  What, Where is gene.?
 DNA means….!!!!...????????
 Recombinant DNA.?
 Gene manipulation..?
(Creation of recombinant DNA, which introduced into
living cells).
 Genetic Engineering..?
 Finding the right gene – How.? (Gene lib, Cloning & PCR)
 So what are the steps in PCR.?
 How could you Cut & Paste the DNA..?
RENEWAL OF OUR BRAIN..! (LOL)

3. Selective Breeding
• It occurs between
plants/animals of the
same species. (Dog 
Dog).
• Takes a long time to get
desired results
Transgenic Engineering
 It can occur between
different types of
species (Human 
Bacteria)
 Desired results can
result much quicker.

4.  Animals which are produced by the Recombinant
DNA technology in in vitro are said to be Transgenic
animals.
 Transgenic animals are said to be : Genetically
modified animals (GMO).
 The use of whole organisms for the production of
recombinant protein is a further possibility, and this
has already been achieved in some species.
 The FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine(CVM)
regulates genetically altered animal products.
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS

5.  The process of creating transgenic animals involves
three major steps:
1. Micro- injecting embryos : The new gene is
introduced directly into the fertilized ovum.
2. Retrovirus‐mediated gene transfer : RNA viruses are
used to transfer the gene into the cell.
3. Embryonic stem cell mediated gene transfer : The
gene is introduced into the Embryonic stem cell
soon after the fertilization & then implanted into
Surrogate mothers.
4. Sperm-mediated transfer.
5. Physical techniques such as biolistic or
electro-fusion
MAKING TRANSGENIC ANIMALS

6. HOW GENETICALLY MODIFIED
ORGANISMS ARE CREATED
This diagram
demonstrates how
human insulin is
produced by a
bacterial cell, using a
plasmid as a vector to
enter the bacterial
cell.

7. TRANSGENIC ENGINEERING

8. COMMERCIALIZED
RECOMBINANT
PRODUCTS

9.  Scientists in Israel have created a prototype of a breed of
featherless chickens that can save time on plucking, are more
environmentally friendly, and in general significantly reduce
the cost of raising them.
 The scientists claimed that featherless chickens are extremely
safe because they are created by breeding a regular broiler
chicken with a Naked Neck.
 Despite the number of benefits featherless chickens will
provide, there are some serious drawbacks to consider.
 Mother Nature wouldn’t give chickens feathers if she thought
they were useless.
 The feathers on the chicken are there to protect chickens from
parasites, harsh weather conditions, and overzealous cocks
that can hurt the hen’s skin when mating.
FEATHER LESS CHICKEN

10. FEATHER LESS CHICKEN

11. A company called
Lifestyle Pets claims
that they are able to
breed hypoallergenic
pets by selecting cats
and dogs that have
“naturally occurring
genetic divergences”
for breeding.
This group of cats and
dogs doesn’t produce
the types of pet
allergens in humans.
HYPO ALLERGIC PETS

12.  Each year, one million deaths are caused by malaria, and
another 300 million people are infected—so it stands to
reason that scientists should develop ways to end the fight
against this disease.
 With the inspiration of fighting fire with fire, scientists have
come up with malaria fighting mosquitoes.
 These types of mosquitoes have been genetically modified to
develop resistance against the plasmodium parasite—making
it near impossible to infect the host mosquito.
 But past experiences have shown that plasmodium parasites
are able to quickly evolve and develop an immunity to
anything that threatens to destroy them.
SUDDEN-DEATH MOSQUITOES

13. SUDDEN-DEATH MOSQUITOES

14.  Herman the Bull, the first genetically modified bovine, was
created in 1990 to humanize his calves’ milk, but we’ve come
a long way since him.
 We now have cows that are less horny and resistant to mad
cow disease and udder infections.
 We can even determine their sex or turn out a Belgian Blue.
 The Belgian Blue is a breed that has a defective myostatin
gene (the gene that is responsible for muscle inhibition) that
results in double muscling.
 Belgian Blues are said to have more lean meat and reduced
fat content, which leads to significantly more health risks
(and inbreeding) than other breeds.
SUPER COWS

15. SUPER COWS

16.  scientists in Japan have genetically modified pigs that are
both meat and vegetable.
 Dubbed “Popeye Pigs” these pigs have been inserted with a
spinach gene that converts saturated fat into unsaturated fat
(linoleic acid).
 Although the pigs have been cleared of any health
complications, their announcement was met with public
outcry, with many people wondering why shoppers aren’t
happy eating vegetables instead of trying to mutate pigs into
something they’re not.
DUBBED - POPEYE PIGS

