Described about general characters of fungi which include sexual and asexual reproduction with diagram, so it will be easy for undergraduates to understand the various concepts
Introduction
Class Zygomycetes
General characters of Zygomycetes
Order Mucorales
Order Entomophthorales
Order Zoopagales
Life cycle of zygomycetes in Rhizopus stolonifer
This is an illustrated account for Unit 1 of Coure Course III Mycology and Phytopathology of Bsc Hons Program - Introduction to True fungi including characters, affinities, thallus, cell wall, nutrition and classification
Introduction
Class Zygomycetes
General characters of Zygomycetes
Order Mucorales
Order Entomophthorales
Order Zoopagales
Life cycle of zygomycetes in Rhizopus stolonifer
This is an illustrated account for Unit 1 of Coure Course III Mycology and Phytopathology of Bsc Hons Program - Introduction to True fungi including characters, affinities, thallus, cell wall, nutrition and classification
Agaricus is a genus of mushrooms containing both edible and poisonous species, with possibly over 300 members worldwide. The genus includes the common ("button") mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and the field mushroom (A. campestris), the dominant cultivated mushrooms of the West.
The "Telome theory" of Walter Zimmermann (1930, 1952) is the most accepted theory that is based on fossil record and synthesizes the major steps in the evolution of vascular plants.
It describes how the primitive type of vascular plants developed from Rhynia like plants.
Describe in detail about fungi and general characters of fungi and different modifications and reproduction in fungi especially for undergraduate students
Agaricus is a genus of mushrooms containing both edible and poisonous species, with possibly over 300 members worldwide. The genus includes the common ("button") mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and the field mushroom (A. campestris), the dominant cultivated mushrooms of the West.
The "Telome theory" of Walter Zimmermann (1930, 1952) is the most accepted theory that is based on fossil record and synthesizes the major steps in the evolution of vascular plants.
It describes how the primitive type of vascular plants developed from Rhynia like plants.
Describe in detail about fungi and general characters of fungi and different modifications and reproduction in fungi especially for undergraduate students
Detail description about important fungi that comes under chytridiomycota and zygomycota has been described, gives an idea about fungi and their life cycles under thus groups
1) Strategies and structuresIn Protozoans the method of movement .pdfaptelecom16999
1) Strategies and structures:
In Protozoans the method of movement is determined by the type of organism and the
surrounding environment. Protozoans mainly move by cell extension, flagella or pseudopodia
and cilia, the movement as per the presence of structure can be classified as ciliary, flagellar and
amoeboid movement.
Ciliates : Ciliates form the largest group of protozoa. These organisms vary in size and often live
in watery environments, including oceans, marshes, bays and streams. Ciliates move using tiny
cilia, which are hair-like strands that act as sensors and tiny limbs.
Flagella are longer and less numerous that cilia, they use their long tail like flagella to move.
Amoebas : In these two cytoskeleton get polymerized . This creates a vacancy and cytoplasmice
material flow to cover the vacancy created. When amoeba moves cytoplasm moves to the arm
like extension called pseudopodium. This pseudopodium extends and enlarge and hence this
push the animal body towards that respective direction.
2) A) Flagellates can live as single cells, in colonies, or as parasites.
Commonly live in niche\'s of water.
They conduct photosynthesis and have a cell wall.
They contain flagella for propulsion or to create a current to bring in food.
They can inhabit the reproductive tract, alimentary canal, tissue sites and also the blood stream,
lymph vessels and cerebrospinal canal.
B) Pseudopods : Also called as false feet , are projections that can appear and disappear from the
organism\'s body. These are used for movement and to engulf prey and digest them using
enzymes.
C) Apicomplexa : Unicellular and spore forming, most of them possess a unique form of
organelle that comprises a type of plastid called an apicoplast, and an apical complex structure.
They have apicoplast(non photosynthetic plastid) , mitochondria and nuclear genomes.
Lack of cilia, sexual reproduction, use micropores for feeding, and the production of oocysts
containing sporozoites as the infective form.
They have unique gliding capability which enables them to cross through tissues and enter and
leave their host cells. This gliding ability is made possible by the use of adhesions and small
static myosin motors.
3) Key characteristics of fungi :
Fungi are unicellular or multicellular.
Most of the fungi grow as tubular filaments called hyphae
They are haploid.
