This document discusses biosafety guidelines for laboratories working with genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It outlines different levels of biosafety containment from levels 1 to 4, with higher levels required for more dangerous pathogens. Physical and biological containment methods are described, including air filtration, sterilization lights, waste disposal procedures, and making organisms unable to survive outside the lab. Guidelines for safe practices in biosafety level 1 and 2 labs are provided. Several databases for finding biosafety information are also mentioned.
Safety cabinets are intended to protect a laboratory worker from aerosols and airborne particles.
They will not protect the person from spillages and the consequences of mishandling and poor technique.
Aerosol particles of less than 5 µm in diameter and small droplets of 5–100 µm in diameter are not visible to the naked eye.
The laboratory worker is generally not aware that such particles are being generated and may be inhaled or may cross contaminate work surface materials.
BSCs, when properly used, have been shown to be highly effective in reducing laboratory-acquired infections and cross-contaminations of cultures due to aerosol exposures. BSCs also protect the environment.
Most BSCs use high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters in the exhaust and supply systems.
The exception is a Class I BSC, which does not have HEPA filtered supply air.
Workplace safety is an important aspect to protect personnel against injury or serious accident.In case of animal cell culture safety takes a front seat due to nature of work i.e. handling of human cells and tissues, viruses with high potential to cause infections to humans and other adventitious micro organisms. This presentation presents various methods of safety to protect lab personnel from infectious biological agents.
Safety cabinets are intended to protect a laboratory worker from aerosols and airborne particles.
They will not protect the person from spillages and the consequences of mishandling and poor technique.
Aerosol particles of less than 5 µm in diameter and small droplets of 5–100 µm in diameter are not visible to the naked eye.
The laboratory worker is generally not aware that such particles are being generated and may be inhaled or may cross contaminate work surface materials.
BSCs, when properly used, have been shown to be highly effective in reducing laboratory-acquired infections and cross-contaminations of cultures due to aerosol exposures. BSCs also protect the environment.
Most BSCs use high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters in the exhaust and supply systems.
The exception is a Class I BSC, which does not have HEPA filtered supply air.
Workplace safety is an important aspect to protect personnel against injury or serious accident.In case of animal cell culture safety takes a front seat due to nature of work i.e. handling of human cells and tissues, viruses with high potential to cause infections to humans and other adventitious micro organisms. This presentation presents various methods of safety to protect lab personnel from infectious biological agents.
Basics of BioSafety
This lesson will define and present information on
methods used to provide biosafety in facilities
where potentially infectious agents are used.
These include:
Containment
Biological safety cabinets
Personal protection equipment
The facility as barrier
Secondary barriers
Biosafety is the application of safety precautions that reduce a Laboratory based risk of exposure to a potentially infectious material and limit contamination of the working and surrounding environment.
The primary principle of biosafety is “Containment”.
Containment
The action of keeping harmful things under control and within limits
Or
A series of safe methods for managing infectious bacteria in the laboratory.
deals with biosafety in medical labs. universal safety precautions included. Includes updated 8 categories and colour coding for BMW management. Being a budding microbiologist, kept it focused on microbiology lab
Basics of BioSafety
This lesson will define and present information on
methods used to provide biosafety in facilities
where potentially infectious agents are used.
These include:
Containment
Biological safety cabinets
Personal protection equipment
The facility as barrier
Secondary barriers
Biosafety is the application of safety precautions that reduce a Laboratory based risk of exposure to a potentially infectious material and limit contamination of the working and surrounding environment.
The primary principle of biosafety is “Containment”.
Containment
The action of keeping harmful things under control and within limits
Or
A series of safe methods for managing infectious bacteria in the laboratory.
deals with biosafety in medical labs. universal safety precautions included. Includes updated 8 categories and colour coding for BMW management. Being a budding microbiologist, kept it focused on microbiology lab
Biohazards,Institutional Biosafety Committees and Cartagena Protocol:
Biohazards:
Biological hazards also known as biohazards, refer to biological substances that pose a threat to the health of living organisms, especially that of humans. For example: Viruses, bacteria ,fungi etc.
