The document discusses the history and evolution of microprocessors over five generations from 1971 to the present. It describes some of the key microprocessors released during each generation, including the Intel 4004 (first microprocessor), Intel 8080, Intel 8086 (first 16-bit microprocessor), Intel 80386 (first 32-bit microprocessor), and Intel Core i7. It also discusses mobile microprocessors and prominent companies that design them like Qualcomm and Snapdragon, and MediaTek.

1. Microprocessors
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
HASNAIN YASEEN (EE171021)
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2. What is microprocessor?
 A microprocessor is a computer processor that
incorporates the functions of a central processing unit on
a single integrated circuit (IC),or at most a few integrated
circuits. The microprocessor is a multipurpose, clock
driven, register based, digital integrated circuit that
accepts binary data as input, processes it according
to instructions stored in its memory , and provides results
as output. Microprocessors contain both combinational
logic and sequential digital logic . Microprocessors
operate on numbers and symbols represented in
the binary number system.
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3. INTRODUCTION
 Fairchild Semiconductors (founded in 1957)
invented the first IC in 1959.
 In 1968, Robert Noyce, Gordan Moore, Andrew
Grove resigned from Fairchild Semiconductors.
 They founded their own company Intel (Integrated
Electronics).
 Intel grown from 3 man start-up in 1968
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4. Generation of Microprocessor
This was the period during 1971 to 1973 of
microprocessor’s history. In 1971, INTEL created the
first microprocessor 4004 that would run at a clock
speed of 108 KHz. microprocessors in the market
including Rockwell international PPS-4, INTEL-8008
and National semiconductors IMP-16 were in use.
But, all these were not TTL compatible processors
1st
Generation:
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5. INTEL 4004
 Introduced in 1971.
 It was the first microprocessor by
Intel.
 It was a 4-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 740KHz.
 It had 2,300 transistors.
 It could execute around
60,000 instructions per
second.
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6. INTEL 4040
 Introduced in 1974.
 It was also 4-bit µP.
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7. 2nd
Generation:
This was the period during 1973 to 1978 in
which very efficient 8-bit microprocessors
were implemented like Motorola 6800 and
6801, INTEL-8085 and Zilogs-Z80, which
were among the most popular ones. Owing
to their superfast speed, they were costly
as they were based on NMOS
technology fabrication. Its clock speed was
500 KHz. Could execute 50,000
instructions per second.
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8. INTEL 8008
 Introduced in 1972.
 It was first 8-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 500 KHz.
 Could execute 50,000
instructions per second.
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9. INTEL 8080
 Introduced in 1974.
 It was also 8-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 2 MHz.
 It had 6,000 transistors.
 Was 10 times faster than
8008.
 Could execute 5,00,000
instructions per second.
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10. INTEL 8085
 Introduced in 1976.
 It was also 8-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 3 MHz.
 Its data bus is 8-bit and
address bus is 16-bit.
 It had 6,500 transistors.
 Could execute 7,69,230
instructions per second.
 It could access 64 KB of
memory.
 It had 246 instructions.
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11. 3rd
Generation:
During this period 16 bit processors
were created and designed using HMOS
technology. From 1979 to 1980, INTEL
8086/80186/80286 and Motorola 68000
and 68010 were developed. Speeds of
those processors were four times better
than the 2nd generation processors.
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12. INTEL 8086
It was first 16-bit µP.
 Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8 MHz and 10
MHz, depending on the version.
 Its data bus is 16-bit and address
bus is 20-bit.
 It had 29,000 transistors.
 Could execute 2.5 million
instructions per second.
 It could access 1 MB of memory.
 It had 22,000 instructions.
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13. INTEL 8088
 Introduced in 1979.
 It was also 16-bit µP.
 It was created as a cheaper
version of Intel’s 8086.
 It was a 16-bit processor with an 8-bit
external bus.
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14. INTEL 80186 & 80188
 Introduced in 1982.
 They were 16-bit µPs.
 Clock speed was 6 MHz.
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15. INTEL 80286
 Introduced in 1982.
 It was 16-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 8 MHz.
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16. 4th
Generation:
From 1981 to 1995 this generation
developed 32 bit microprocessors by
using HCMOS fabrication. INTEL-80386
and Motorola’s 68020/68030 were the
popular processors.
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17. INTEL 80386
 Introduced in 1986.
 It was first 32-bit µP.
 Its data bus is 32-bit and
address bus is 32-bit.
 It could address 4 GB of
memory.
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18. INTEL 80486
 Introduced in 1989.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 It had 1.2 million transistors.
 Its clock speed varied from 16 MHz
to 100 MHz depending upon the
various versions.
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19. INTEL PENTIUM
 Introduced in 1993.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 It was originally named 80586.
 Its clock speed was 66 MHz.
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20. INTEL PENTIUM II
 Introduced in 1997.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
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21. INTEL PENTIUM II XEON
 Introduced in 1998.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
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22. INTEL PENTIUM III
 Introduced in 1999.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
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23. INTEL PENTIUM IV
 Introduced in 2000.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
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24. 5th
Generation:
From 1995 to until now this generation
has been bringing out high-
performance and high-speed
processors that make use of 64-bit
processors. Such processors include
Pentium, Celeron, Dual and Quad core
processors.
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25. INTEL CORE 2
 Introduced in 2006.
 It is a 64-bit µP.
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26. INTEL CORE I3
 Introduced in 2010.
 It is a 64-bit µP.
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27. INTEL CORE I5
 Introduced in 2009.
 It is a 64-bit µP.
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28. INTEL CORE I7
 Introduced in 2008.
 It is a 64-bit µP.
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29. INTEL core i9
 Introduce in 2019.
 It is the latest microprocessor.
 16 MB smart cache
 8 core
 16 Threads
 5.00 GHz Max turbo frequency
 K-unlocked
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30. Mobile
Microprocessors
A mobile processor is found in mobile
computers and cellphones. A CPU chip is designed
for portable computers, it is typically housed in a
smaller chip package, but more importantly, in
order to run cooler, it uses lower voltages than
its desktop counterpart and has more sleep
mode capability. A mobile processor can be
throttled down to different power levels or sections
of the chip can be turned off entirely when not in
use. Further, the clock frequency may be stepped
down under low processor loads. This stepping
down conserves power and prolongs battery life.
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31. Snapdragon
Snapdragon is a suite of system on a chip
(SoC) semiconductor products for mobile devices designed
and marketed by Qualcomm Technologies Inc. The
Snapdragon central processing unit (CPU) uses the ARM RISC
instruction set. A single SoC may include multiple CPU cores,
a graphics processing unit(GPU), a wireless modem, and other
software and hardware to support a smartphone's global
positioning system (GPS), camera, gesture recognition and
video. Snapdragon semiconductors are embedded in devices
of various systems, including Android and Windows
Phone devices
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32. MediaTek Inc
MediaTek Inc is a Taiwanese fabless semiconductor company
that provides chips for wireless communications, High-definition
television, handheld mobile devices like smartphones and tablet
computers, navigation systems, consumer multimedia products
and Digital subscriber line services as well as optical disc drives
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