Application of Nanotechnology in Agriculture with special reference to Pest M...Ramesh Kulkarni
Nanotechnology, a promising field of research opens up in the present decade a wide array of
opportunities in the present decade and is expected to give major impulses to technical innovations in
a variety of industrial sectors in the future.
Plants have array of defense response against biotic stresses which could be either structural reinforcement, release of chemicals, and defense gene expression against invading organisms. The physical barriers are trichoms, waxy cuticle, thick cell wall. Once the pathogen overcomes the first line of defense, basal or innate defense response comes into play. Pathogens secrete some conserved molecules known as Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP/MAMP), which are recognized by transmembrane receptors present in the plasma membrane and initiate a series of signal cascade reaction which ultimately leads to activation of various defense related genes. Apart from inducing the expression of defense related genes, it also triggers a hypersensitive reaction (HR) which cause deliberate cell death at the site of infection and limit the pathogen access to water and nutrient by sacrificing a few cells in order to save the rest of the plant. Once HR is triggered, plant tissue may become highly resistant to a broad range of pathogens for an extended period of time. This phenomenon is called Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR).
Plants respond to herbivory is a similar manner as described above. The biochemical mechanisms of defense against the herbivores are wide-ranging, highly dynamic, and are mediated both by direct and indirect defenses. The defensive compounds are either produced constitutively or in response to plant damage, and affect feeding, growth, and survival of herbivores. In addition, plants also release volatile organic compounds that attract the natural enemies of the herbivores. These strategies either act independently or in conjunction with each other. However, our understanding of these defensive mechanisms is still limited. Induced resistance could be exploited as an important tool for the pest management to minimize the amounts of insecticides used for pest control. Host plant resistance to insects, particularly, induced resistance, can also be manipulated with the use of chemical elicitors of secondary metabolites, which confer resistance to insects. By understanding the mechanisms of induced resistance, we can predict the herbivores that are likely to be affected by inducing responses. The elicitors of induced responses can be sprayed on crop plants to build up the natural defense system against damage caused by herbivores. The induced responses can also be genetically engineered, so that the defensive compounds are constitutively produced in plants challenged by the herbivory. Induced resistance can be exploited for developing crop cultivars, which readily produce the inducible response upon mild infestation, and can act as one of components of integrated pest management for sustainable crop production.
Application of Nanotechnology in Agriculture with special reference to Pest M...Ramesh Kulkarni
Nanotechnology, a promising field of research opens up in the present decade a wide array of
opportunities in the present decade and is expected to give major impulses to technical innovations in
a variety of industrial sectors in the future.
Plants have array of defense response against biotic stresses which could be either structural reinforcement, release of chemicals, and defense gene expression against invading organisms. The physical barriers are trichoms, waxy cuticle, thick cell wall. Once the pathogen overcomes the first line of defense, basal or innate defense response comes into play. Pathogens secrete some conserved molecules known as Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP/MAMP), which are recognized by transmembrane receptors present in the plasma membrane and initiate a series of signal cascade reaction which ultimately leads to activation of various defense related genes. Apart from inducing the expression of defense related genes, it also triggers a hypersensitive reaction (HR) which cause deliberate cell death at the site of infection and limit the pathogen access to water and nutrient by sacrificing a few cells in order to save the rest of the plant. Once HR is triggered, plant tissue may become highly resistant to a broad range of pathogens for an extended period of time. This phenomenon is called Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR).
Plants respond to herbivory is a similar manner as described above. The biochemical mechanisms of defense against the herbivores are wide-ranging, highly dynamic, and are mediated both by direct and indirect defenses. The defensive compounds are either produced constitutively or in response to plant damage, and affect feeding, growth, and survival of herbivores. In addition, plants also release volatile organic compounds that attract the natural enemies of the herbivores. These strategies either act independently or in conjunction with each other. However, our understanding of these defensive mechanisms is still limited. Induced resistance could be exploited as an important tool for the pest management to minimize the amounts of insecticides used for pest control. Host plant resistance to insects, particularly, induced resistance, can also be manipulated with the use of chemical elicitors of secondary metabolites, which confer resistance to insects. By understanding the mechanisms of induced resistance, we can predict the herbivores that are likely to be affected by inducing responses. The elicitors of induced responses can be sprayed on crop plants to build up the natural defense system against damage caused by herbivores. The induced responses can also be genetically engineered, so that the defensive compounds are constitutively produced in plants challenged by the herbivory. Induced resistance can be exploited for developing crop cultivars, which readily produce the inducible response upon mild infestation, and can act as one of components of integrated pest management for sustainable crop production.
