Oomycetes
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Oomycetes, also known as water molds, are fungus-like protists that feed by absorbing nutrients through their cellulose cell walls. They reproduce both sexually, through oogonia and antheridia forming oospores, and asexually via biflagellate zoospores. While commonly found in water, many oomycetes are terrestrial. Some are parasitic on animals, plants, and crops, causing diseases like late blight of potato. They have characteristics like diploid nuclei, cellulose cell walls, and two flagella per motile spore that distinguish them from true fungi.
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• Gymnosperms (Gymnos = naked, Sperma = seed) include the small group of plants with naked seeds.
• The Gymnosperms originated in the Devonian period of the Paleozoic Era and formed the supreme vegetation in the Mesozoic Era.
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- Williamsonia was a tall, palm-like plant that bore spirally arranged ovules on a conical receptacle for female reproduction and bifid microsporophylls bearing synangia for male reproduction.
- Glossopteris had simple, reticulate-veined leaves and reproduced
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This document discusses heterospory and the seed habit in plants. It begins by introducing heterospory as the production of two different types of spores, microspores and megaspores, which is considered a prerequisite for seed formation in plants. It then describes how certain plant species like Selaginella show heterospory, with microsporangia producing many microspores and megasporangia containing just a few megaspores. The highest evolved species of Selaginella, S. apoda, has progressed towards characteristics of seed plants like retaining its single megaspore within the sporangium for fertilization. In summary, the key steps in the evolution of the seed habit involved the development
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Heterospory originated from some spores degenerating in sporangia, allowing the surviving spores to grow larger. This led to megaspores producing female gametophytes and microspores producing male gametophytes. In heterosporous plants like Selaginella, the retention and germination of megaspores inside megasporangia brought them closer to seed habit, though true seeds did not form until gymnosperms evolved integuments around ovules. Heterospory played a significant role in the evolution of seed habit and seeds in higher plants by establishing dependencies that facilitated embryogenesis.
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Basidiomycetes, or club fungi, are a division of fungi that produce basidiospores on club-shaped structures called basidia. They can be saprophytes that feed on dead organic matter or parasites that live within a host. The perfect stage of their life cycle involves the basidium bearing basidiospores. Examples of basidiomycetes include mushrooms, smuts, rusts, puffballs, and stinkhorns. Some basidiomycetes have medical benefits while others can cause plant or animal diseases.
Deuteromycota
Deuteromycota refers to fungi that reproduce asexually and whose sexual reproduction cycle is unknown. They are characterized by septate mycelium and reproduce through conidia. There are four orders within Deuteromycota distinguished by where conidia and conidiophores are produced. Some Deuteromycota have sterile mycelium or sclerotia and some undergo a parasexual cycle involving plasmogamy and haploidization but not true meiosis.
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There are four major groups of fungi: conjugating fungi, sac fungi, club fungi, and imperfect fungi. Conjugating fungi have a multicellular form, feed on organic matter and can be parasitic. Sac fungi reproduce via spores released from ascus structures. Club fungi produce spores on club-like basidia and include mushrooms. Imperfect fungi are believed to have lost the ability to reproduce sexually and can cause infections.
Basidiomycota
1. Jamur Basidiomycota tumbuh sebagai miselium multiseluler yang membentuk tubuh buah.
2. Reproduksi seksual melibatkan perkawinan antara hifa haploid dan pembentukan basidiospora melalui basidium.
3. Jamur Basidiomycota memiliki peran penting sebagai bahan pangan dan obat-obatan, namun beberapa juga berperan sebagai parasit tanaman.
Basidiomycota
Fungi and fungal-like organisms are heterotrophic, requiring external nutrients. They grow through hyphae that colonize substrates to obtain nutrients. Hyphal cell walls contain glucans and chitin in true fungi or cellulose and glycans in fungal-like organisms. Modern fungal classification is based on phylogenetic analysis and generally follows Agrios (2005), grouping organisms by kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. Key groups include Oomycetes, Chytridiomycetes, Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes. Many genera contain important plant pathogens.
Basidiomycota
El documento describe la división Basidiomycota del reino Fungi, que incluye hongos que producen basidios con basidiosporas, como las setas y hongos con sombrero. Estos hongos son los más evolucionados y variados, y se reproducen sexualmente a través de la plasmogamia y dicariotización, formando hifas dicarióticas que producen basidiosporas o micelio dicariótico, dependiendo de si son heterotálicos u homotálicos.
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Zygomycota
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Deuteromycota
Dokumen tersebut merupakan ringkasan tentang kerajaan Deuteromycota. Kerajaan ini termasuk ke dalam kerajaan fungi yang multiseluler, tidak berklorofil, dan reproduksi secara aseksual melalui spora. Terdapat beberapa genus jamur yang berguna seperti Aspergillus niger dan Aspergillus oryzae namun juga ada yang merugikan seperti Helmintrosporium oryzae dan Fusarium.