These hazards can be encountered anywhere in the environment. The biohazard symbol was developed in 1966 by Charles Baldwin, an environmental health engineer.
Types of Biological Hazards: Biological hazards can be put into different categories:
Bacteria: microscopic organisms that live in soil,water or the bodies of plants and animals and are characterized by lack of distinct nucleus and the inability to photosynthesize. Examples are E.coli, TB and Tetanus.
Viruses: These are a group of pathogens that consist mostly of nucleic acids and that lack cellular structure. Viruses are totally dependent on their hosts for replication. Examples: common cold, influenza, measles, SARS, Hantavirus and rabies.
Fungi: Major group of lower plants that lack chlorophyll and live on dead or other living organisms. Examples: mould,rust, mildew,smut,yeast and mushrooms.
Biohazard Classification: Conventional Agents
Recombinant DNA
Tissue Culture
Animal work
Anatomical Specimens
Unconventional Agents
What is Biosafety ? Biosafety is the application of safety precautions that reduce a laboratorians risk of exposure to a potentially infectious material and limit contamination of the work environment and ultimately the community (CDC).
Achieved through;
Administrative controls
Engineering controls
Personal protective equipment
Practices and procedures
Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC): Under section 5 (1) of regulations
All organisations involved in research and development that deals with modern biotechnology shall establish an IBC.
IBC is a formal expert committee of an organisation undertaking modern biotechnology research and development which involves use of any LMO/rDNA materials.
IBCs are registered with the National Biosafety Board (NBB).
Its function is to monitor and ensure compliance to the biosafety act 2007 at the institutional level and safe handling of modern biotechnology activities.
IBC Members: Head of the organization or his designate as the chairperson.
Three or more scientists engaged in rDNA work or molecular biology with at least one outside expert in the relevant discipline.
A member with medical qualifications - Biosafety officer.
A nominee of DBT.
Cartagena Protocol: History: CBD opened for signature in 1992 and entered into force on 29 Dec 1993.
Cartagena Bio Safety Protocol (CBSP) negotiated from 1996-2000; entered into force in 11 Sept. 2003; over 170 Party Members; an international treaty.
This is a complementary agreement to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
Total parties to the cartagena protocol as of June 2021 are 173.
Objectives: The cartagena protocol on Biodiversity seeks to protect biodiversity from the potential risk
Biosafety is the prevention of large-scale loss of biological integrity, focusing both on ecology and human health. These prevention mechanisms include conduction of regular reviews of the biosafety in laboratory settings, as well as strict guidelines to follow. Biosafety also means safety from exposure to infectious agents.
Necessity
In order to avoid infection/biohazard to the laboratory personnel & the environment, biosafety levels are very important.
Biosaftey means the needs to protect human and animal health along with the environment from the possible adverse effects of the products of modern biotechnology. Biosafety defines the containment conditions under which infectious agents can be safely manipulated. Biosafety word is used to reduce and eliminate the potential risk regulating from the modern biotechnology and its products.
safety data sheet, an introduction to cell culture, safety equipment, safe laboratory practices, ascetic techniques, sterile work area, good personal hygiene, sterile reagents and media, sterile handling, planning of cell culture labs.
The document provides a detailed overview on the basic principles of operating a biotech or micro laboratory along with basic techniques with which to handle organisms, chemicals &equipment and ensuring your own, your colleagues and your environment's safety.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
2. • ‘Biosafety’ means the need to protect human
and animal health and environment from the
possible adverse effects of the products of
modern biotechnology.
• Biosafety defines the containment conditions
under which infectious agents can be safely
manipulated.
3. CONTAINMENT
• The safety measures which prevent the
escaping of GEOs from the laboratory are
called containment.
• They help to destroy harmful GEOs within the
laboratory itself. Hence there is no chance for
the microbes to come out of the laboratory
• In USA,the National Institute of Health(NIH)
set up the Recombinant DNA Advisory
Committee(RAC) in 1976.
4. • The RAC provide guidelines about safety
measures to keep hazardous organisms within
limits.
• These guidelines discuss about physical and
biological containments.
PHYSICAL CONTAINMENTS
• The physical methods being adopted inside the
laboratories to prevent escaping of GEOs to the
environment are called physical containment.