phyllosphere is a dynamic rapidly changing area surrounding the germinating seed. there are two categories of microbes one is positively enhancing and negatively reducing the plant yield
PGPR are a group of bacteria which actively colonize plant roots / Rhizosphere Rhizosphere. They enhance plant Growth and Yield Directly or Indirectly. The knowledge of this particular area and the understanding of its mechanism are highly important to use them as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers, hence it ultimately guides towards sustainable agriculture.
M.Sc. (Master's) Seminar on topic "Role of chemicals in plant disease managem...Harshvardhan Gaikwad
The importance and role of chemicals/ fungicides in plant disease management is the major objective of plant pathology. The need based, effective, ecofriendly application of chemical fungicides can leads sustainable agriculture and food production.
INTRODUCTION
Trichoderma -A Bio-Control Agent
General characteristics, PREPARATION OF MOTHER CULTURE, Materials required, Method of application, Precautions.
phyllosphere is a dynamic rapidly changing area surrounding the germinating seed. there are two categories of microbes one is positively enhancing and negatively reducing the plant yield
PGPR are a group of bacteria which actively colonize plant roots / Rhizosphere Rhizosphere. They enhance plant Growth and Yield Directly or Indirectly. The knowledge of this particular area and the understanding of its mechanism are highly important to use them as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers, hence it ultimately guides towards sustainable agriculture.
M.Sc. (Master's) Seminar on topic "Role of chemicals in plant disease managem...Harshvardhan Gaikwad
The importance and role of chemicals/ fungicides in plant disease management is the major objective of plant pathology. The need based, effective, ecofriendly application of chemical fungicides can leads sustainable agriculture and food production.
INTRODUCTION
Trichoderma -A Bio-Control Agent
General characteristics, PREPARATION OF MOTHER CULTURE, Materials required, Method of application, Precautions.
Leveraging nanotechnology and biology for medical diagnostics. Including novel techniques such as immuno-PCR and using phages as reporters, as well as using Izon's qNano to detect DNA hybridization and potential uses in point-of-care applications.
Biosensors are the analytical device that are used to measure the concentration of analye , these type of biosensors are made with conjugation of enzymes as a biological eliment to quantify a (bio)chemical substance / analyte are reffered to as Enzyme-probe Biosensors .
Biosensors are of many types but focusing on Enzyme biosensors there are 4 main types which are briefly described in this power point presentation .
The revolution of nanotechnology in molecular biology gives an opportunity to detect and manipulate atoms and molecules at the molecular and cellular level.
Biosensors: General Principles and ApplicationsBhatt Eshfaq
A biosensor is an analytical device, used for the detection of a chemical substance, that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector.
Artifial intellegence in Plant diseases detection and diagnosis N.H. Shankar Reddy
in advancement with technology, nowadays plant diseases are detected by using AI, this topic clearly demonstrates various ways of AI in plant disease detection and technologies involved in it.
Managing soil-borne plant pathogens by means of biological agents is become widely popular and practical nowadays to avoid getting problems from synthetic control measures, this ppt clear describes various important bioagents in the management of soil-borne plant pathogens
Role of antimicrobial peptides in plant disease management N.H. Shankar Reddy
It is one of the advanced topics in plant disease management, detailed information about antimicrobial peptides and their role in plant disease management is furnished clearly.
Quarantine regulation and impact of modern detection methods N.H. Shankar Reddy
Detailed descriptions about quarantine and regulations, new laws, and new techniques are using in plant quarantine for the detection of plant pathogens are described
1. BIOSENSORS IN PLANT
PATHOGEN DETECTION
S. HARISHINI
REG. NO: 207090
II-M.SC AGRICULTUR
DEPT. OF PLANT PATHOLOGY,
ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY.
