The document summarizes the evolution of microprocessors from Intel Corporation's founding in 1968 to the development of 64-bit processors like the Itanium in the early 2000s. It traces the progression from early 4-bit processors like the 4004 and the 8080, to widely used 16-bit processors like the 8086 and 80286, to 32-bit processors such as the 80386 and Pentium, and finally to multi-core 64-bit designs including the Core i7. Each new generation brought improvements like increased processing power, additional features, and support for larger memory addressing. This helped enable new classes of computers and applications.

1. Evolution of Microprocessors

2. Intel Corporation was founded in 1968 by
• Robert Noyce
• Gorden Moore
• Andrew
• Headquarter was in Santa Clara,
California

3. Single Crystal
Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafers
Fabricated
microprocessors
DIP Packaged
Chip Quad In line Packaged Chip

4. Intel 4004
 It was first Intel microprocessor
 It was introduced in year: 1971
 4-bit microprocessor
 It can address 4 KB of memory
 It had 45 instructions
Fabricated on PMOS technology
Number of transistors: 2300
 Could executes 60,000 instructions per second
 Was first programmable device, used in calculators
Intel 4040
It was introduced in year: 1971
4-bit microprocessor
It had 45 instructions
Number of transistors: 3000

5. Intel 8008
 Introduced in year: 1972
 8-bit version of 4004
 Can address 16 KB of memory
 Clock speed 500 kHz
 Number of transistors 3500
 48 instructions
 PMOS technology
 Slow
Intel 8080
Introduced in year : 1973
 8-bit microprocessor
 64KB main memory
Clock speed : 2MHz (2000nanosecond) clock cycle time
Number of transistors: 4500
10x faster than 8008, made on NMOS technology
Drawback was that it needed three power supply
Small computers (microcomputers) were designed in mid 1970s using 8080as
CPU

6. Intel 8085
 Introduced in Year: 1975
 8-bit microprocessor upgraded version of 8080
 64KB main memory
Number of transistors: 6500
1.3 microsecond(1300 nanosecond) clock cycle time
 246 instructions are in this processor
 Intel sold more than 100 million copies of this 8-bit
microprocessor
Uses only one +5V power supply

7. Intel 8086/8088
Introduced in Year: 1978(for 8086) and 1979 for 8088
 16-bit microprocessor
 Data bus width of 8086 is 16 bit and 8-bit for 8088
 It could access 1 MB main memory
Number of transistors 29000
400 nanosecond clock cycle time
6 byte instruction cache for 8086 and 4 byte for 8088
Other improvement included more registers and additional
instructions
In 1981 IBM decided to use 8088 in its personal computer

8. Intel 80186
Introduced in Year: 1982
 16-bit microprocessor upgraded version of 8086
 Can address1 MB of memory
Clock speed : 6 MHz
Number of transistors 55000
Contained special hardware like programmable counters,
interrupt controller etc
80188 was cheaper version of 80186
But was ideal for system that required a minimum of
hardware

9. Intel 80286
Introduced in Year: 1983
 16-bit microprocessor with memory management & protection
 It can address 16 MB of memory
Clock speed : 8MHz
Few additional instructions to handle extra 15 MB
Number of transistors: 1,34000
Instruction execution time is as little as 250 nanosecond
Can execute 4 millions instructions per second
 introduced “virtual memory concepts”
Widely used in IBM PC

10. Intel 80386
 Introduced in Year: 1986
 Intel’s first practical 32-bit microprocessor
 Can access 4 GB of memory, memory improvement
include page handling in virtual environment
Number of transistors: 2,75,000
Clock speed varies from 16MHz to 33 MHz depending
upon different versions like 80386 DX, 80386 SX, 80386 SL
Includes hardware circuitry for memory management and
memory assignment
Concept of Memory paging was introduced
Best selling microprocessor in history

11. Intel 80486
Introduced in Year: 1989
 32-bit microprocessor high performance microprocessor
 It can address 4 GB of memory
Incorporates 80387 like floating point coprocessor and
8KB cache was introduced
Number of transistors: 1.2 million
Clock speed varies from 16MHz to 100MHz depending upon
different versions like 80486 DX, 80486 SX, 80486 DX2, 80486 SL
80486 DX4
About half of the instructions executed in one clock instead of 2 on
the 80386
 used in desktop PCs and servers

12. Pentium
 Introduced in Year: 1993
It was originally named as 80586
 32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 32-bit address bus,
Clock speed : 66 MHz
 It could access 4 GB of memory
Double clocked 120 MHz and 133 MHz versions
Fastest version is the 233 MHz, Dual processor
16 KB L1 caches: 8 KB for instruction and 8 KB for data
 256 KB L2 cache
Could execute 110 million instructions per second

13. Pentium Pro
Introduced in Year: 1995
 32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 36-bit address
bus,
 it could access 64 GB of memory
It had 5.5 million transistors
16KB L1 caches (split instruction/data: 8KB each),
 256KB L2 cache, uses three execution engines
Intel launched this processor for the server market