6. 1.Air filtration
• The exhaust air from the laboratory is filtered
through exhaust filters.
• It prevents the escaping of GEOs from the lab.
2.Sterilization lights
• Flurescent tube lights which emit UV light,are
fitted in the laboratory to sterilize the work areas
and exposed surfaces of the lab.
• This technique destroys microbial contaminent
inside the lab.
7. 3.Waste disposal
• All waste coming from the laboratory are
sterilized by autoclaving or by incinerating them
in an incinerator.
• This will prevent the escaping of contaminated
wastes from the lab.
8. 4.Protective handling
• Persons working in the laboratory must follow
certain techniques to avoid contamination and
to prevent escaping of microbes.
• The person must wear protective clothing
before entering the work area,it should not be
carried outside.
• Mouth pipetting should be avoided.
9. BIOLOGICAL CONTAINMENT
• The biological principles used in laboratories to
prevent the escape of GEOs or microbes are called
biological containment.
• Biological containment makes the organisms
unable to survive in the outside environment.
• It prevents the spreading of vector DNAs to the
organisms outside the laboratory by usual
conjugation,transformation or transduction.
10. • Bacteria which cannot grow outside unless
suitable nutrients have to be supplied are
used for gene manipulations.
• Such bacteria are made by inducing gene
mutation.This is a mutant bacterium that
survive only in the culture.
11. BIOSAFETY LEVEL
• Biosafety level is the level of the
biocontainment precautions required to
isolate dangerous biological agents in an
enclosed facility.
• The levels of containment range from the
lowest biosafety level 1 to the highest at level
4.
12. BIOSAFETY LEVEL 1
• Biosafety level 1 is suitable for work involving well
characterized agents not known to consistently
cause disease in healthy adult humans and of
minimal potential hazard to laboratory personnel
and the environment
• It includes several kinds of bacteria and viruses
including canine hepatitis, non-pathogenic E.coli,
as well as some cell cultures and non-infectious
bacteria.
13. BIOSAFETY LEVEL 2
• Biosafety level 2 is similar to Biosafety level 1
and is suitable for work involving agents of
moderate potential hazard to personnel and
the environment.
• It includes various bacteria and viruses that
cause only mild disease to humans, or are
difficult to contract via aerosol in a lab setting,
hepatitis A,B and C.
14. • Laboratory personnel have specific training in
handling pathogenic agents and are directed
by scientists with advanced training;
• Access to the laboratory is limited when work
is being conducted;
• Extreme precautions are taken with
contaminated sharp items.
15. BIOSAFETY LEVEL 3
• This level is applicable to clinical, diagnostic,
teaching, research, or production facilities in
which work is done with indigenous or exotic
agents which may cause serious or potentially
lethal disease after inhalation.
• It includes various bacteria, parasites and
viruses that can cause severe to fatal disease
in humans
16. • Laboratory personnel have specific training in
handling pathogenic and potentially lethal agents,
and are supervised by competent scientists who
are experienced in working with these agents.
• All procedures involving the manipulation of
infectious materials are conducted within
biological safety cabinets, specially designed
hoods, or other physical containment devices, or
by personnel wearing appropriate personal
protective clothing and equipment.
17. BIOSAFETY LEVEL 4
• This level is required for work with dangerous and
exotic agents that pose a high individual risk of
aerosol-transmitted laboratory infections, agents
which cause severe to fatal disease in humans for
which vaccines or other treatments
are not available, such as Bolivian and Argentine
hemorrhagic fevers,Marburg virus , Ebola virus,
and various other hemorrhagic diseases.
18. • This level is also used for work with agents
such as small pox that are considered
contagious enough to require the additional
safety measures, regardless of vaccination
availability
• When dealing with biological hazards at this
level the use of a positive pressure personnel
suit, with a segregated air supply is
mandatory.
19. • The entrance and exit of a level four biolab will
contain multiple showers, a vacuum room, an
ultraviolet light room, and other safety
precautions designed to destroy all traces of the
biohazard
• All air and water service going to and coming
from a biosafety level 4 lab will undergo similar
decontamination procedures to eliminate the
possibility of an accidental release.
