This document summarizes the general properties of fungi, algae, and protozoa. It describes that fungi are eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that lack chlorophyll and reproduce both sexually and asexually. Algae are also eukaryotic but are photosynthetic and can range in size from microscopic to 50 meters long. They reproduce sexually and asexually. Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotes that can move using flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia, and reproduce through binary fission or budding. The document outlines examples of diseases caused by each group and their economic and environmental impacts.

2. General Properties of fungi, algae & Protozoa

3. A. FUNGI
General characters of fungi
 Fungi are the eukaryotic have true nucleus.
 These are unicellular or multicellular organisms,
 Most are filamentous.
 Have cell wall.
 Reproduce by sexually and asexually .
 All are achlorophyllous - They lack chlorophyll pigments and are incapable of
photosynthesis.
 All are chemoheterotrophic (chemo-organotrophic) - They utilize pre-existing organic sources

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 Saprobic fungi absorb nutrients from nonliving organisms.
 Parasitic fungi absorb nutrients from the cells of living hosts & can also
caused disease .
 Fungi cause 80% of plant diseases. i.e blights,
 Mutualistic fungi also absorb nutrients from a host organism, but they
reciprocate with functions that benefit their partner in some way.

5. REPRODUCTION
 Fungi reproduce sexually or asexually, or both, depending upon the
species and the environmental conditions.
 As the name implies, sexual reproduction is the result of the union of two
spores.
 Most fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually.
 The yeasts reproduce both by spores and by a process known as budding,
which is similar to binary fission.
 The yeast cell forms a small knoblike protrusion, or bud that separates
from the mother cell and grows until it reaches full size, at which time the
process is repeated.

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9. Disease Caused By Fungi
 Aspergillosis : caused by Aspergillus
 Blastomycosis : caused by Blastomyces
 Candidiasis : caused by Candida albicans
 Histoplasmosis : caused by Histoplasma

10. B. ALGAE
General characters of fungi Algae
 Meaning: The term algae has been derived from Latin word “ Alga” which means “ seaweed”.
 In Greek world “ Phycos” is used for algae.
 In 1753 Linnaenus was discovered the Algae.
 Algae are eukaryotes have (cells organelles).
 Algae belong to the Kingdom Protista
 Largely aquatic (both fresh water, marine pond, river, lakes) organisms.
 They occur in a variety of other habitats: moist stones, soils and wood.
 Some of them also occur in association with fungi (lichen) and animals.

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 They are Autotrophic, prepared their own food in the presence of sun
light.
 They have chlorophyll.
 Algae are mostly photosynthetic, like plants:
 Have 4 kinds of photosynthetic pigments
 Many accessory pigments – blue, red, brown, gold
 Require moist environments.

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 Can be microscopic or macroscopic:
size ranges from bacteria size to 50 meters long!
 Lack vascular (conducting) tissues –
No xylem or phloem
 No true roots, stems or leaves
 Modes of sexual reproduction:
 Both sexual and asexual

13. Commercial Uses Of Algae
 Algin – a thickening agent for food processing (brown algae)
 Iodine (brown algae)
 Carrageenan – foods, ice cream, toothpaste (red algae)
 Agar – for growth media used in research (red algae)
 As food – red and brown algae

14. Harmful Algae
 Excessive growth of algae causes:
 Closing of water ways, streams and pipes.
 Makes the water taste bad.
 Can be toxic for human, animals as well as also for aquatic environment
 “Red tides” caused by
dinoflagellates

15. Diseases Caused By Algae
 amnesic shellfish poisoning – ASP (domoic acid)
Caused by diatom Pseudo-nitzschia. Dinoflagellates
 Ciguatera fish poisoning – CFP Gamberidiscus toxicus
 Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning – DSP Dinophysis
 Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning – NSP Gymnodinium breve
 Paralytic shellfish poisoning – PSP species of Alexandrium


16. 3. PROTOZOA
General characters of Protozoa
 Protozoa are eukaryotic microorganisms.
 They are unicellular and microscopic.
 Have no cell wall.
 Some genera have cells surrounded by hard shells, while the cells of other genera are
enclosed only in a cell membrane.
 Most protozoa have a single nucleus, but some have both a macronucleus and one or
more micronuclei.
 Protozoa are heterotrophic microorganisms.
 Protozoa are motile and can move through flagella or cilia.

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 They usually lack the capability for photosynthesis, although the genus
Euglena is renowned for motility as well as photosynthesis.
 Although most protozoa reproduce by asexual methods, sexual
reproduction has been observed in several species.
 Habitats : Found in moist in moist areas.
 Also found an environment, soil, plants and decaying organic matter.
 Some species are parasites of human, animals and plants.

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Many protozoal species move independently by one of three types of
locomotors organelles: flagella, cilia, and pseudopodia.

19. REPRODUCTION
Asexual
 Binary Fission - one nuclear division gives rise to two daughter cells
 Budding - outgrowth of a mature cell grows and becomes a new daughter
cell.

20. SEXUAL
 Conjugation tube is developed in between to opposite cells.
 Exchanged of genetic materials.
 Conjugation - cells that have undergone a reduction division fuse,
exchange haploid micronuclei, and separate - each gives rise to two
daughter cells.

21. Sexual Reproduction

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1. African trypanosomiasis : also known as African sleeping sickness, is
caused by parasitic protozoan of the genus Trypanosoma.
2. Leishmaniasis: Leshmaniases are complex diseases caused by different
species of the genus Leishmania.
3. Toxoplasmosis: Toxoplasmosis is caused by an obligate intracellular
protozoan Toxoplasma gondii.
4. Giardiasis: caused by Giardia

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Date: 7Th JANUARY, 2019, MONDAY
AMJAD KHAN AFRIDI