- In the 19th century, rabies was often called "hydrophobia" and depicted in an 1826 illustration. Pasteur observed an outbreak of rabies in France as a schoolboy in 1831.
- Rabies is a fatal viral disease that causes brain inflammation. It is transmitted via bites or contact with saliva from infected animals like dogs, bats, and wolves.
- Louis Pasteur developed the first rabies vaccine in 1885 and successfully treated a boy who had been bitten by a rabid dog, establishing rabies prevention through vaccination.
Hello friends i am BSc Nursing intern.This presentation of mine covers almost each and every aspect related to swine flu.Hope it will help you to increase your knowledge regarding the topic.Looking forward to your feedback.Thank you
An introduction to Rhabdoviridae.Rabies is a viral disease that causes acute inflammation of the brain in humans and other mammals. Early symptoms can include fever and tingling at the site of exposure. These symptoms are followed by one or more of the following symptoms: violent movements, uncontrolled excitement, fear of water, an inability to move parts of the body, confusion, and loss of consciousness. Once symptoms appear, the result is nearly always death. The time period between contracting the disease and the start of symptoms is usually one to three months; however, this time period can vary from less than one week to more than one year. The time is dependent on the distance the virus must travel to reach the central nervous system.
vetrinary parasitology
Introduction
Epidemiology: Distribution, Susceptible host/ Reservoirs Transmission
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis and different diagnosis: Clinical Signs and Pathology
Laboratory confirmation
Differential diagnosis
Control / Prevention: Vector Control
Vaccination
Chemoprophylaxis
Control of outbreak
Treatment
Hello friends i am BSc Nursing intern.This presentation of mine covers almost each and every aspect related to swine flu.Hope it will help you to increase your knowledge regarding the topic.Looking forward to your feedback.Thank you
An introduction to Rhabdoviridae.Rabies is a viral disease that causes acute inflammation of the brain in humans and other mammals. Early symptoms can include fever and tingling at the site of exposure. These symptoms are followed by one or more of the following symptoms: violent movements, uncontrolled excitement, fear of water, an inability to move parts of the body, confusion, and loss of consciousness. Once symptoms appear, the result is nearly always death. The time period between contracting the disease and the start of symptoms is usually one to three months; however, this time period can vary from less than one week to more than one year. The time is dependent on the distance the virus must travel to reach the central nervous system.
vetrinary parasitology
Introduction
Epidemiology: Distribution, Susceptible host/ Reservoirs Transmission
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis and different diagnosis: Clinical Signs and Pathology
Laboratory confirmation
Differential diagnosis
Control / Prevention: Vector Control
Vaccination
Chemoprophylaxis
Control of outbreak
Treatment
Rabies is entirely preventable, and vaccines,
medicines, tools, and technologies have long
been available to prevent people from dying of
dog-mediated rabies. Nevertheless, rabies still
kills about 60 000 people a year, of whom over
40% are children under 15, mainly in rural areas
of economically disadvantaged countries in Africa
and Asia. Of all human cases, up to 99% are
acquired from the bite of an infected dog.
Rabies is a viral disease that causes acute encephalitis
(inflammation of the brain) in warm blooded animals. Rabies is a zoonotic disease (a disease that is transmitted to humans from animals) that is caused by a virus
It is highly contagious disease primarily of cattle, camels, sheep, goats and swine and secondarily in other animals and man
Characterized clinically by inflammation of the genital organs and fetal membrane, abortion with retained placenta and a subsequent high rate of infertility.
Rinderpest virus is a Morbillivirus, closely related to the viruses causing peste des petits ruminants, canine distemper and measles.Rinderpest virus is shed in nasal and ocular secretions and can be transmitted during the incubation period (1–2 days before onset of fever). Transmission required direct or close indirect contact between susceptible animals and sick animals shedding the virus.
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) is associated with several diseases in cattle: infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV), balanoposthitis, conjunctivitis, abortion, encephalomyelitis, and mastitis.
Rabies is entirely preventable, and vaccines,
medicines, tools, and technologies have long
been available to prevent people from dying of
dog-mediated rabies. Nevertheless, rabies still
kills about 60 000 people a year, of whom over
40% are children under 15, mainly in rural areas
of economically disadvantaged countries in Africa
and Asia. Of all human cases, up to 99% are
acquired from the bite of an infected dog.
Rabies is a viral disease that causes acute encephalitis
(inflammation of the brain) in warm blooded animals. Rabies is a zoonotic disease (a disease that is transmitted to humans from animals) that is caused by a virus
It is highly contagious disease primarily of cattle, camels, sheep, goats and swine and secondarily in other animals and man
Characterized clinically by inflammation of the genital organs and fetal membrane, abortion with retained placenta and a subsequent high rate of infertility.