Basidiomycetes
The document discusses the club fungi (Basidiomycota), a taxonomic division of fungi that reproduce sexually through specialized club-shaped cells called basidia. Basidia normally bear four external meiospores and are found on the gills under the cap of mushrooms. One example is the fairy ring fungus, whose underground mycelium depletes soil nitrogen as it grows outward in a circle, forming a fairy ring where fruiting bodies appear. Basidiomycota are important as they include edible mushrooms and produce spores via basidia after the fusion and meiosis of genetic material from two mating strains.
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Zygomycota
Zygomycetes are fungi that reproduce sexually through the fusion of gametes to form zygospores and asexually through sporangia. They have rhizoids that absorb nutrients, stolons that connect structures, and sporangiophores that bear sporangia. During the life cycle, asexual reproduction produces spores for germination while sexual reproduction involves the fusion of haploid gametes from different mating types. Zygomycetes can be pathogenic, commensal, or parasitic and are used for biological control, in some food fermentations, and to produce metabolites.
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Oomycetes
- 1. Oomycetes CN. 07, 15, 12, 13, 05, 21
- 2. Introduction
- 3. Introduction What are oomycetes? Oomycetes, a.k.a water molds, are fungus-like protists, that feed on decaying organic material by absorbing nutrients through their cell walls, which are made of cellulose. “Oomycetes” came from the Greek words “oion”, which means “egg”, and “mukes”, meaning “fungus”. Therefore, “oomycetes” means “egg fungi”.
- 5. Characteristics Anatomy and Functions Their cell walls are composed of cellulose. Its main purpose is to absorb food from its surroundings. Most oomycetes produce self-moving spores, which are called as zoospores. These spores swim through water in search for food. They also have two(2) flagella. These flagella have different structures and functions.
- 6. Characteristics Anatomy and Functions Oomycetes have tubular mitochondrial cristae(Cristae are the internal “rooms” formed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion). Filamentous, coenocytic, sometimes unicellular.
- 7. Characteristics Habitat Although they (oomycetes) are commonly known for their other name, “water molds”, not all of them live near bodies of water. Most of them are terrestrial.
- 8. Characteristics Reproduction Diploid life cycle. Sexual Reproduction Oogonium (Female Gametophytes) Antheridium (Male Gametophytes) Spores: biflagellate zoospores Asexual Reproduction Spores: oospores
- 9. Life Cycle sporangium (2n) hypha oosphere (2n) mycelium (2n) zoospores Antheridium; produces fertilization tubes (n) Oogonium; containing oospores (n)
- 10. Life Cycle Life Cycle of Saprolegnia Sp.
- 11. Water Molds vs. Fungi
- 12. Water Molds vs. Fungi Water molds have cellulose for their cell walls, while fungi have chitin. Water molds have diploid nuclei, whereas fungi have haploid nuclei. Self-motile spores of oomycetes usually have two(2) flagella, while fungal spores have only one(1). They both have different metabolic pathways for synthesizing lysine(an essential amino acid). Number of certain enzymes differ.
- 13. Impacts
- 14. Impacts On Animals Some water molds are parasites to some animals. They can grow on scales/eggs of some fishes/amphibians. One good example is the water mold Saprolegnia. They are parasitic to organisms such as rotifers, nematodes, arthropods, and diatoms.
- 15. Impacts On Plants Some water molds affect plants, too, such as root-rotting fungi, seedling-dampening mold, blister rusts, white rusts (Albugo), and downy mildews. They invade plants like grapes, lettuces, corns, cabbages, and many other crop plants. Two water molds have had a major impact on world history: Phytophthorainfestans, which causes Late Blight of Potato, and; Plasmoparaviticola, which are the downy mildews of grapes.
- 16. Impacts On Humans The two water molds mentioned earlier, Phytophthorainfestansand Plasmoparaviticola, affected many crops (potatoes, grapes, etc.), it also affected people and some of their jobs in those early times. The Great Potato Famine, is one of the greatest problems that these water molds gave us.
- 17. Gallery
- 18. Gallery Reproductive Structures of Phytophthorainfestans
- 19. Gallery Sporangium of Phytophthorainfestans
- 20. Gallery A water mold from a stream
- 22. Links http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561534904/oomycete.html; http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/oomycota.html; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phytophtora_reproduction.png; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oomycetes; http://www.aber.ac.uk/fungi/fungi/taxonomy.htm; http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb2pg2.htm
Editor's Notes
- http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561534904/oomycete.html; http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/oomycota.html
- http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561534904/oomycete.html; http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/oomycota.html
- http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561534904/oomycete.html; http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/oomycota.html
- http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561534904/oomycete.html; http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/oomycota.html
- http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561534904/oomycete.html; http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/oomycota.html
- http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561534904/oomycete.html; http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/oomycota.html
- http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561534904/oomycete.html; http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/oomycota.html; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phytophtora_reproduction.png; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oomycetes; http://www.aber.ac.uk/fungi/fungi/taxonomy.htmhttp://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb2pg2.htm
- http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561534904/oomycete.html; http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/oomycota.html
- http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561534904/oomycete.html; http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/oomycota.html
- http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561534904/oomycete.html; http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/oomycota.html; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phytophtora_reproduction.png; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oomycetes; http://www.aber.ac.uk/fungi/fungi/taxonomy.htmhttp://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb2pg2.htm