The document summarizes the evolution of processors over several generations from the 1970s to the present. The first generation of processors used by IBM included the Intel 8086 and 8088 chips running at 4.77-6 MHz and able to address 1 MB of memory. Subsequent generations brought increased processing speeds, memory capacity, and functionality through the 1980s and 1990s. Dual and multi-core processors emerged in the 2000s to improve performance within the limits of rising power consumption and heat generation from higher clock speeds. Today's best consumer processors have up to 18 cores.

1. Generations
of Processors

2. 1st GENERATION
PROCESSORS
When IBM manufactured first computer, they selected Intel
processors to use.
• One of the first 16bits processor and 16bit data bus.
• Firstly, launched in mid-1978.
• They could handle 1MB of memory.
• Ran at 4.77 MHz to 6 MHz
Examples: 8086, 8088, 80186, 80188, 8087 (coprocessor)

3. 2nd GENERATION
PROCESSORS
• 24bit address bus, allowing to address 16MB of memory.
• First ones worked with 6MHz to reach later up to 25MHz
• Did not require cooling fan
• Just 4.5 cycles average per instruction
Models: 80286, 80287

4. 3rd GENERATION PROCESSORS
• Working with speed of 16-33MHz, plus new programming possibilities
• Performance very similar to ones of 2nd Gen.
• Lower power consumption aiming at usage in laptop systems.
• It had an address bus of 32 bits
• Memory Management Unit (segmentation)
Models: 386DX, 386SX, 386SL (laptop version of 386)

5. 4th GENERATION PROCESSORS
• First introduced in 1989
• Clock speed ranging from 16MHz to 133MHz
• 8kB cache Memory
• Fully compatible with the earlier generation
• Built-in math coprocessor
Models: 486, 486 DX, 486 DX2, Pentium Overdrive

6. AMD PROCESSORS
• Working at speed of 33MHz by 4 resulting in speed of
133MHz
• It had built-in cache of 16kB supporting write-back
strategy
• It was the fastest processor of the generation

7. 5th GENERATION PROCESSORS
• 64bit data bus increased data exchange with RAM.
• The registers were still 32bits.
• They were produced in technology of 0.80 and 0.60
micrometer.
• Multiprocessor machines support.
• Remade, faster FPU… but with bugs.

8. AMD K5
• Compatible with Pentium.
• As a project it could be a good competition for Intel,
but AMD didn’t have that much experience in the field
• The project was closer in architecture to Pentium Pro,
but its performance was on level of Pentium.

9. 6th GENERATION PROCESSORS
• Unfortunately, Windows 95 was mainly 16bit. Pentium Pro
started to be sold as NT and Unix dedicated processor.
• Produced in technology of 0.35/0.25 micrometer.
• With clock up to 300MHz
• Contains level 2 cache outside the CPU.
Models: Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III

10. AMD 6th Gen
• It was PIN – compatible with Pentium (Socket-7)
• Reached speeds of 300MHz.
• 64kB cache L1 and up to 1024kB of L2 cache on motherboard
• Became quite successful being a good and inexpensive
alternative for Intel’s processors.

11. 7th GENERATION PROCESSORS
• Introduced in 2000, started from 0,18 micrometers
at 1.3GHz and reached 0.09 micrometers
technology running 3.8GHz
• L1 cache of 8 to 16kB, L2 cache up to 1MB
• Hyperthreading – Simulating two processors in the
system
PENTIUM 4

12. 8th GENERATION PROCESSORS
• Dedicated to use in advanced servers and workstations.
• First processors with all 3 levels of cache integrated.
• Reached to 0.3 micrometer technology, more than 592 millions
of transistors and 9MB of L3 cache integrated.
Models: INTEL Itanium and Itanium 2

13. DUAL CORE PROCESSORS
• Intel’s processors reached the barrier of 4GHz.
• The power consumption and the amount of heat
produced is too high.
• Continuing in that way would affect in too expensive
and too noisy system cooling and maintenance.
• Research towards processors which work with lower
clock speed but execute more instructions at the same
time.

14. DUAL CORE AMD
PROCESSORS
• AMD Athlon 64 X2 released in 2007 works with
speed up to 2.4GHz
• Essentially it consists of two Athlon 64 processors
with some control logic.
• Different versions depending on cache memory.
• Memory controller integrated in the processor.

15. DUAL CORE INTEL
PROCESSORS
• Intel Core Duo released at the beginning of 2006 is
32bit processor with dual core.
• Has 2MB L2 cache shared between two cores.
• Basically, it is the 64bit version of Core Duo
• Outperformed the Pentium processor family

16.  A dual-core processor has two cores, a quad-core
has four, a hexa-core has six, an octa-core has eight,
and so on.
 Currently, an 18-core processor is the best you can
get in consumer PCs.

17. THANK YOU!