This PPT contains Unit 2 Biology of behaviour for F.Y.B.Sc. Nursing students. The biology of behavior, also known as behavioral neuroscience or psychobiology, explores the relationship between biological processes and behavior. It delves into how the brain, nervous system, and other physiological factors influence behavior, emotions, thoughts, and actions. Understanding this relationship helps us comprehend various aspects of human and animal behavior.
forgetfulness is very common these days. the causes can be either organic or psychological. there are numerous psychological theories behind it. The presentation will also stress upon the types of forgetting. As a remedial measure their are manyy ways by which memory power can be boosed up.
Concept & meaning of educational psychology Saher Akhtar
I prepared it for my M.A Education subject Foundation in Pakistan topic meaning and concept of educational psychology.
Hope who will check this presentation will like it insh ALLAH
This PPT contains Unit 2 Biology of behaviour for F.Y.B.Sc. Nursing students. The biology of behavior, also known as behavioral neuroscience or psychobiology, explores the relationship between biological processes and behavior. It delves into how the brain, nervous system, and other physiological factors influence behavior, emotions, thoughts, and actions. Understanding this relationship helps us comprehend various aspects of human and animal behavior.
forgetfulness is very common these days. the causes can be either organic or psychological. there are numerous psychological theories behind it. The presentation will also stress upon the types of forgetting. As a remedial measure their are manyy ways by which memory power can be boosed up.
Concept & meaning of educational psychology Saher Akhtar
I prepared it for my M.A Education subject Foundation in Pakistan topic meaning and concept of educational psychology.
Hope who will check this presentation will like it insh ALLAH
The word, ‘Psychology’ is derived from two Greek words, ‘Psyche’ and ‘Logos’. Psyche means ‘soul’ and ‘Logos’ means ‘science’. Thus psychology was first defined as the ‘science of soul”.
Thus psychology first lost its soul, then its mind and then its consciousness. At present only its behaviour exists. William McDugall (1905) defined psychology as the “Science of Behaviour”, W.B. Pillsbury (1911) and J.B. Watson (1912) also defined psychology as the science of behavior
This file is about the bevioural psychology...fields of psychology and research methods used in psychology....it is very helpful for the beginners who need overview of psychology and its fields...
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, aiming to understand how individuals think, feel, and act in various situations. Its nature encompasses both objective observation and subjective experience, delving into areas such as cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and social interaction. Branches of psychology include clinical, counseling, developmental, cognitive, social, and experimental psychology, each focusing on distinct aspects of human behavior and mental processes. Types of psychology range from applied fields like industrial-organizational and forensic psychology to theoretical areas such as neuropsychology and evolutionary psychology, collectively contributing to a comprehensive understanding of human nature and behavior.
DEFINITION OF PSYCHOLOGY,THE MODERN AGE OF SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY,RECENT TRENDS IN CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGY,SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY,BRANCHES OF PURE PSYCHOLOGY,BRANCHES OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY,METHODS OF STUDYING BEHAVIOR,BIOMEDICAL IMPORTANCE OF PSYCHOLOGY
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It has the same goals as other sciences; to describe, explain, predict and control behaviour. Utilizes critical thinking. Theories are based on empirical data. Research is conducted in a systematic and scientific manner
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
2. GREEK WORD
First stage ‘study of the soul’
*philosophy dominated stage.
? Raised; what is soul? How can it be studied?
Second stage ‘study of the mind’
*philosopher come psychologist period.
Mind mysterious then soul.
? Raised; what is mindl? How can it be studied?
3. Third stage (1890-1894)
‘psychology as the study of consciousness’
*said by William James, Wilhelm Wundt
& Edward Bradford Titchner.
then what about sub-conscious,
unconscious….?
Fourth stage (1905) William Mcdougall
‘Psychology is a science which aims to give us
better understanding & control of the
behaviour of the organisms as a whole’
‘Science of human behaviour’
4. “Psychology is considered a
science of behavior or a scientific
study of the behavioral activities &
experiences”.