1
2. BIOSENSORS
✓ An analytical device used
for the detection of a
chemical substance, that
combines a biological
component with a
physiochemical detector.
✓ Father of Biosensors –
Leland C. Clark.
2
(Khater et al. 2017)
3. COMPONENTS OF A BIOSENSOR
BIOLOGICAL
COMPONENTS
• Polysaccharides,
• Microorganisms,
• Nucleic acid,
• Tissue,
• Enzyme,
• Antibody.
PHYSICAL
COMPONENTS
• Transducers,
• A/D Converter,
• Amplifier,
• Display
3
(Ali et al. 2017)
7. BIO-ELEMENT AND SENSOR ELEMENT
COUPLING MECHANISMS
A. Covalent
fabrication,
B. Matrix
immobilization,
C. Membrane
encapsulation,
D. Physical
adsorption
fabrication.
7
10. TYPES OF BIOSENSORS
Electrochemical Biosensors,
Optical Biosensors,
Phage-based Biosensors,
Graphene-based Biosensors,
E-Nose based Biosensors,
Magnetic recognition Biosensors,
Mobile Biosensing,
Food system based (Post-harvest),
Agricultural Biosensors,
Nanotechnology based
Biosensors.
10
11. 1. ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORS
▪ Two core components – Molecular recognition layer, an
electrochemical transducer.
▪ Detection of target pathogens under different conditions – Air,
water and on seeds.
▪ Different platforms – Greenhouses, in-field and in postharvest
storage vessels.
▪ Advantageous biological sensing components – Plant’s antibody
and DNA.
(Dyussembayev et al. 2021)
11
13. ANTIBODY BASED
BIOSENSORS
• High sensitivity and
specificity.
• Detection of target antigens
at low concentration.
• High affinity level.
• Fundamental principle –
Biomolecular interaction
between analyte and
antibody.
DNA-BASED BIOSENSORS
• Hybridization between
target DNA sequence and
DNA probe sequence.
• Use of Nano structured
materials:
✓Gold
✓Cadmium sulfide
✓Silver.
• On-site environmental
monitoring
13
(Prittesh et al. 2021)
17. 2. LABEL-FREE QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE (QCM)-
BASED APPROACHES
✓Oscillation frequency based.
✓Measurement of very small mass changes.
✓Alternative bioreceptor – DNA probe.
✓New biorecognition elements – Aptamers.
✓Identification of orchid viruses.
✓Piezoelectric label-free immunosensors based.
Examples:
1. QCM immunosensor based on SAMs – Maize chlorotic mottle virus
2. Higher selectivity against Wheat streak mosaic virus.
17
19. 3. MICROFLUIDIC IMMUNOSENSOR
✓Amperometric detection.
✓Three microfabricated gold electrodes used.
✓Introduction of solutions in the sensor – A syringe pump
system.
✓Detection of Absorbance – Bio Rad Benchmark microplate
reader.
✓Electrode – Glass combination.
Example:
Early detection of Xanthomonas arabicola in walnut samples.
19
(Lie et al. 2006)
20. 4. ENZYMATIC LABEL BASED TECHNOLOGY
(INDIRECT ELISA)
✓Electrochemical enzyme-linked immunoassay (ECEIA).
✓Amperometric and Voltammetric techniques.
✓Enzyme labels – Horseradish peroxidase (HRP), Alkaline
phosphate (AP).
✓Sensitivity – 10 times higher than that of standard ELISA.
✓Measurement of current – Linear sweep voltammetry using a
hanging mercury electrode.
(Khater et al. 2017)
20
21. Examples:
1. Detection of Cucumber mosaic virus
▪ Substrates – o-aminophenol and o-phenylenediamine.
2. Detection of Tobacco mosaic virus, Potato virus Y, Southern bean mosaic
virus, Tomato aspermy virus, Turnip mosaic virus.