Rinderpest virus is a Morbillivirus, closely related to the viruses causing peste des petits ruminants, canine distemper and measles.Rinderpest virus is shed in nasal and ocular secretions and can be transmitted during the incubation period (1–2 days before onset of fever). Transmission required direct or close indirect contact between susceptible animals and sick animals shedding the virus.
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) is associated with several diseases in cattle: infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV), balanoposthitis, conjunctivitis, abortion, encephalomyelitis, and mastitis.
This ppt is About Rabies epidemiology and treatment .
This is done by using Park book 24th edition of PSM .
This presentation is presented in academics of Master of public health in Christian medical college .
One more Important thing is that that zareb regime (intramuscular ) is not practiced . We try to make this ppt lucid. and the statistics is used in the presentation is upto 27 june 2018
Incineration is the method of choice for treating large volumes of infectious waste, animal carcasses, and contaminated bedding materials. Because incinerators usually are located some distance from the laboratory, additional precautions for handling and packaging of infectious waste are necessary.
Types of Biomedical Waste Disposal
Autoclaving. The process of autoclaving involves steam sterilization. ...
Incineration. The major benefits of incineration are that it is quick, easy, and simple. ...
Chemicals. When it comes to liquid waste, a common biomedical waste disposal method can be chemical disinfection. ...
Microwaving.
Prokaryotes are always unicellular, while eukaryotes are often multi-celled organisms. Additionally, eukaryotic cells are more than 100 to 10,000 times larger than prokaryotic cells and are much more complex. The DNA in eukaryotes is stored within the nucleus, while DNA is stored in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes
Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.pptxAmjad Afridi
Eukaryotic cells have several other membrane-bound organelles not found in prokaryotic cells.
These include the mitochondria (convert food energy into adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, to power biochemical reactions); rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum ,golgi complex and in the case of plant cells, chloroplasts
All of these organelles are located in the eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm.
Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi.
The word 'myco' is derived from the Greek word mýkēs meaning “mushroom, fungus”.
Heinrich Anton de Bary is the father of Mycology.
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that include such as yeasts, moulds and mushrooms. These organisms are classified under kingdom fungi.
Fungi are diverse and widespread.
Fungi metabolism consists on a series of reactions (biochemical reactions) constantly occurring inside the cells to keep it alive and active and in the results biosynthesis of a huge number of compounds.
These compounds area usually divided into primary and secondary metabolites.
Primary metabolism is common to several species and usually produces compounds with the function of assuring fungi growth and development.
Primary metabolites are involved in the growth, development, and reproduction of organisms.
The primary metabolites consist of vitamins, amino acids, nucleosides and organic acids
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that causes staphylococcal food poisoning, a form of gastroenteritis with rapid onset of symptoms. S. aureus is commonly found in the environment (soil, water and air) and is also found in the nose and on the skin of humans.
Communicable diseases are illnesses that spread from one person to another or from an animal to a person, or from a surface or a food. Diseases can be transmitted during air travel through: direct contact with a sick person. respiratory droplet spread from a sick person sneezing or coughing.
Host-Parasite relationship is the extreme case of animal association, in which both partners influence each others life by affecting each others metabolism and behaviour using different adaptive mechanisms in order to ensure their survival.
Bacteria have their own enzymes for
1. Cell wall formation
2. Protein synthesis
3. DNA replication
4. RNA synthesis
5. Synthesis of essential metabolites
Infections spread from animals to human are called zoonotic infections.
The term zoonos is’ Derived from the Greek
ZOON (animals) and NOSES (diseases)
Pathogens shared with wild or domestic animals cause more than 60% of infectious diseases in man.
Ozone (O3) is a molecule made up of three atoms of oxygen (O), and very reactive gas.
Bluish gas that harmful to breathe.
Is mostly found in the stratosphere, where it protects us from the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Although it represents only a tiny fraction of the atmosphere, ozone is essential for life on Earth.
Ozone in the stratosphere— a layer of the atmosphere between 15 and 50 kilometers (10 and 31 miles) above us—acts as a shield to protect Earth’s surface from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation.