14. Pentium II
Introduced in Year: 1997
 It was designed for servers
32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 36-bit address bus, MMX
 64 GB main memory
Clock speed was 400 MHz to 500 MHz
Could execute 233 million instructions per second
32-bit split instruction /data L1 caches(16 KB each)
Module integrated 512KB L2 cache(133 MHz)
L2 cache and processor were on same circuit
A version of P2 called Xenon; specifically designed for high –end
applications

15. Pentium III
Year: 1999
 32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 36-bit address bus
 64 GB main memory
Clock speed varied from 500 MHz to 1.4 GHz
Number of transistors: 9.5 million
Dual Independent Bus(simultaneous L2 and system memory access)
On-chip 256 KB L2 Cache
P3 was available in clock frequency of up to 1 GHZ

16. Pentium IV
 Introduced in Year: 2002
 32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 36-bit address bus
 64 GB main memory
Clock speed : 1.4 to 1.9 GHz and the latest at 3.20GHz and 3.46 GHz
(Hyper threading)
Number of transistors: 42 million
1MB/512 KB/256 KB L2 Cache
Used in desktops, laptops and in entry level servers
 Specialized for streaming video and DVD applications

17. Intel Dual Core
It was introduced in year 2006
It is 32-bit and 64-bit microprocessor
Having two cores
 both the cores have their own internal buses and L1
cache, but external bus and L2 cache are shared.

18. Intel Dual Core
It was introduced in year 2006
It is a 64-bit microprocessor
Clock speed : 1.2 GHz to 3 GHz
Number of transistors: 291 million
64 KB of L1 cache per core and 4 MB of L2 cache
Different versions are
• Intel Core 2 Duo
• Intel Core 2 Quad
• Intel Core 2 Extreme

19. Intel Core i7
It was introduced in year 2008
It is a 64-bit microprocessor
It has 4 physical cores
Clock speed : 2.66 GHz to 3.33 GHz
Number of transistors: 781 million
64 KB of L1 cache per core and 256 KB of L2 cache and
 8MB of L3 cache

20. Intel Core i5
It was introduced in year 2009
It is a 64-bit microprocessor
It has 4 physical cores
Clock speed : 2.40 GHz to 3.60 GHz
Number of transistors: 781 million
64 KB of L1 cache per core and 256 KB of L2 cache and
 8MB of L3 cache

21. Intel Core i3
It was introduced in year 2010
It is a 64-bit microprocessor
It has 2 physical cores
Clock speed : 2.93 GHz to 3.33 GHz
Number of transistors: 781 million
64 KB of L1 cache per core and 512 KB of L2 cache and
 4MB of L3 cache

22. Micropr
ocessor
Year of
Invention
Word
Length
Memory
addressing
Capacity
Pins Clock Remarks
4004 1971 4-bit 1 KB 16 750
KHz
First
Microprocessor,
2300 transistors
8085 1976 8-bit 64 KB 40 3-6
MHz
Popular 8-bit
Microprocessor,
6500 transistors
Comparison of Microprocessors
8086 1978 16-
bit
1MB 40 5-8
MHz
Widely used in
PC/XT, 29000
transistors

23. 80186 1982 16-
bit
1MB 68 6 MHz Widely used in
PC/AT
80286 1983 16-
bit
16M
B
real,
4 GB
virtu
al
68 8 MHz Widely used in
PC/AT
80386 1986 32-
bit
4GB
real,
64TB
virtu
al
132
14X
14
PGA
20-33
MHz
Contains MMU
on chip
80486 1989 32-
bit
4GB
real,
64TB
virtu
al
168
17X
17
PGA
25-100
MHz
Contains MMU,
cache and FPU,
1.2 million
transistors

24. Microprocessor Year of
Invention
Word
Length
Memory
addressing
Capacity
Pins Clock Remarks
Pentium 1993 32-
bit
4GB
real,32-
bit
address,
64-bit
data bus
237
PGA
60-
200
Contains 2
ALUs,2
Caches
Pentium Pro 1995 32-
bit
64GB
real, 36-
bit
address
bus
387
PGA
150-
200
MHz
It is a data
flow
processor.
It contains
second
level cache
also,3.3 V

25. Microprocessor Year of
Invention
Word
Length
Memory
addressing
Capacity
Pins Clock Remarks
Pentium II 1997 32-
bit
64GB 240 400-
500
MHz
All
features
Pentium
pro plus
MMX
technology
,3.3 V, 7.5
million
transistors
Pentium III 1999 32-
bit
64GB 370
PGA
600-
1.3
MHz
Improved
version of
Pentium
II; 70 new
SIMD
instruction
s

26. Microprocessor Year of
Inventio
n
Word
Lengt
h
Memory
addressing
Capacity
Pins Clock Remarks
Pentium IV 2000 32-
bit
64GB 423
PGA
600-
1.3
GHz
Improved
version of
Pentium
III
Itanium 2001 64-
bit
64
address
lines
423
PGA
733
MHz-
1.3
GHz
64-bit
EPIC
Processor
PGA - Pin Grid Array
MMX - Multi Media extensions
EPIC - Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing
SIMD - Single Instruction Multiple Data
ALU - Arithmetic and Logic Unit
MMU - Memory Management Unit
FPU - Floating Point Unit