5. Behavior wide meaning and its too vast.
In this way, where there is some life & we
have living organisms as well as their life
activities are countless & consequently no
limits can be imposed upon the field of
operation & application of the subject
psychology.
6. In this way it is quite appropriate to conclude
the scope of the subject psychology cannot
be adjusted as narrow & confined to certain
boundaries.
It has width & depth of an ocean.
However, for the sake of convenience,
“It can be divided into certain branches &
fields”.
8. Developmental Psychology
Educational Psychology
Experimental Psychology
Forensic Psychology
Health Psychology
Personality Psychology
Social Psychology
9. Abnormal Psychology:
*study unusual pattern of behavior.
General Psychology:
*study human development, emotions,
motivation, learning, senses, perception,
thinking, memory, intelligence and processing.
Behavioral Psychology:
*study the behaviors of living
organisms.
10. Biological Psychology:
Behavioral neuroscience, also
known as biological psychology,
biopsychology, or psychobiology is the
application of the principles of biology (in
particular neurobiology), to the study of
physiological, genetic, and developmental
mechanisms of behavior in humans and non-human
animals.
Cognitive Psychology:
Cognitive psychology is the
study of mental processes such as "attention,
language use, memory, perception, problem
solving, creativity, and thinking."
11. Comparative Psychology:
Comparative psychology refers to
the scientific study of the behavior and
mental processes of non-human animals,
especially as these relate to the phylogenetic
history, adaptive significance, and
development of behavior.
Cross- Cultural Psychology:
Cross-cultural psychology is the
scientific study of human behavior and
mental processes, including both their
variability and invariance, under
diverse cultural conditions.
12. Developmental Psychology:
Developmental psychology is the
scientific study of changes that occur in human
beings over the course of their life span.
Educational Psychology:
Educational psychology is the branch
of psychology concerned with the scientific study
of human learning.
Experimental Psychology:
the branch of psychology concerned
with the scientific investigation of the responses
of individuals to stimuli in controlled situations.
13. Forensic Psychology:
Forensic psychology is the intersection
between psychology and the justice system.
Health Psychology:
Health psychology is the study
of psychological and behavioral processes
in health, illness, and healthcare.
14. Personality Psychology:
Personality psychology is a branch
of psychology that studies personality and
individual differences. Its areas of focus include:
Constructing a coherent picture of a person and
his or her major psychological processes.
Investigating individual differences, that is, how
people can differ from one another.
Social Psychology:
the branch of psychology that deals
with social interactions, including their origins
and their effects on the individual.
16. Introspection Method:
examination of one's own conscious
thoughts and feelings. In psychology the
process of introspection relies exclusively on
observation of one's mental state, while in a
spiritual context it may refer to the
examination of one's soul.
Observation Method:
the observation and description of a
subject's behavior. Researchers utilizing
the observational method can exert varying
amounts of control over the environment in
which the observation takes place.
17. Anecdotal Method:
Method based on personal
recollections of a case, as opposed to
specific, empirically derived investigation.
Can provide ideas to fuel further research.
Experimental Method:
The experimental method
involves manipulating one variable to
determine if changes in one variable cause
changes in another variable. This method
relies on controlled methods, random
assignment and the manipulation of variables
to test a hypothesis.
18. Case study method:
In order to prepare a case
history of data are taken from many sources
for example his or her family history,
educational life, medical history and social
life.
This method is very popular in clinical
psychology and life span developmental
psychology.
19. Questionnaire Method:
A questionnaire consists of a set
of questions to which the individual is required
to respond.
The items (questions) of the
questionnaire can be either in closed-ended form
or in open-ended form.
In the case of closed-ended item
the individual is provided with limited alternative
and he or she has to choose only one alternative
which reflects his or her view on the item.
In open-ended items the individual
is free to give his or her response the way he or
she likes.
20. Thank you
By
Reena Esther. B
14MBT109
M.Phill (Biotechnology)
St.Josephs’ College
Trichy.