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Genetically modified Organisms and Foods
This document summarizes information about genetically modified organisms and foods. It discusses: - The history of genetic engineering beginning in the 1970s with the first recombinant DNA molecule and transgenic animal. - The multi-stage process of producing GMOs, including identifying genes of interest, creating recombinant DNA, and inserting the DNA into host cells. - Both the advantages of GMOs, such as increased crop yields and disease resistance, and the disadvantages, which include risks to biodiversity and potential allergic reactions in humans. - Examples of genetically modified plants, animals, and other applications like producing insulin and vaccines. - The ongoing controversies around GMOs regarding their ethics, impacts, and whether they should
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Genetically modified Organisms and Foods
- 1. Genetically modified organisms andfoods Submitted to Ma'am Ibtessam
- 2. Group members Name Name WaqarAhmed Sadia Ansari Ali Asghar Dua Brohi Ramsha Zaman Anmol Arbab Murk Panhwar Aqsa Brohi
- 3. Content Introduction History Process Advantages and disadvantages Examples of GMOs Controversies Impacts of GMOs and Biosafety
- 4. Introduction A genetically modifiedorganism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques while genetically modified foods are the foods derived from Genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It involves either the combining of DNA from different genomes or the insertion of foreign DNA into a genome.
- 5. Other terms thatmean the same thing Genetically engineered Transgenic Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology
- 6. History (genetically modifiedorganisms) In 1972 Paul Berg (Father of genetic engineering) created the first recombinant DNA molecule when he combined DNA from a monkey virus (SV40) with that of the lambda virus. In 1973 Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen made the first genetically modified organism (GMO). In 1974 Rudolf Jaenisch created a transgenic mouse by introducing foreign DNA into its embryo, making it the world’s first transgenic animal.
- 7. History (genetically modifiedfood) In 1983 The first genetically modified plant was produced, using an antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant. In 1988 Genetically modified microbial enzymes were the first application of genetically modified organisms in food production and were approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. In 1994 The first genetically modified food approved for release was the Flavr Savr tomato. In 2000 With the creation of golden rice in 2000, scientists had genetically modified food to increase its nutrient value for the first time.
- 8. Process Production of GMOsis a multistage process which can be summarized as follows: Identification / Isolation of the gene interest Preparation of recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecule Insertion of rDNA into host cell Multiplication and production of numerous copies of host with rDNA in it
- 9. How to getgene of interest? There are there possible ways to get gene of interest. They are as follows: To isolate it from the chromosome (by cutting the chromosomes on the flanking sites of the gene using special enzymes known as restriction endonuclease) To synthesize it chemically (if the genes are small they can also be synthesized artificially in the laboratory) To make it from mRNA (by using reverse transcriptase)
- 10. Preparation of recombinantDNA (rDNA) molecule For the preparation of rDNA the plasmid is cut with the same enzyme which was used for isolation of the gene of interest. The gene of interest is then joined with the sticky ends produced after cutting the plasmid with the help of another special enzyme known as DNA ligase. This enzyme seals the foreign piece of DNA into the vector. Now the two different pieces of DNA have been joined together which is now known as recombinant DNA or chimaeric DNA.
- 11. Insertion of rDNAinto host cell Usually the bacterial cells are used as a host in recombinant DNA technology because it is easier to isolate and reinsert rDNA in bacterial cells. Bacterial cells take up the rDNA when they are treated with calcium chloride to make them more permeable.
- 12. Multiplication of hostwith rDNA When a host cell divides and redivides, copies of the recombinant DNA molecules are passed to the progeny and further replication of vector takes place. After a large number of divisions, a colony of identical host cell is produced containing rDNA molecules.
- 13. Advantages of geneticallymodified organisms: Although genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are controversial they have many advantages, the following few points will help you to understand GMOs Heavily tested: There have been a great number of studies tracking the effects of GMOs on animals. Immensely these studies show that they are safe to consume. Impact on farming: GMOs allow plants to be modified to grow in environment that would be normally inhospitable. Cheaper food: Easier forming means more food which, in turn, means less expensive food. This is not only beneficial for the average consumer, but it can have global implications. Less expensive food makes it easier to feed hungry populations around the world.