Fungus are heterotrophs (they can obtain nutrients by absorption) . They absorb food and secrete
enzymes to digest complex molecules
Propogate by spores
Asexual or sexual reproduction
They can be multinucleated
Fungi are achlorophyllous (lack of cholorphyll pigment)
Both Fungi and protists belong to same kingdom but fungi is different from protist, protists are
able to live in an anaerobic environment without oxygen but fungi need aerobic respiration to
survive.
Protists are unicellular but fungi are multicellular. Protists are autotrophic (make their own
energy) and heterotrophic (rely on outside source to get energy), but fungi a.
Kingdom Plantae presented by Vrushali Gharat to Mr. Kailash vilegaveKailash Vilegave
Classification Of Kingdom Plantae, Classification Of Kingdom Plantae, Economic importance Algae.
Ulothrix
Reproduction
Mosses and Liverwort
life cycle of all plants.
Artifial intellegence in Plant diseases detection and diagnosis N.H. Shankar Reddy
in advancement with technology, nowadays plant diseases are detected by using AI, this topic clearly demonstrates various ways of AI in plant disease detection and technologies involved in it.
Managing soil-borne plant pathogens by means of biological agents is become widely popular and practical nowadays to avoid getting problems from synthetic control measures, this ppt clear describes various important bioagents in the management of soil-borne plant pathogens
Role of antimicrobial peptides in plant disease management N.H. Shankar Reddy
It is one of the advanced topics in plant disease management, detailed information about antimicrobial peptides and their role in plant disease management is furnished clearly.
Quarantine regulation and impact of modern detection methods N.H. Shankar Reddy
Detailed descriptions about quarantine and regulations, new laws, and new techniques are using in plant quarantine for the detection of plant pathogens are described
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
1. General characters of fungi
N. H. SHANKAR REDDY
1st , Ph.D Plant Pathology
Annamalai University
2. • Fungi are eukaryotic, achlorophyllous, non motile, unicellular or
multicellular organism, which reproduce by means of asexual or
sexual spores
• Nutrition – Heterotrophic (lack of preparation of own food
material) and absorptive (ingestion rare)
• Thallus – Unicellular, filamentous, septate or non-septate
typically non motile (protoplasmic flow) but motile stages
(Zoospores) may occur
• Cell wall – Well defined and typically chitinised (cellulose in
Oomycota)
• Sexuality – Asexual or sexual and homothallic or heterothallic
• Habitat – Ubiquitous as saprobes, symbionts, parasites or
hyperparasites.
3. • They reproduce sexually by means of spores asexually by means of
budding, fragmentation etc.
• Fungi lack chlorophyll and hence cannot perform photosynthesis.
• Fungi produce sex hormones play a major role in sexual
reproduction.
• The majority of fungi belonging to the phylum Ascomycota,
basidiomycota, zygomycota etc.
• Eg - Mushrooms, moulds, yeast
4. Thallus – Vegetative/ somatic body (entire body) of fungus. Thallus is
not differentiated into distinct parts. Thallus is divided into two
• Holocarpic thallus – The entire thallus at maturity become converted
into single or several reproductive organs.
• Eg – Olphidium and Synchytrium
• Eucarpic thallus – The mature thallus is differentiated at the time
of reproduction, into a vegetative part (which absorb nutrinets) and
reproductive part.
• Eg – Pythium and Phytophthora
5. • Hyphae – It is a microscopic, thread like
filamentous and structure. Hyphae is
divided into
Septate hyphae – Presence of cross walls
Aseptate hyphae/ coenocytic hyphae/ non-
septate hyphae – Absence of cross walls
• Mycelium – Group of hyphae collectively
called as mycelium.
• Rhizoid – It is anchoring or absorbing
organ of Rhizopus
6. Somatic structures produced by fungi
• In mycelial thallus, the differention of hyphae
may occur to form specialized structures
adapted to particular functions. The following
specilized structures are
• Rhizoids – A rhizoid is a short, root like
filamentous branch of the thallus, generally
formed in turfts at the base of the thallus.
Rhizoids function as anchoring and absorbing
organ. (eg – Rhizopus)
• Appresorium – It is simple or lobed swollen
structure to germ tube or infecting hyphae.
They adhre/ attach to host surface and provide
strong anchoring to infecting hyphae in
penetration. Eg – Rust, powdery mildews etc.
(simply attachment organ or anchoring organ)
7.