20. Biosafety Guidelines
Biosafety guidelines aiming at-
• Regulating rDNA research with organisms that
have least or no adverse effect.
• Minimizing the possiblities of occasional
release of GEOs from the lab.
• Banning the release of GEOs if they are
supposed to be causing potential risks in the
environment.
21. Biosafety Guidelines for Laboratories
• Food storage, eating, drinking and smoking are
prohibited in lab.
• Mouth pipetting is prohibited
• Laboratory coats are obligatory and should be
removed when exiting the lab.
• Working surfaces must be decontaminated using
soap and alcohol after each working day.
• Waste products must be decontaminated by
incineration or by autoclaving.
22. • Frequent hand wash is obligatory.
• Avoid contact with GMO's and other exotic
biological agents, disposable gloves should be
worn when handling such items.
• Laboratory door should be closed at all times.
• Working with fume-producing chemicals must be
under the laboratory hood.
• Biohazard warning signs should be always posted
in labs.
23. • Based upon ICGEB’s long-standing activities in
biosafety, we have identified the main issues
derived from the deliberate introduction of GM
crops (and their derived products) into the
environment or onto the market of concern
today. These have been classified as:
• Risks for animal and human health
• toxicity & food quality/safety
• allergies;
• pathogen drug resistance (antibiotic resistance)
24. • Risks for the environment:
• susceptibility of non-target organisms;
• change in use of chemicals in agriculture
• unpredictable gene expression or transgene
instability (gene silencing).
25. • Risks for agriculture:
• weeds or superweeds
• alteration of nutritional value (attractiveness
of the organism to pests)
• change in cost of agriculture
• unpredictable variation in active product
availability
• loss of changes in agricultural practise
26. • General concerns:
• detection and analytical methods
• ethical issues (eg. labelling)
• public attitudes, perception; legislation
monitoring
• socio-economics (eg. situation of
poor farmers in developing countries)
27. BIOSAFETY DATABASES
• Several Websites offer useful entry-points to a
diversity of biosafety data.
• These "one-stop shops" contain huge collections or
listings of relevant informatic tools and links to
other sites, and can provide and exhaustive and
comprehensive array of biosafety-related
information.
28. BCH
• The central portal of the Biosafety Clearing House
(BCH), hosted by the CBD Secretariat, Montreal,
Canada, is a major repository of biosafety information.
• The portal is available in all official UN languages, and
to date, a number of relevant national, regional and
international databases are interoperable with the
CBD-BCH, thus facilitating the searching over 8000
records from these combined databases through
a unified search mechanism.
29. • Information is searchable under the following
themes: biosafety information resources, national
contacts, laws and regulations, decision and
declaration information (including risk assessment
documents)
• The CBD-BCH also contains a sub-database of
“National Biosafety Websites and Databases”.
30. ICGEB
• The ICGEB webpages provides information on
biosafety and risk assessment for
the environmental release of GMOs with
special regards to the need of the developing
world.
31. • Notable resources include:
• a Biosafety Bibliographic database
• Risk Assessment Search Mechanism
(RASM), database of past and current projects
in GMO biosafety research, as well as the
Collection of Biosafety Reviews and links to
Internet biosafety resources offered by other
organizations on its biosafety library
webpages.
32. OECD(Organization for Economic Co-operation
and Development)
• The OECD created the BioTrack
Online website to provide information on
environmental, food and feed safety issues
relating to modern biotechnology.
• The home page focuses on the regulatory
oversight of modern biotechnology products
in OECD member countries.
33. • which includes information related to major
legislative developments, documents, links to
other related web sites, and online
databases of modern biotechnology products,
as well as field trials.
• The information includes regulatory
contacts, product database, field trials, and
free documents.
34. BOTANICAL FILE BATABASE
• The Botanical Files database provides data on
the possibility of crop species out-crossing with
wild and weedy relatives, and with
conventional landraces and other varieties of
the same crop plant.
35. • These files, developed for sugar beet and
maize in Europe only, are based on maps that
were established by local botanists using their
national or regional flora and information
from researchers (especially breeders).
