This presentation was made for the subject of computer architecture and organisation for the understanding of evolution of microprocessors and their configurations
This presentation was made for the subject of computer architecture and organisation for the understanding of evolution of microprocessors and their configurations
Very helpful for IT students... Keep me remember in your prayer please...
Email Adress: Najamkhankk@gmail.com
Thanks
Here you will Learn:
what is microprocessor?
History of Microprocessor?
Types of Microprocessor?
Dual Core,
Pentium 1
Pentium 2
Pentium 3
Pentium 4
Core i3
Core i5
Core i7
Throughout history, new and improved technologies have transformed the human experience. In the 20th century, the pace of change sped up radically as we entered the computing age. For nearly 40 years Intel innovations have continuously created new possibilities in the lives of people around the world.
found this one in one of my abandoned folders. AC(students from JUCSE need no introduction but for others you should never want to know him :-O) assigned this task to me and 3 of my fellow classmates to create a presentation on this uninteresting and weird topic. We pulled it off however :P
Session four of my series on many cores turns to data, both big and small. Looks at MapReduce but approaches sideways from a classic computer science perspective.
Very helpful for IT students... Keep me remember in your prayer please...
Email Adress: Najamkhankk@gmail.com
Thanks
Here you will Learn:
what is microprocessor?
History of Microprocessor?
Types of Microprocessor?
Dual Core,
Pentium 1
Pentium 2
Pentium 3
Pentium 4
Core i3
Core i5
Core i7
Throughout history, new and improved technologies have transformed the human experience. In the 20th century, the pace of change sped up radically as we entered the computing age. For nearly 40 years Intel innovations have continuously created new possibilities in the lives of people around the world.
found this one in one of my abandoned folders. AC(students from JUCSE need no introduction but for others you should never want to know him :-O) assigned this task to me and 3 of my fellow classmates to create a presentation on this uninteresting and weird topic. We pulled it off however :P
Session four of my series on many cores turns to data, both big and small. Looks at MapReduce but approaches sideways from a classic computer science perspective.
BM NeXtScale - the next generation of dense computing
transtec HPC solutions with IBM NeXtScale are highly dense systems for those workloads that are currently the fastest growing, such as social media, analytics, technical computing and cloud applications. NeXtScale has been developed with standard components and provides up to three times as many cores in a one-unit rack unit when compared to previous versions.
The increasing use of this workload and delivery model generates increased demands on data centres. Operators are on the look-out for new technologies that can deal with the current demands with the highest possible level of performance and the lowest possible level of power consumption. NeXtScale is the latest addition to the transtec IBM x86 portfolio: Developed to allow applications with the power of a "supercomputer" to run in data centres – via a simple, flexible and open architecture.
Origin of Microprocessor and Classification of Microprocessor Vijay Kumar
This Presentation have information about the topics are
Microprocessors evolution,
Introduction to 8085,
Basic terms,
Types of Processors,
Microprocessor Based System,
Origin of Microprocessor,
Classification of Microprocessor,
Memory,
Input and Output Devices and
Technological Improvements on Microprocessor.
Unum Computing: An Energy Efficient and Massively Parallel Approach to Valid ...inside-BigData.com
In this deck, John Gustafson presents: An Energy Efficient and Massively Parallel Approach to Valid Numerics.
"Written by one of the foremost experts in high-performance computing and the inventor of Gustafson’s Law, The End of Error: Unum Computing explains a new approach to computer arithmetic: the universal number (unum). The unum encompasses all IEEE floating-point formats as well as fixed-point and exact integer arithmetic. This new number type obtains more accurate answers than floating-point arithmetic yet uses fewer bits in many cases, saving memory, bandwidth, energy, and power."
Watch the video presentation: http://wp.me/p3RLHQ-dTk
Sign up for our insideHPC Newsletter: http://insidehpc.com/newsletter
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
2. OVERVIEW
Introduction
Key Components of Microprocessor
Working of Microprocessor
Generation of Microprocessor
The Story of Core and CPU
Life Cycle of Core
Single Core
Multiple Core
Difference between Single Core, Dual Core and
Multiple Cores
3. Introduction to Microprocessors
A microprocessor is a computer processor which
incorporates the functions of a computer’s central
processing unit(CPU) on a single integrated
circuit(IC).
It is a multipurpose, clock driven, register base,
programmable electronic device which accepts
digital or binary data as input, processes it
according to instructions stored in its memory,
and provides result as output.
5. Key Components of
Microprocessor
Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU):-
which calculates and thinks logically.
Registers:-
which are memory cells that store information temporarily for
the ALU.
Control Unit:-
which decodes input instructions, and acts as a traffic cop.
Bus Systems:-
which are submicron wiring routes connecting the entire system.
Clock:-
which times the sequential release of the processed data.
6. Working of Microprocessor
Microprocessor is a single IC package in which a
number of useful functions are integrated and
fabricated on a single silicon semiconductor chip.
Its architecture consists of a central processing
unit, memory modules, a system bus and an
input/output unit.
The system bus connects the various units to facilitate
exchange of information.
It further consists of data, address and control buses to
perform data exchanging in a proper manner.
