This document is a student's report on the history of microprocessors from 4-bit to 64-bit models. It outlines the major microprocessor models released by Intel from the 4004 in 1971 to the current multi-core 64-bit Core i7 models. For each generation of processors, details are given on specifications like clock speed, transistor count, cache memory and capabilities. The report provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of microprocessor technology and performance over decades.
Very helpful for IT students... Keep me remember in your prayer please...
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Here you will Learn:
what is microprocessor?
History of Microprocessor?
Types of Microprocessor?
Dual Core,
Pentium 1
Pentium 2
Pentium 3
Pentium 4
Core i3
Core i5
Core i7
Very helpful for IT students... Keep me remember in your prayer please...
Email Adress: Najamkhankk@gmail.com
Thanks
Here you will Learn:
what is microprocessor?
History of Microprocessor?
Types of Microprocessor?
Dual Core,
Pentium 1
Pentium 2
Pentium 3
Pentium 4
Core i3
Core i5
Core i7
Throughout history, new and improved technologies have transformed the human experience. In the 20th century, the pace of change sped up radically as we entered the computing age. For nearly 40 years Intel innovations have continuously created new possibilities in the lives of people around the world.
This presentation was made for the subject of computer architecture and organisation for the understanding of evolution of microprocessors and their configurations
Throughout history, new and improved technologies have transformed the human experience. In the 20th century, the pace of change sped up radically as we entered the computing age. For nearly 40 years Intel innovations have continuously created new possibilities in the lives of people around the world.
This presentation was made for the subject of computer architecture and organisation for the understanding of evolution of microprocessors and their configurations
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
3. Introductıon
Fairchild Semiconductors (founded in 1957)
invented the first IC in 1959.
In 1968, Robert Noyce, Gordan Moore,
Andrew Grove resigned from Fairchild
Semiconductors.
They founded their own company Intel
(Integrated Electronics).
Intel grown from 3 man start-up in 1968 to
industrial giant by 1981.
It had 20,000 employees and $188 million
revenue.
5. Intel 4004
Introduced in 1971.
It was the first
microprocessor by Intel.
It was a 4-bit µP.
Its clock speed was
740KHz.
It had 2,300 transistors.
It could execute around
60,000 instructions per
second.
6. Intel 4040
Introduced in 1974.
It was also 4-bit µP.
8 KB of program memory
640 bytes
of addressable memory
3.000 The number
of transistor
Clock speed is
between 500 kHz
and 740 kHz. 4 uses
a crystal to 5185 MHz
8. Intel 8008
Introduced in
1972.
It was first 8-bit µP.
Its
clock speed
was 500 KHz.
Could execute
50,000 instructions
per second.
9. Intel 8080
Introduced in 1974.
It was also 8-bit µP.
Its
clock speed was 2
MHz.
Ithad 6,000
transistors.
Was 10 times faster
than 8008.
Could execute
5,00,000 instructions
per second.
10. Introduced in 1976.
Intel 8085 It was also 8-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 3 MHz.
Its data bus is 8-bit and
address bus is 16-bit.
It had 6,500 transistors.
Could execute 7,69,230
instructions per second.
It could access 64 KB of
memory.
It had 246 instructions.
Over 100 million copies were
sold.
12. Introduced in 1978.
Intel 8086 It was first 16-bit µP.
Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8
MHz and 10 MHz, depending on
the version.
Its data bus is 16-bit and address
bus is 20-bit.
It had 29,000 transistors.
Could execute 2.5 million
instructions per second.
It could access 1 MB of memory.
It had 22,000 instructions.
It had Multiply and Divide
instructions.
13. Intel 8088
Introduced in 1979.
It was also 16-bit µP.
It was created as a cheaper
version of Intel’s 8086.
It was a 16-bit processor with
an 8-bit external bus.
Could execute 2.5 million
instructions per second.
This chip became the most
popular in the computer
industry when IBM used it for
its first PC.
14. Intel 80186 & 80188
Introduced in 1982.
They were 16-bit µPs.
Clock speed was 6 MHz.
80188 was a cheaper
version of 80186 with an 8-
bit external data bus.
They had additional
components like:
Interrupt Controller
Clock Generator
Local Bus Controller
Counters
15. Intel 80286
Introduced in 1982.
