The document provides an overview of microprocessors, detailing their evolution from the first Intel 4004 to modern multi-core processors. It explains key components, the architecture, and working of microprocessors, along with their generations and notable models. Additionally, it discusses the differences between single-core and multi-core CPUs and their performance implications.

1. Genesis & Progression of
Processors

2. OVERVIEW
 Introduction
 Key Components of Microprocessor
 Working of Microprocessor
 Generation of Microprocessor
 The Story of Core and CPU
 Life Cycle of Core
 Single Core
 Multiple Core
 Difference between Single Core, Dual Core and
Multiple Cores

3. Introduction to Microprocessors
 A microprocessor is a computer processor which
incorporates the functions of a computer’s central
processing unit(CPU) on a single integrated
circuit(IC).
 It is a multipurpose, clock driven, register base,
programmable electronic device which accepts
digital or binary data as input, processes it
according to instructions stored in its memory,
and provides result as output.

4. Architecture of Microprocessor
Architecture of Microprocessor

5. Key Components of
Microprocessor
 Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU):-
which calculates and thinks logically.
 Registers:-
which are memory cells that store information temporarily for
the ALU.
 Control Unit:-
which decodes input instructions, and acts as a traffic cop.
 Bus Systems:-
which are submicron wiring routes connecting the entire system.
 Clock:-
which times the sequential release of the processed data.

6. Working of Microprocessor
 Microprocessor is a single IC package in which a
number of useful functions are integrated and
fabricated on a single silicon semiconductor chip.
 Its architecture consists of a central processing
unit, memory modules, a system bus and an
input/output unit.
 The system bus connects the various units to facilitate
exchange of information.
 It further consists of data, address and control buses to
perform data exchanging in a proper manner.

7. Continued…….
 The Central processing unit consists of one or more arithmetic
logic unit (ALU), registers, and control unit. Based on the
registers also the generations of microprocessor can be classified.
 A microprocessor consists of general purpose and special type of
registers to execute instructions and to store the address or data
while running the program.
 The ALU computes all arithmetic as well as logic operations on
data and specifies the size of microprocessor like 16 bit or 32 bit.
 The Memory unit holds the program as well as data and is
divided into a processor, primary and secondary memory.
 The Input and output unit interfaces the I/O peripheral devices
to microprocessor for accepting and sending information.

8. DATA I/O BUS
 Speed and width of external data bus are important
features of the processor.
 They define the rate at which data is moved into or out of
the processor.
 Data in computer is sent as digital information.
 Amount of data(Bandwidth) sent can be increased by
either increasing the cycling time or the number of bits
sent at a time.

9. Address Bus
 Set of wires carrying address information used to
describe memory location.
 Each wire in the address bus carries a single bit.
 The more wires, the greater the total number of
address locations.
 The width of address bus indicates the maximum
amount of RAM to be addressed.

10. Internal Registers(internal data bus)
 Indicates how much information the processor can operate
on at one time.
 How it moves data around internally within the chip.
 Also referred as internal data bus.
 A register: holding cell with in the CPU.
 Ex: CPU adds numbers in two different registers, stores the
result in third register.

11. Generation of Microprocessor
1st Generation:
This was the period during 1971 to 1973 of
microprocessor’s history. In 1971, INTEL created the
first microprocessor 4004 that would run at a clock
speed of 108 KHz.
2nd Generation:
This was the period during 1973 to 1978 in which very
efficient 8-bit microprocessors , which were among
the most popular ones.

12. Continued……
 3rd Generation:
During this period 16 bit processors were created and
designed. Speeds of these processors were four times better
than the 2nd generation processors.
 4th Generation:
From 1981 to 1995 this generation developed 32 bit
microprocessors.
 5th Generation:
From 1995 to until now this generation has been bringing
out high-performance and high-speed processors that
make use of 64-bit processors. Such processors include
Pentium, Dual and Quad core processors.

13. First Intel Processor
 Integrated Electronics (Intel). In 1971, the first
microprocessor Intel 4004 was invented.

14. Intel 4004
 Introduced in 1971.
 It was the first
microprocessor by Intel.
 It was a 4-bit μP.
 Its clock speed was
740KHz.
 It had 2,300 transistors.
 It could execute around
60,000 instructions per
second.