7. Continued…….
The Central processing unit consists of one or more arithmetic
logic unit (ALU), registers, and control unit. Based on the
registers also the generations of microprocessor can be classified.
A microprocessor consists of general purpose and special type of
registers to execute instructions and to store the address or data
while running the program.
The ALU computes all arithmetic as well as logic operations on
data and specifies the size of microprocessor like 16 bit or 32 bit.
The Memory unit holds the program as well as data and is
divided into a processor, primary and secondary memory.
The Input and output unit interfaces the I/O peripheral devices
to microprocessor for accepting and sending information.
8. DATA I/O BUS
Speed and width of external data bus are important
features of the processor.
They define the rate at which data is moved into or out of
the processor.
Data in computer is sent as digital information.
Amount of data(Bandwidth) sent can be increased by
either increasing the cycling time or the number of bits
sent at a time.
9. Address Bus
Set of wires carrying address information used to
describe memory location.
Each wire in the address bus carries a single bit.
The more wires, the greater the total number of
address locations.
The width of address bus indicates the maximum
amount of RAM to be addressed.
10. Internal Registers(internal data bus)
Indicates how much information the processor can operate
on at one time.
How it moves data around internally within the chip.
Also referred as internal data bus.
A register: holding cell with in the CPU.
Ex: CPU adds numbers in two different registers, stores the
result in third register.
11. Generation of Microprocessor
1st Generation:
This was the period during 1971 to 1973 of
microprocessor’s history. In 1971, INTEL created the
first microprocessor 4004 that would run at a clock
speed of 108 KHz.
2nd Generation:
This was the period during 1973 to 1978 in which very
efficient 8-bit microprocessors , which were among
the most popular ones.
12. Continued……
3rd Generation:
During this period 16 bit processors were created and
designed. Speeds of these processors were four times better
than the 2nd generation processors.
4th Generation:
From 1981 to 1995 this generation developed 32 bit
microprocessors.
5th Generation:
From 1995 to until now this generation has been bringing
out high-performance and high-speed processors that
make use of 64-bit processors. Such processors include
Pentium, Dual and Quad core processors.
13. First Intel Processor
Integrated Electronics (Intel). In 1971, the first
microprocessor Intel 4004 was invented.
14. Intel 4004
Introduced in 1971.
It was the first
microprocessor by Intel.
It was a 4-bit μP.
Its clock speed was
740KHz.
It had 2,300 transistors.
It could execute around
60,000 instructions per
second.
16. Intel 8008
Introduced in 1972.
It was first 8-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 500
KHz.
Could execute 50,000
instructions per second.
The big change in the 8008
was that it had an 8-bit
data bus, which meant it
could move data 8 bits at a
time—twice as much as
the previous chip.
17. Intel 8080
Introduced in 1974.
It was also 8-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 2
MHz.
It had 6,000
transistors.
Was 10 times faster
than 8008.
Could execute 5,00,000
instructions per second.
18. Intel 8085
Introduced in 1976.
It was also 8-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 3 MHz.
Its data bus is 8-bit and
address bus is 16-bit.
It had 6,500 transistors.
Could execute 7,69,230
instructions per second.
It could access 64 KB of
memory.
It had 246 instructions.
Over 100 million copies
were sold.
19. Intel 8086
Introduced in 1978.
It was first 16-bit µP.
Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz,
8 MHz and 10 MHz,
depending on the version.
Its data bus is 16-bit and
address bus is 20-bit.
It had 29,000 transistors.
Could execute 2.5 million
instructions per second.
It could access 1 MB of
memory.
It had 22,000 instructions.
It had Multiply and Divide
instructions.
20. Intel 8088
Introduced in 1979.
It was also 16-bit µP.
It was created as a
cheaper version of Intel’s
8086.
It was a 16-bit processor
with an 8-bit external bus.
Could execute 2.5 million
instructions per second.
This chip became the
most popular in the
computer industry when
IBM used it for its first PC.
21. Intel 80186 & 80188
Introduced in 1982.
They were 16-bit µPs.
Clock speed was 6 MHz.
80188 was a cheaper
version of 80186 with an 8-
bit external data bus.
They had additional
components like:
Interrupt Controller.
Clock Generator.
Local Bus Controller.
Counters.
22. Intel 80286
Introduced in 1982.
It was 16-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 8
MHz.
Its data bus is 16-bit and
address bus is 24-bit.
It could address 16 MB of
memory.
It had 1,34,000
transistors.
It could execute 4 million
instructions per second.
23. Intel 80386
Introduced in 1986.
It was first 32-bit µP.
Its data bus is 32-bit and address
bus is 32-bit.
It could address 4 GB of memory.
It had 2,75,000 transistors.
Its clock speed varied from 16
MHz to 33 MHz depending upon
the various versions.
Different versions:
1.80386 DX
2.80386 SX
3.80386 SL
Intel 80386 became the best
selling microprocessor in history.
24. Intel 80486
Introduced in 1989.
It was also 32-bit µP.
It had 1.2 million transistors.
Its clock speed varied from 16
MHz to 100 MHz depending
upon the various versions.