8. • Haustorium – It is a nutrient
absorbing organ of fungi from host
cells without killing it. Haustorium is
intracellular sac like, filamentous or
branched structure and is a
characteristic of obligate parasites
(Uredinales, Erysiphales,
Pernosporales).
• Hyphal traps – The fungi which
capture the nematodes (predacious
fungi), develop a number of
modifications by their hyphae. These
modifications are known as snares or
hyphal traps. Eg – Dactylaria candida,
Arthrobotrys robusta, Monacrsporium.
9. Hyphal modifications in fungi or mycelial aggregations in fungi
• The fungal structure as resting bodies, fruiting bodies, migratory
strands etc. are formd by the aggregation of hyphae to various
extents.
• The mycelium becomes organized into loosely or compactly woven
tissues called as plectenchyma, used to designate all organized
fungal tissues. Plectenchyma basically of two types
• Prosenchyma - Loosely woven tissue in which the individual hyphae
lie more or less parallel to one another and their elongated cells are
easily distinguished from each another.
• Pseudoparenchma – It consists of loosely packed, more or less
isodiametric oval cells recembling the parenchyma of higher plants
in cross section.
• Prosenchyma and pseudoparenchyma makes various types of
somatic or reproductive structures are produced below
10.
11. Somatic or reproductive strutcture of fungi
1. Stromata – A stroma is a compact mass of tissues.
This somatic structure is like a mattress on which
fructifications are formed.
2. Sclerotia – Hyphal aggregations with determinate
growth. This is made of pseudoparenchymatous
tissues. These types of resting bodies are produced by
the pathogenic members of Sclerotinia, Claviceps,
Rhizoctonia etc. they contains huge amount of reserve
food material (in the form of mannitol, trehalose,
glycogen and lipids) for long term survival.
3. Mycelial strands – The formation of aggregates of
parallel, relatively undifferentiated hyphae. A strand
is formed around one or more leader hyphae which
grow out of the margin of the thallus. They are
capable of translocating materials in both directions.
Commonly observed in Basidiomycotina and some
Ascomycotina and Deuteromycotina.
12. Rhizomorphs – The root like aggregation of hyphae.
Certain fungi have highly differentiatiated
aggregations of hyphae with well developed apical
meristem and a central core of thick walled
elongated cells. They are about 4 mm and having
4000 hyphae aggregations togeather.
Eg – Armillariella mellea (honey fugus or honey
agaric)
Do u know – The sclerotium of the Australian
Polyporus milittae can reach the size of man’s head
(about 15 kg) and is known as native bread or black
fello’s bread.
13. REPRODUCTION IN FUNGI
• Reproduction is the formation of new individuals with all
characteristics.
• Types
Vegetative reproduction
Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
14. Vegetative reproduction
• It does not involve in the the union of nuclei, no sex cells (gamaates)
or sex organs (gametangia) are produced. The asexual spores are
also called as mitospores.
• Fragmentation - A bit of broken fragment of hyphae detchd and
establishes a new colony..
• Budding – It is the production of a small outgrowth (bud) from a
parent cell or spore. Each bud produces a new individual. As the bud
is formed, the nuclei of parent cell divides and one daughter nucleus
migrates into bud. Budding can be observed in yeast.
• Fission – The splitting of a cell into two daughter cells by
constriction. The nucleus divides mitotically along with the
formation of a cell wall. Although, it is a characteristic of bacteria
and it also occurs in fission yeasts.
15. Asexual reproduction
• Production of asexual spores – Spore is a reproductive structure of
fungi. There are two major kinds of asexual spores in fungi.
1. Sporangiospores – Produced within the sporangium. The
sporangiospore are two types
• Aplanospores – They are non motile spores having typical cell wall
around them. They ar uni or multinucleate, unicellular, smooth
walled, globose or ellipsoid in shape. The number of aplanospores per
sporangium ranges from one to several thousands.
Eg – Zygomycotinai (Mucorales)
• Zoospores – These are motile spore and are self propelled by means of
flagella. They lack cell walls and contains cell envelope in a
membrane. Eg - Mastigomycotina
16. 2. Conida or condisospores – They are asexual reproductive
structure producd by different groups of fungi especially
Ascomycotina and Deuteomycotina. Conidia are produced
exogenously on condiophores.