3. PSS antigen:
✓Detection of panicle blight,
✓Cercospora leaf spot on rice,
✓ Black spot of crucifer.
21
23. 1. DNA HYBRIDIZATION VOLTAMMETRIC DETECTION
✓Amperometric and voltametric, impedimetric detection.
✓Detection of pathogen related DNA with complementary target
immobilized on the electrode monitored by OSWV.
✓Hybridization, Redox indicator – Methylene Blue.
Example:
1. Voltammetric detection of Sugarcane white leaf disease on Glassy
electode modified with chitosan.
2. High selectivity for identification of Trichoderma harzianum against
other Trichoderma sp.
(Abdhurehman and Jaffer 2020)
23
24. 2. LABEL – FREE IMPEDIMETRIC METHOD
▪ Quantitative detection of CTV by Label less
impedimetric biosensor.
▪ Thiolated DNA probe immobilized and optimized for
DNA hybridization.
▪ Method of high potential.
▪ Gold nano particles distributed on carbon electrodes.
24
32. 3. MICROSPHERE IMMUNOASSAY
➢Application of Fluorescent loaded magnetic microsphere and fluorophore
antibodies for detection.
➢Sensitivity and the ability to detect multiple pathogens in single assay.
➢Limitation – Complexity of assay, need of fluorescent readers.
32
33. B. DNA BASED BIOSENSORS
1. BRIDGING FLOCCULATION
▪ Reversible adsorption to differentiate long and short
DNA polymers.
▪ Main applications is the visual detection of:
✓ Pseudomonas syringae,
✓Fusarium oxysporum and Botrytis cinerea.
▪ Detection in very early stage.
(Sambasivam et al. 2021)
33
39. A – MEDIATED ELECTRON
TRANSFER.
B – DIRECT ELECTRON TRANSFER 39
3. ENZYMATIC ELECTROCHEMICAL
BIOSENSORS
40. 4. PHAGE – BASED BIOSENSORS
▪ Interaction between phage and the targeted bacterial component.
▪ Very sensitive, cost effective approach.
▪ Stable at high temperature.
Example:
Phage-based Magnoelastic biosensors for the detection of S.
typhimurium on the surface of tomato and spinach leaves.
40
48. 8. FOOD SYSTEM BASED BIOSENSORS
▪ Optical-SPR
biosensors.
▪ Post harvest pathogen
detection.
✓ Botrytis sp.
✓ Aspergillus,
✓ Colletotrichum.
48
(Jazib et al. 2017)
49. 9. AGRICULTURAL BIOSENSORS
❑Plant wearable biosensors,
❑Multiplexing sensors,
❑NMR and MRI,
❑Smart farming,
❑UAVs for near field communication
(Mclamore et al. 2021)
49
50. 10. NANOTECHNOLOGY BASED
BIOSENSORS
1. FSNP– Detection of
Xanthomonas axonopodis
pv. vesicatoria.
2. CuO – Detection of
Aspergillus niger.
3. AgNPs – Soil borne
pathogens.
50
(Adetunji et al. 2018)
51. IMPORTANCE OF NANOPARTICLES IN
BIOSENSORS
• High and targeted surface area,
• Particle size and charge,
• Core and surface properties,
• Size and Flexibilities,
• Multivalency and controlled synthesis.
(Mudasir et al. 2021)
51
54. PROPERTIES OF A GOOD BIOSENSOR
▪ Highly specific for the analyte,
▪ Response should be linear over a broad spectrum range,
▪ Small, compatible, rapid and accurate, sterilizable,
▪ Low cost and easy to use,
▪ Assay costs should be lower than the conventional tests,
▪ Assay should be fast, reliable and repeatable.
54
57. CHALLENGES AND FUTURE
PERSPECTIVES
• Need of careful validation within a particular pathosystem.
• Pathogen detection and quantification should be used in
conjugation with other multiple factors of farming systems.
• Cultural cropping and climatic factors should be considered.
• Futureproofing of IDM strategies.
• Validated biosensors improve the accuracy of epidemiological
models.
(Dyssembayev et al 2021)
57