It had five different versions:
1. 80486 DX
2.80486 SX
3.80486 DX2
4.80486 SL
5.80486 DX4
8 KB of cache memory was
introduced.
25. Intel Pentium
Introduced in 1993.
It was also 32-bit µP.
It was originally named 80586.
Its clock speed was 66 MHz.
Its data bus is 32-bit and
address bus is 32-bit.
It could address 4 GB of
memory.
Could execute 110 million
instructions per second.
Cache memory:
1. 8 KB for instructions.
2. 8 KB for data.
26. Intel Pentium Pro
Introduced in 1995.
It was also 32-bit µP.
It had L2 cache of 256 KB.
It had 21 million transistors.
It was primarily used in
server systems.
Cache memory:
8 KB for instructions.
8 KB for data.
It had L2 cache of 256 KB.
27. Intel Pentium II
Introduced in 1997.
It was also 32-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 233
MHz to 500 MHz.
Could execute 333
million instructions per
second.
MMX technology was
supported.
L2 cache & processor
were on one circuit.
28. Intel Pentium II Xeon
Introduced in 1998.
It was also 32-bit µP.
It was designed for
servers.
Its clock speed was 400
MHz to 450 MHz.
L1 cache of 32 KB & L2
cache of 512 KB, 1MB or 2
MB.
It could work with 4
Xeons in same system.
29. Intel Pentium III
Introduced in 1999.
It was also 32-bit µP.
Its clock speed varied
from 500 MHz to 1.4
GHz.
It had 9.5 million
transistors.
30. Intel Pentium IV
Introduced in 2000.
It was also 32-bit µP.
Its clock speed was from
1.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz.
L1 cache was of 32 KB &
L2 cache of 256 KB.
It had 42 million
transistors.
All internal connections
were made from
aluminium to copper.
31. The Story of CORE and CPU
A core is usually the basic computation unit of the CPU that
handles the mathematical and logical operations.
While, CPU is something that can contain more than one core
to perform more tasks at given time(software processes and
threads scheduled by OS).
In Layman-terms, we can say core takes high level machine
instructions and decode them into physical circuit operations
and collection of such “cores” with supporting hardware makes
a CPU.
32. Let’s know the core, personally
How does “CORE” work ?
33. Life cycle(It’s just one cycle)
Fetch
Decode
Execute
Write-
back
Fetch instruction from
memory(RAM/Cache)
From where program counter is
pointing.
Each part has an Opcode.
Tells the core what should be done
with the information that follows
it.
Real operations are done to
get the desired results.
Places the result of what’s
been worked on back into
the memory.
34. Let’s know the core, personally
How does “CORE” work ?
So, Now we are smart enough to understand:
More the number of cores,
more the computer’s speed.
Right ??
35. Let’s know the core, personally
How does “CORE” work ?
So, Now we are smart enough to understand:
More the number of cores,
more the computer’s speed.
Right ??
Yes, right. But not exactly. How?
36. Let’s know the core, personally
How does “CORE” work ?
So, Now we are smart enough to understand:
No, More number of cores does not necessarily promises
more speed of computer.
37. Let’s know the core, personally
How does “CORE” work ?
So, Now we are smart enough to understand:
No, More number of cores does not necessarily promises
more speed of computer.
Because, CPU cores have to communicate with each other
through channels and this uses up some of the extra speed.
How??
39. The Multi-cores
Why do we need multiple cores?
As CPU speeds rose into the 3-4 GHz range the amount of
electrical power required to go faster started to become
prohibitive.
The technical reasons for this are complex but factors like heat
losses and leakage current (power that simply passes through
the circuitry without doing anything useful) both increase
faster as frequencies rise.
While it's certainly possible to build a 6 GHz general purpose
x86 CPU, it's not proven economical to do so efficiently. That's
why the move to multi-core started.
40. THE Difference!
SingleCore DualCore Quad core
Uses less power
Less heat generated
Stays Cool!
Wastes power
Performs faster
But, But, But
Lower battery life
Multitasking
41. Intel Dual Core
Introduced in 2006.
It is 32-bit or 64-bit µP.
It has two cores.
Both the cores have
there own internal bus
and L1 cache, but share
the external bus and L2
cache.
43. Intel Core 2 Duo
Introduced in 2006.
It is a 64-bit µP.
Its clock speed is from 1.2
GHz to 3 GHz.
It has 291 million
transistors.
It is launched in three
different versions:
1. Intel Core 2 Duo
2. Intel Core 2 Quad
3.Intel Core 2 Extreme.
44. Intel Core I7
Introduced in 2008.
It is a 64-bit µP.
It has 4 physical cores.
Its clock speed is from
2.66 GHz to 3.33 GHz.
It has 781 million
transistors.
45. Intel Core I5
Introduced in 2009.
It is a 64-bit µP.
It has 4 physical cores.
Its clock speed is from
2.40 GHz to 3.60 GHz.
It has 781 million
transistors.
46. Intel Core I3
Introduced in 2010.
It is a 64-bit µP.
It has 2 physical cores.
Its clock speed is from
2.93 GHz to 3.33 GHz.
It has 781 million
transistors.