It was 16-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 8 MHz.
Its data bus is 16-bit and
address bus is 24-bit.
It could address 16 MB of
memory.
It had 1,34,000 transistors.
It could execute 4 million
instructions per second.
17. Introduced in 1986.
Intel 80386
It was first 32-bit µP.
Its data bus is 32-bit and address
bus is 32-bit.
It could address 4 GB of memory.
It had 2,75,000 transistors.
Its clock speed varied from 16
MHz to 33 MHz depending upon
the various versions.
Different versions:
80386 DX
80386 SX
80386 SL
Intel 80386 became the best
selling microprocessor in history.
18. Intel 80486 Introduced in 1989.
It was also 32-bit µP.
It had 1.2 million
transistors.
Its clock speed varied from
16 MHz to 100 MHz
depending upon the
various versions.
It had five different
versions:
80486 DX
80486 SX
80486 DX2
80486 SL
80486 DX4
8 KB of cache memory was
introduced.
19. Intel Introduced in 1993.
Pentıum It was also 32-bit µP.
It was originally named 80586.
Its clock speed was 66 MHz.
Its data bus is 32-bit and
address bus is 32-bit.
It could address 4 GB of
memory.
Could execute 110 million
instructions per second.
Cache memory:
8 KB for instructions.
8 KB for data.
20. Intel Pentıum Pro
Introduced in 1995.
It was also 32-bit µP.
It had L2 cache of 256 KB.
It had 21 million transistors.
It was primarily used in
server systems.
Cache memory:
8 KB for instructions.
8 KB for data.
It had L2 cache of 256 KB.
21. Intel Pentıum II
Introduced in 1997.
It was also 32-bit µP.
Its
clock speed was
233 MHz to 500 MHz.
Could execute 333
million instructions per
second.
MMX technology was
supported.
L2cache & processor
were on one circuit.
22. Intel Pentıum II Xeon
Introduced in 1998.
It was also 32-bit µP.
It was designed for servers.
Its clock speed was 400
MHz to 450 MHz.
L1 cache of 32 KB & L2
cache of 512 KB, 1MB or 2
MB.
It could work with 4 Xeons
in same system.
23. Intel Pentıum III
Introduced in
1999.
It
was also 32-bit
µP.
Itsclock speed
varied from 500
MHz to 1.4 GHz.
Ithad 9.5 million
transistors.
24. Intel Pentıum IV
Introduced in 2000.
It was also 32-bit µP.
Its clock speed was from
1.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz.
L1 cache was of 32 KB &
L2 cache of 256 KB.
It had 42 million transistors.
All internal connections
were made from aluminium
to copper.
25. Intel Dual Introduced in 2006.
Core It is 32-bit or 64-bit µP.
It has two cores.
Both the cores have there
own internal bus and L1
cache, but share the
external bus and L2 cache
(Next Slide).
It supported SMT
technology.
SMT: Simultaneously Multi-
Threading
E.g.: Adobe Photoshop
supported SMT.
28. Intel Core 2
Introduced in 2006.
It is a 64-bit µP.
Its clock speed is from 1.2
GHz to 3 GHz.
It has 291 million transistors.
It has 64 KB of L1 cache per
core and 4 MB of L2 cache.
It is launched in three different
versions:
Intel Core 2 Duo
Intel Core 2 Quad
Intel Core 2 Extreme
29. Intel Core i7
Introduced in 2008.
It is a 64-bit µP.
Ithas 4 physical
cores.
Itsclock speed is from
2.66 GHz to 3.33
GHz.
Ithas 781 million
transistors.
Ithas 64 KB of L1
cache per core, 256
KB of L2 cache and 8
MB of L3 cache.
30. Intel Core i5
Introduced in 2009.
It is a 64-bit µP.
Ithas 4 physical
cores.
Itsclock speed is from
2.40 GHz to 3.60
GHz.
Ithas 781 million
transistors.
Ithas 64 KB of L1
cache per core, 256
KB of L2 cache and 8
31. Intel Core i3
Introduced in 2010.
It is a 64-bit µP.
Ithas 2 physical
cores.
Itsclock speed is from
2.93 GHz to 3.33
GHz.
Ithas 781 million
transistors.
Ithas 64 KB of L1
cache per core, 512
KB of L2 cache and 4