- 14. Cont. Other benefits:GMOs can be modified to have better taste, increased nutrients, resistance to diseases and pests and can give rise faster output of crops. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations also says that farmers can grow more food on less land with genetically modified crops. Genetically modified animals have certain genes have inserted into their genomes so that they can produce better milk, eggs and meat. Also it is expected that these animals have a higher resistance and overall better health, with better natural waste management. In theory, genetically modified crops and animals will also be more environmentally friendly because they conserve water, soil and energy.
- 15. Cont. For researchpurpose: Adding or deleting of genes from organisms enables scientists to study how genes function, the effects of gene mutation, how genetic diseases occur and how to treat them. To create medically valuable synthetic proteins more economically, and sufficient in quantities.
- 16. Disadvantages Of course, withadvantages there will be disadvantages too, here are some disadvantages of GMOs: The production of GMOs has negative impacts on the natural ecosystem which are not apparent now but will be apparent in the future. For example, genetic changes in a particular plant or animal might render it harmful to another organism higher up in the food chain and ultimately this effect may build up to destroy the entire food chain in which that plant plays a role. In humans, the number one most common side effect of consuming GM foods is allergic reaction. This allergic reaction happens when a certain protein/allergen present in the GM crop enters the body and stimulates an immune response. A GM food may also increase its production of toxins at levels already harmful to humans. Such may result from toxins being produced when there is a damage in the “Gene of Interest” during the insertion process.
- 17. Cont. The productionof GM foods imposes high risks to the disruption of biodiversity. This is because the “better” traits produced from engineering genes can result in the favoring of one organism. Furthermore, the introduction of genetically modified organisms can eventually disrupt the natural process of gene flow.
- 18. Examples of GMOs TRANSGENIC PLANTS: Transgenic plants have been engineered for scientific research, to create new colors in flowers and to create improve crops. In research, plants are engineered to help discover the functions of certain genes. Examples: Flavr Savr tomato: It was engineered to have a longer shelf life.
- 19. Cont. Golden Rice:Genetically modified to contain beta-carotene (a source of Vitamin A). In 1995, Bt potato was approved safe by the Environmental Protection Agency. Bt Cotton: is genetically modified which is resistant to pests. Transgenic fruit obtained by pear and apple. A blue rose is genetically modified rose.
- 20. Cont. Strawberry with antifreeze: Antifreezeis a chemical found in a fish living in cold water to avoid blood freezing. Pest resistant Cabbage: Gene that programs poison in scorpion tails was combined with cabbage. These genetically modified cabbage is produce scorpion poison that kills caterpillars when they bite leaves-but the toxin is modified so it isn’t harmful to humans. GM Tress: Australian eucalyptus tress have been cultured to withstand freezing temperatures that grow faster and yield better wood.
- 21. Transgenic Animals Geneticmodification in animals is carried out for the production of pharmaceuticals, human proteins and in therapies. GMO’s are used to enhance production or food quality traits (faster growth fish, pigs that digest food more efficiently), improve animal health (disease resistance). Examples: Transgenic monkey: Its so similar to human hence it used in clinical trial used for studying: HIV Huntington's disease
- 22. Cont. GM Frog: It’sa miracle of genetic engineering u can see through the skin how organs grow, how cancers starts and develops without dissecting the frog.
- 23. Cont. Goats. making silkprotein in milk Goats are genetically modified in such away that produce milk that contain spider silk proteins, than proteins are harvested through the goats milk. producing anti thrombin-3: To prevent the blood clotting during surgery anti thrombin-3 is currently being produced by herd of goats.
- 24. Other important applicationsof GMOs: Production of humulin Production of vaccine Gene therapy
- 25. CONTRAVERSIES Development in geneticmodification(GM) of organisms and foods has resulted in a raft of controversies. Ethics can help here. There are three areas of ethics that can help firm some of the concerns with GM food and organisms. Virtues Moral status Consequences
- 26. Virtues When the GoldenRice Project was first announced, it was advertised as an exciting solution to the prevalence VAD in developing countries. However, opposition to the GMO formed, blocking the expansion of the project. Countless people and organizations made arguments trying to halt Golden Rice Project, such as Friends of the Earth, MASIPAG (a farmer-led network of organizations based in the Philippines), and Greenpeace, the At the same time, supporters of The Golden Rice Project continued flouting its benefits, including the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), and the Humanitarian Board for Golden Rice. It is clear that the golden rice debate is about not only golden rice but also genetically modified organisms in general.