H: Infects only Human beings
I: Immunodeficiency Virus weakness the Immune system and increases the risk of infections
V: Virus that attacks the body and finally kills the body’s immune system
Tuberculosis is a communicable chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis , where the center of the granuloma is Caseous necrosis
It usually involves the lungs but may affect any organ or tissue in the body
Airborne spread of droplet nuclei
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Rabies Infection.pptx
1. Amjad Khan Afridi
In the 19th century, rabies was often referred to as “Hydrophobia,” as depicted
in this 1826 illustration, by T.L. Busby, entitled “Rabid Dog in Town.” A few
years later, in 1831, Pasteur was a schoolboy who observed an outbreak of
rabies in Arbois, France. Image online via the National Library of Medicine.
Amjad Khan Afridi
Lecturer,
Department of Health & Biological Sciences
Abasyn University Peshawar
In the 19th century, rabies was often referred to as “Hydrophobia,” as depicted
in this 1826 illustration, by T.L. Busby, entitled “Rabid Dog in Town.” A few
years later, in 1831, Pasteur was a schoolboy who observed an outbreak of
rabies in Arbois, France. Image online via the National Library of Medicine.
2.
3. • Rabies, also known as hydrophobia, is a highly
fatal viral disease that causes inflammation of
the brain in humans and other mammals.
• It is caused by Lyssavirus type 1.
• Transmission of Rabies tohuman;
• Bites (95%),
• Scratches &
• Licks from infected animals.
4. It is a zoonotic disease of warm blooded animals
such as – dogs, skunk, cats, jackals, bats and
wolves.
5. History of Rabies
• Man described the disease in 2300 B.C.
• The word ‘Rabies’ originated from “rabhas”,
meaning “to do violence”.
• Since Roman times, man established the link
between the infectivity of a rabid dogs saliva and
the spread of the disease.
• Because there is no cure, those that had been bitten
by a rabid dog would commonly commit suicide to
avoid the painful death that would inevitably follow.
6. • Louis Pasteur
(a French biologist,
microbiologist and
chemist) was the first
person to diagnose
that rabies targets the
Central Nervous
System (CNS)
• In 1890 created the rabies vaccine and saved 9
year old Joseph Meister after he had been bit by a
rabid dog
7. Global Burden
• Avery wide distribution- Human rabies is present in 150 countries and
territories and on all continents, except forAntarctica.
9. AGENT
Rhabdovirus
Lyssavirus type 1
Bullet shaped virus
Has a lipoprotein envelope
Knob like spikes or glycoprotein G.
Matrix protein layer
Genome –unsegmented ,linear,
negative sense RNA.
10. TYPES OF RABIES VIRUS
STREET VIRUS FIXED VIRUS
The virus recovered from
naturally occurring cases of
rabies is called street virus.
The virus which has a short,
fixed and reproducible
incubation period is called
fixed virus.
SOURCES It is naturally occurring virus . It
is found in saliva of infected
animal
It is prepared by repeated culture
in brain of rabbit such that its IP
is reduced and fixed.
FEATURES 1. It produce negri bodies
2. Incubation period is 20 to
60 days.
3. It is pathogenic for
all mammals
4. Cannot be usedfor
preparation of
vaccine
1. It does not formnegri
bodies
2. Incubation period is
constant between 4-6
days.
3. It can be pathogenic
for humans under
certain conditions.
4. It is used to prepare
anti- rabies vaccine.
11. RESERVIOUR OF INFECTION
• URBAN RABIES:
1. 99% cases in Asia is from dogs andcats.
2. A single infected dog capable of transmitting over an areaof
40 km.
• WILD LIFE RABIES :
1. Foxes, jackals, hyenas , skunks etc.
2. Transmit infection among themselves and to dogs andman.
12. • BATRABIES:
1. Latin American countries ,USA
2. Vampire bats feed on blood of humans and animals.
3. Cause havoc to cattle population
4. Transmission by bite and aerosols.
13. HOST FACTORS
• All warm blooded animals including man.
• Rabies in man is a dead end infection
• People at risk-lab workers, veterinarians, dog
handlers , hunters etc
17. • Know as hydrophobia (fear of water)
• Duration of disease: 2-3 days prolonged to 5-6 days (exceptional
cases)
• Prodromal symptoms (3-4 days)
• Headache
• Malaise
• Sore throat
• slight fever
• Followed by excitation and stimulation off all parts ofnervous
system
• Sensory system
• Nervous system
• Motor system
• Sympathetic system
• Mental system
18. • Patient becomes intolerant to noise, bright light, cold draught ofair
(sensory).
• Aerophobia (fear of air ) may be present.
• Increased reflexes and muscle spasms (motor).
• Increased perspiration , salivation. sympathetic).
• Fear of death , irritability , anger and depression (mentalchanges).