17. DUBBED - POPEYE PIGS

18. SPIDER SILK
 Spider’s silk is
5 times stronger than a
thread of steel of the
same thickness
3 times stronger than
Kevlar (carbon fibre).
 Spiders are carnivores
and cannot be raised
 Transgenic animals can
produce the spider
protein.
Aculepeira ceropegia
a European orbweb
spider

19. SPIDER SILK
 The gene for spider silk
protein was isolated
from the golden orb
weaver (Nephila
clavipes)
 Not easy, it is a fibrous
protein so it has a very
repetitive gene sequence
Nephila clavipes © C. Frank Starmer

20.  The first batch of genetically
modified babies were created
in 2001.
 Out of the 30 babies that were
born, 15 were found to have
DNA from three different
adults.
 Although having DNA from
more than two sources can
occur naturally (as in the
cases of microchimerism and
tetragametic chimerism),
these 15 babies were created
with a method called
“cytoplasmic transfer” which
had been banned by the FDA
DESIGNER BABIES

21. ANIMALS THAT GLOW-IN-
THE-DARK

22.  When these sheep were born in October 2012, scientists at
the Animal Reproductive Institute of Uruguay, immediately
injected them with a green protein found in the Aquaria
Victoria jellyfish.
 As the sheep grew, they looked and acted like any other four-
legged balls of fluff, except that they gave off a greenish glow
after being exposed to certain ultraviolet light.
 Typically, these green fluorescent proteins are used to monitor
the activity of altered genes.
 They have proved to be of great help in the study of diseases.
SHEEP

23. SHEEP

24.  In May 2000, Kac introduced the world to his "GFP
bunny," an albino rabbit named Alba that glowed
fluorescent when exposed to blue light.
 A research institute in France actually created the rabbit
for Kac —
 The florescent jellyfish protein was injected into a
fertilized rabbit egg — and later hesitated over releasing
the animal due to protests from animal rights groups over
Alba's very creation.
 The scientists also claimed that they never agreed for
Kac to take the bunny home.
 Two years after Alba was born, and long before Alba
could make her trip to the states, the unique rabbit died
— an abrupt end to the battle between science and art.
RABBIT

25. RABBIT

26.  In this 2009 study, the same jellyfish DNA injection was used,
but for different purposes.
 Scientists in Japan wanted to see if the jellyfish gene was
inherited by the second generation of a genetically modified
monkey.
 The team at the Central Institute for Experimental Animals in
Kawasaki, Japan, added a fluorescent gene to the marmoset
embryos, which were then transferred into surrogate females
who produced five live births.
 All of the modified marmosets carried the genes in their body.
When they produced offspring, two passed the fluorescent
gene onto their young.
 This was the first time a GMO passed such genes down a
generation.
MONKEY

27. NEWBORN TRANSGENIC MARMOSETS KEI (LEFT) AND
KOU, AND THEIR FEET UNDER ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT.
(PHOTO : ERIKA SASAKI)

28.  A experiment in 2009 by a team at Seoul National University
reportedly produced the first transgenic dog.
 Five beagles were created by cloning fibroblast cells that
express a red florescent gene produced by sea anemones.
 In Natural light – Red protein under normal skin.
 In UV – Reddish orange.
 Two years later, a team at the same university bred a beagle
name Tegon whose fluorescent gene could be controlled.
 When the dog eats food containing a doxycycline antibiotic and
then is exposed to ultraviolet light, it glows green.
 When the drug is no longer added to the food, the glow
eventually fades.
DOGS

29. A 3-MONTH-OLD BEAGLE GLOWS IN THE DARK UNDER
UV (LEFT) BUT LOOKS LIKE ANY OTHER PUPPY IN THE
DAYLIGHT. (REUTERS/JO YONG-HAK)

30. A GLOWING KITTEN STANDS NEXT TO A
NORMAL CAT (MAYO CLINIC)

31. GLOWING FISH

32.  Efficient production of Pharmaceuticals, Hormones (Insulin,
Growth hormone), and Nutritional suppléments.
 Bio pharm animals reduces the cost.
 Some of GMO are using as the consumables (Like Featherless
chicken).
BENEFITS OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS

33.  These animals generally shows the Reduced immune system
compared with Natural animals.
 Reduced Life span.
PROBLEMS WITH GMO’S

34. thank
you
dudes..!!!