- 27. Moral status Because wecan, does it mean we should? Some feel that aspects of biotechnology tamper with God’s plan, GM technology is tampering with nature by mixing genes among species. Some may just say GM technology is unnatural, it is violating the intrinsic values of natural organisms. "Unnatural" and "tamper with God's plan" is a moral standard or belief based on different individuals. Do human have the right to generate new organisms? Human as Earthling is just one of the creatures that lives on the Earth. Just like other living organisms (mammals, reptiles, etc), none of us is the creator of the Earth. Just to say, who gives the right to human to generate new organisms? Or even more simple, does human have the right to create new creatures?
- 28. Zebra + Horse(Zorse) The zorse is a cross between zebra and domestic horse. The process were originally done in England and Africa to try to produce a domestic horse like animal which was resistant to disease. Disease spread by fly in Africa.
- 29. Glow in darkanimals: The main reason behind producing glowing animals was to avail them in market as pets and for money making purpose. The glofish among them was the first genetically modified animal to become available as a pet. It is a natural zebrafish which has genetic information from bioluminescent jellyfish added to its DNA.
- 30. Featherless chicken: Featherlesschicken are produced to increase the quantity of meat. Fast to grow. The critic says the feather free chicken will suffer more than the normal birds. Males might be unable to mate, because they cannot flap their wings. These both sexes are susceptible to parasites mosquitoes attack and sun burn.
- 31. Other controversial examples: Umbuku lizard Dolion ( cross breed of loin and dog) Pigs with colored nose Muscular cows
- 32. Consequences The mostcommon way of framing the ethics of GMOs is to ask: Do GMOs present negative or harmful consequences for individuals, populations or the environment? Most scientist argue that GM foods are safe to eat and will not harm consumer health. While critics maintain that long term health effects are uncertain, they contend that even if GM foods are safe to eat other harmful consequences should be considered, such as the impact of patenting laws on farmers and researched integrin, or the risk of contaminating the other crops or escaping into the wild. Genetic engineering allows introducing animal products in plants, which could raise issues for those with dietary restrictions, like vegetarian or vegans, or those who refrain from eating certain foods for religious reasons.
- 33. Impacts of GMOsand biosafety: The various issue have triggered controversies and regulations around gm foods and any company that produces these crops or products. Concerns range from the environment to risks to food web our issues concerning disease, allergies, and contamination. ALLERGIES AND DISEASE: A key ethical concern about gm foods is there potential to trigger allergies or disease in humans. Given that a gene could be extracted from an allergenic organism and placed into another one that typically does not cause allergies, a person may unknowingly be expose to an allergen. In term this could lead to am allergic reaction. There is also a fear that new allergies could occur from the mixing of genes from two organisms. E.g. Brazil nut allergy in soybeans.
- 34. Cont. DEMAGE TO THEENVIRONMENT: Damage to the environment I another ethical fear with regards to GM crops, unfortunately the technology is still new enough that their is much we do not know abut effect of GM crop production on the environment. Long term studies take decades to complete and most studies of GM crop production involve short term effect of the technology. There are fears that if thee crops do negatively impact the environment, the will spread in out of control fashion and we will not be able to top their damaging effects.
- 35. Cont. FOOD WEB ANDRISKS: A risk to the food web are very real ethical concern around GM technology. any pesticide or herbicide from the crop could harm animals and other organisms and the environment. E.g. GM sugar beets that were produce to be resistant to herbicides that successfully reduce weeds. However skylark birds that consumed the seeds from this particular weed would not be required to find a new food source their by endangering their existence. Exploitations: Some countries make use genetic engineering of foods as a very powerful weapon against their enemies. It is important to note that some scientist have discovered that these products can kill a lot of individual in the world by using harmful diseases.
- 36. The Effects areIrreversible All the disadvantages mentioned above are probably irreversible, especially the harmful effects on the environment and human health that are inevitable outcomes to the fast-paced development of biotechnology and genetic engineering. Consuming nutritious is the best option for healthy lifestyle that can even reverse the adverse effects of GM food. This may come from organic food as well as supreme supplements that provide quality nutrients and antioxidants.
- 37. Conclusion Any new technologyhas its set of advantages and disadvantages, as we can conclude this thing from the GMOs that remind us to get something we have to loose something. Like by GM technology we get desired characteristic in organism or food but negative impact is we can not get these desired characteristics without damaging the original one. So it is important to proceed with caution to avoid unfavorable consequences as this technology is very powerful. At same time it can be beneficial as well as disastrous for mankind, it is up to us that how we are utilizing that one.