15. Intel 4040
 Introduced in 1974.
 It was also 4-bit µP.

16. Intel 8008
 Introduced in 1972.
 It was first 8-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 500
KHz.
 Could execute 50,000
instructions per second.
 The big change in the 8008
was that it had an 8-bit
data bus, which meant it
could move data 8 bits at a
time—twice as much as
the previous chip.

17. Intel 8080
 Introduced in 1974.
 It was also 8-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 2
MHz.
 It had 6,000
transistors.
 Was 10 times faster
than 8008.
 Could execute 5,00,000
instructions per second.

18. Intel 8085
 Introduced in 1976.
 It was also 8-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 3 MHz.
 Its data bus is 8-bit and
address bus is 16-bit.
 It had 6,500 transistors.
 Could execute 7,69,230
instructions per second.
 It could access 64 KB of
memory.
 It had 246 instructions.
 Over 100 million copies
were sold.

19. Intel 8086
 Introduced in 1978.
 It was first 16-bit µP.
 Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz,
8 MHz and 10 MHz,
depending on the version.
 Its data bus is 16-bit and
address bus is 20-bit.
 It had 29,000 transistors.
 Could execute 2.5 million
instructions per second.
 It could access 1 MB of
memory.
 It had 22,000 instructions.
 It had Multiply and Divide
instructions.

20. Intel 8088
 Introduced in 1979.
 It was also 16-bit µP.
 It was created as a
cheaper version of Intel’s
8086.
 It was a 16-bit processor
with an 8-bit external bus.
 Could execute 2.5 million
instructions per second.
 This chip became the
most popular in the
computer industry when
IBM used it for its first PC.

21. Intel 80186 & 80188
 Introduced in 1982.
 They were 16-bit µPs.
 Clock speed was 6 MHz.
 80188 was a cheaper
version of 80186 with an 8-
bit external data bus.
 They had additional
components like:
 Interrupt Controller.
 Clock Generator.
 Local Bus Controller.
 Counters.

22. Intel 80286
 Introduced in 1982.
 It was 16-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 8
MHz.
 Its data bus is 16-bit and
address bus is 24-bit.
 It could address 16 MB of
memory.
 It had 1,34,000
transistors.
 It could execute 4 million
instructions per second.

23. Intel 80386
 Introduced in 1986.
 It was first 32-bit µP.
 Its data bus is 32-bit and address
bus is 32-bit.
 It could address 4 GB of memory.
 It had 2,75,000 transistors.
 Its clock speed varied from 16
MHz to 33 MHz depending upon
the various versions.
 Different versions:
 1.80386 DX
 2.80386 SX
 3.80386 SL
 Intel 80386 became the best
selling microprocessor in history.

24. Intel 80486
 Introduced in 1989.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 It had 1.2 million transistors.
 Its clock speed varied from 16
MHz to 100 MHz depending
upon the various versions.
 It had five different versions:
 1. 80486 DX
 2.80486 SX
 3.80486 DX2
 4.80486 SL
 5.80486 DX4
 8 KB of cache memory was
introduced.

25. Intel Pentium
 Introduced in 1993.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 It was originally named 80586.
 Its clock speed was 66 MHz.
 Its data bus is 32-bit and
address bus is 32-bit.
 It could address 4 GB of
memory.
 Could execute 110 million
instructions per second.
 Cache memory:
 1. 8 KB for instructions.
 2. 8 KB for data.

26. Intel Pentium Pro
 Introduced in 1995.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 It had L2 cache of 256 KB.
 It had 21 million transistors.
 It was primarily used in
server systems.
 Cache memory:
 8 KB for instructions.
 8 KB for data.
 It had L2 cache of 256 KB.

27. Intel Pentium II
 Introduced in 1997.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 233
MHz to 500 MHz.
 Could execute 333
million instructions per
second.
 MMX technology was
supported.
 L2 cache & processor
were on one circuit.