• Arthrospores – They are formed by close separation in basipeta
succession. Each cells rouds off and sets free as a thin-walled
arthrospores. It is also called as oidia.
• Eg – Oidium, Endomyces
• Chlamydospores – It is a thick walled resting spore surrounded
by pigmented wall and is formed from terminal or intercalary
cells of hyphae. They contains enormous amount of food
reserves in the form of glycogen or oil. They may be dispersed in
water currents and then known as gemmae.
17.
18. Asexual fruiting bodies produced by fungi
Particulars Pycnidium Sporadachium Acervulus Synemma
Descrption Hallow, flask
shaped
globose
fruiting body
with narrow
circular mouth
It is
hemispherical
or barrel
shaped
compound
conidiophore
Saucer
depressed
pseudoparen-
chymatous
aggregation
of hyphae
Loose
aggregation
of branched
or
unbranched
erect
conidiophore
Examples Macrophomin
a phaseolina,
Fusarium,
Tubercularia
and
Epicoccum
Colletotrichu
m and
Pestalotia
Ceratocystis,
Graphium
19. • Flagella – Small hair like structure, which is helpful for locomotion
Anterior flagella – Episthocont
Posterior flagella – Opisthocont
• Types of flagella in fungi–
Whiplash (Acronematic) – Flagella without hair/ flimmers
Tinsel (Pantonematic) – Flagella with hair/ flimmers
Types of flagella
20. Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction – Union of two opposite nuclei. Three phases maily
occurs in the order of sexual reproduction in fungi
• Plasmogamy – Sexual reproduction begins with plasmogamy which
involves the union of two protoplasts bringing the opposite nuclei close
togeather within in the same cell.
• Karyogamy – Fusion of two opposite nuclei. The process fusion of
nuclei is known as syngamy or diploidizaion and it takes place in
zeuguites.
• Meiosis – Reeduction division where chromosome number become half
(diploid become haploid). Meiosis takes place in gonotoconts.
• Thus plasmogamy brings to haploid nuclei togeather in a cell,
karyogamy results in a diploid zygote nucleus and meiosis by
reducing the chromosome number restores the haploid condion.
21. Types of plasmogamy
1. Gametogamy (Planogametic copulation) – Fusion of morphologically
or physiologically differentiated gamates.
• Isogamy - Fusion of isogamates of same size and shape.
Eg – Olphidium and Synchytrium
• Anisogamy – Fusion of aniosogametes of morophologically similar but
differ in size.
Eg – Allomyces and Blastocladiales
• Heterogamy (= oogamy) – Fusion of motile male gamtes with non
motile female gamates.
Eg – Monoblephariales (Monoblepharis)
22. 2. Gametangiogamy (Gametangial contact) -
Copulation of morphologically or
physiologically differentiated gamatangia.
Where gamates are passed form male to
female through fertilization tube developed
by male gametangium and trichogyne is
developed by female gametangium. The
purpose or fertiziation tube or trichogyne is
to facilitate a passage for fertilization.
• Eg – Albugo, Pythium and Phytophthora
23. 3. Gametangy (Gametagial copulation) – Fusion of entire
content of two gametangia. Fusion takes in different ways
• Hologamy - Whole content of one gametangium passes into
another gametangium
Eg – Chytridis and Yeast (Polyphogus and Rhizophidium)
• Direct fusion - Fusion of two morphologically similar
gametangia and become a single cell
Eg – Mucor and Rhizopus
• Anisogametangial population – Fusion between unequa
gametangia
Eg – Mucorales
24. 4. Spermatization - This method of sexual reproduction can be
observed in ruts. Rust produce numerous, tiny, uninucleate, non-
motile, spore like male sex cells called spermatia. They form flask
shaped organs called spermogonia developed on the upper surface of
leaf of the second host. The spermatia are carried by various agencies,
generally by insects, wind or water to the receptive hyphae of opposite
strains produced in another spermagonium. At the point of contact the
wall was dissolved and a pore is formed, the content of spermatium
(male gamates) migrates through the pore into the receptive hypha
and become binucleate. The union of hyphae with the receptive hyphae
is known as spermatization.
• Eg – Puccinia graminis and Podospora
25. 5. Somatogamy - Fusion of vegetative cells/ somatic cells which
are not sexully differentiated (Hyphae or conidia). Fusion takes
between somatic hyphae of the primary mycelia of opposite
strains come in contact. Also known as pseudomixis.