• Patient dies abruptly due to convulsions or pass to comaand
paralysis.
20. DIAGNOSIS
• On basis of clinical history of bite by rabid animal
• Characteristic signs and symptoms
• Confirmatory tests
• Antigen detection by immunofluroscence (skinbiopsy).
• Virus isolation (saliva and other secretions)
• Immunofluroscence of corneal impression smears proven
unreliable.
21. TREATMENT
• No specific treatment
• Case management
– Isolation in a quiet room protected as far as possiblefrom
external stimuli to prevent spasms and convulsions
– Relieve anxiety and pain by use of sedatives
– Morphia 30-54mg
– If spastic muscle contractions present use drugs with curare like
action
– Ensure hydration and diuresis ( Kidneys Filter)
– Intensive therapy in the form of respiratory andcardiac
support
22. • Patients with rabies are highly infectious virus is present inall
secretions like saliva , tears, vomits, urine, and other body
fluids.
• Nursing personnel should be warned of risks and protect
themselves with PPE
• Persons with open wounds and cut should not attend the
patients
• In places where rabies cases are encountered frequentlypre
exposure prophylaxis (2-3 doses HDC vaccine )
recommended.
23. PREVENTION OF HUMAN RABIES
This may be considered under 3 heads
1. Post-exposure prophylaxis.
2. Pre-exposure prophylaxis.
3. Post-exposure treatment of persons who
have been vaccinated previously
24. Post-exposure Prophylaxi
1. General consideration
2. Local treatment of
wound
(a)Cleansing
(b)Chemical treatment
(c)Suturing
(d)Antibiotics and anti-tetanus
measure
3.Immunization
25. Immunization
• Rabies vaccines prequalified by WHO do
not contain preservatives such as
thimerosal.
• The shelf-life 3 years
• Stored at +2°C to +8°C and protected from
sunlight.
• Following reconstitution with the accompanying
sterile diluents, the vaccines should be used
immediately, or within 6-8 hours if kept at the
correct temperature.
•
26. Immunization of immunocompromised
individuals
• In immunocompromised individuals including
patients with HIV/AIDS, a complete series of 5 doses
of intramuscular CCEEV in combination with
comprehensive wound management and local
infiltration with human rabies immunoglobulin is
required for patients with category II and III
exposures.
28. RABIES IN DOGS
• INCUBATION PERIOD : Ranges from 3-8 weeks but it
may be as short as 10 days or as long as 1 year.
• CLINICAL PICTURE:
It manifest in 2 forms : Furious rabies and
dumb rabies.
• FURIOUS RABIES : Typical mad-dog
syndrome.
29. CHANGE IN BEHAVIOUR
Loses its fear of bites people , aggressive,
unusual objects- stick , straw and mud.
• RUNNINGAMUCK:
Tendency to run away from home
and wander.
• CHANGE IN VOICE: Barks and growls in a
hoarse voice or unable to bark
• EXCESSIVE SALIVATION: Foaming at
the angle of mouth
• PARALYTIC STAGE: Later stage paralysis of
30. • DUMB RABIES: Exciting and irritating stage is
lacking .
• Its predominantly paralytic.
• Dog withdraws from being
seen and disturbed.
• Dies in about 3 days.
LAB DIAGNOSIS :
• FLUROSCENT ANTIBODY TEST:Highly
reliable and
best single test for rabies antigen detection.
• If brain is negative by FRA test , person need notbe
treated.
• MICROSCOPIC EXAINATION: Negri bodies
identifies 75-90% of cases.
Hydrophobia is the result of late-stage rabies that spreads from the initial wound through the central nervous system.
Constant sources of infection to man and animals
the immunofluorescent staining of material obtained from the corneas of patients suspected of having the disease.
Negri bodies may vary in size from 0.25 to 27 µm. They are found most frequently in the pyramidal cells of Ammon's horn, and the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. They are also found in the cells of the medulla and various other ganglia.
The American pathologist Anna Wessels William
Sedatives are a type of prescription medication that slows down your brain activity. ey're typically used to make you feel more relaxed. Doctors commonly prescribe sedatives to treat conditions like anxiety and sleep disorders.
Spasticity is abnormal muscle tightness due to prolonged muscle contraction. It is a symptom associated with damage to the brain, spinal cord or motor nerves, and is seen in individuals with neurological conditions, such as: Cerebral palsy (CP) Multiple sclerosis (MS)
A prophylactic is a medication or a treatment designed and used to prevent a disease from occurring
Human diploid cell
Thimerosal is a mercury-containing organic compound preserve biological drug
CCEEVs