28. Intel Pentium II Xeon
 Introduced in 1998.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 It was designed for
servers.
 Its clock speed was 400
MHz to 450 MHz.
 L1 cache of 32 KB & L2
cache of 512 KB, 1MB or 2
MB.
 It could work with 4
Xeons in same system.

29. Intel Pentium III
 Introduced in 1999.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 Its clock speed varied
from 500 MHz to 1.4
GHz.
 It had 9.5 million
transistors.

30. Intel Pentium IV
 Introduced in 2000.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was from
1.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz.
 L1 cache was of 32 KB &
L2 cache of 256 KB.
 It had 42 million
transistors.
 All internal connections
were made from
aluminium to copper.

31. The Story of CORE and CPU
 A core is usually the basic computation unit of the CPU that
handles the mathematical and logical operations.
 While, CPU is something that can contain more than one core
to perform more tasks at given time(software processes and
threads scheduled by OS).
 In Layman-terms, we can say core takes high level machine
instructions and decode them into physical circuit operations
and collection of such “cores” with supporting hardware makes
a CPU.

32. Let’s know the core, personally
 How does “CORE” work ?

33. Life cycle(It’s just one cycle)
Fetch
Decode
Execute
Write-
back
Fetch instruction from
memory(RAM/Cache)
From where program counter is
pointing.
Each part has an Opcode.
Tells the core what should be done
with the information that follows
it.
Real operations are done to
get the desired results.
Places the result of what’s
been worked on back into
the memory.

34. Let’s know the core, personally
 How does “CORE” work ?
 So, Now we are smart enough to understand:
More the number of cores,
more the computer’s speed.
Right ??

35. Let’s know the core, personally
 How does “CORE” work ?
 So, Now we are smart enough to understand:
More the number of cores,
more the computer’s speed.
Right ??
Yes, right. But not exactly. How?

36. Let’s know the core, personally
 How does “CORE” work ?
 So, Now we are smart enough to understand:
No, More number of cores does not necessarily promises
more speed of computer.

37. Let’s know the core, personally
 How does “CORE” work ?
 So, Now we are smart enough to understand:
No, More number of cores does not necessarily promises
more speed of computer.
Because, CPU cores have to communicate with each other
through channels and this uses up some of the extra speed.
How??

38. They need to communicate

39. The Multi-cores
 Why do we need multiple cores?
As CPU speeds rose into the 3-4 GHz range the amount of
electrical power required to go faster started to become
prohibitive.
 The technical reasons for this are complex but factors like heat
losses and leakage current (power that simply passes through
the circuitry without doing anything useful) both increase
faster as frequencies rise.
 While it's certainly possible to build a 6 GHz general purpose
x86 CPU, it's not proven economical to do so efficiently. That's
why the move to multi-core started.

40. THE Difference!
SingleCore DualCore Quad core
Uses less power
Less heat generated
Stays Cool!
Wastes power
Performs faster
But, But, But
Lower battery life
Multitasking

41. Intel Dual Core
 Introduced in 2006.
 It is 32-bit or 64-bit µP.
 It has two cores.
 Both the cores have
there own internal bus
and L1 cache, but share
the external bus and L2
cache.

42. Dual CPU Core Chip

43. Intel Core 2 Duo
 Introduced in 2006.
 It is a 64-bit µP.
 Its clock speed is from 1.2
GHz to 3 GHz.
 It has 291 million
transistors.
 It is launched in three
different versions:
1. Intel Core 2 Duo
2. Intel Core 2 Quad
3.Intel Core 2 Extreme.

44. Intel Core I7
 Introduced in 2008.
 It is a 64-bit µP.
 It has 4 physical cores.
 Its clock speed is from
2.66 GHz to 3.33 GHz.
 It has 781 million
transistors.

45. Intel Core I5
 Introduced in 2009.
 It is a 64-bit µP.
 It has 4 physical cores.
 Its clock speed is from
2.40 GHz to 3.60 GHz.
 It has 781 million
transistors.

46. Intel Core I3
 Introduced in 2010.
 It is a 64-bit µP.
 It has 2 physical cores.
Its clock speed is from
2.93 GHz to 3.33 GHz.
 It has 781 million
transistors.

47. Thank You