This is an illustrated account for Unit 1 of Coure Course III Mycology and Phytopathology of Bsc Hons Program - Introduction to True fungi including characters, affinities, thallus, cell wall, nutrition and classification
Chlamydomonas is unicellular, motile green algae. In this presentation the systematic position, occurrence, structure and different types of reproduction is being explained. palmella stage in vegetative reproduction is one of the outstanding character found among the other algae.
A chemical substance that is produced in one portion of an organism and moves by diffusion or transport to another portion of same individual or to other individual of same species where it induce specific response is called a hormone.
The algae reproduce by vegetative, asexual, and sexual methods. Vegetative reproduction is by fragmentation, where each fragment develops into a thallus. Asexual reproduction is by the production of flagellated zoospores which on germination give rise to new plants.
This is an illustrated account for Unit 1 of Coure Course III Mycology and Phytopathology of Bsc Hons Program - Introduction to True fungi including characters, affinities, thallus, cell wall, nutrition and classification
Chlamydomonas is unicellular, motile green algae. In this presentation the systematic position, occurrence, structure and different types of reproduction is being explained. palmella stage in vegetative reproduction is one of the outstanding character found among the other algae.
A chemical substance that is produced in one portion of an organism and moves by diffusion or transport to another portion of same individual or to other individual of same species where it induce specific response is called a hormone.
The algae reproduce by vegetative, asexual, and sexual methods. Vegetative reproduction is by fragmentation, where each fragment develops into a thallus. Asexual reproduction is by the production of flagellated zoospores which on germination give rise to new plants.
Lyngbya ppt - cyanobacteria cyanophyceae blue green algaeKeertiGupta19
Lyngbya is a blue green algae or cyanobacteria of family cyanophyceae . Lyngbya ppt or presentation - All about Lyngbya in detail - classification, occurence, reproduction etc.
Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals. . The term is applied particularly to distinguish heterothallic fungi, which require two compatible partners to produce sexual spores, from homothallic ones, which are capable of sexual reproduction from a single organism.
Fungi are a kingdom of usually multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophs (cannot make their own food) and have important roles in nutrient cycling in an ecosystem. Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually, and they also have symbiotic associations with plants and bacteria.
Describe in detail about fungi and general characters of fungi and different modifications and reproduction in fungi especially for undergraduate students
1.INTRODUCTION
2.HISTORY
3.MORPHOLOGY
4.STRUCTURE
5.CLASSIFICATION
6.CHARACTERSTICS
7.DISEASES
8.CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
Mycoplasmas are prokaryotic , without cell wall & have been placed under the class Mollicutes & the order Mycoplasmatales.
Mycoplasma are the smallest microorganism which have been known to cause a number of disease in animals &human kind.
The cells are bounded by a soft trilamellar lipoproteinaceous unit membrane containing sterols. Because of their plasticity , they can pass through bacterial filters & have often been mistaken for viruses.
Lyngbya ppt - cyanobacteria cyanophyceae blue green algaeKeertiGupta19
Lyngbya is a blue green algae or cyanobacteria of family cyanophyceae . Lyngbya ppt or presentation - All about Lyngbya in detail - classification, occurence, reproduction etc.
Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals. . The term is applied particularly to distinguish heterothallic fungi, which require two compatible partners to produce sexual spores, from homothallic ones, which are capable of sexual reproduction from a single organism.
Fungi are a kingdom of usually multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophs (cannot make their own food) and have important roles in nutrient cycling in an ecosystem. Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually, and they also have symbiotic associations with plants and bacteria.
Describe in detail about fungi and general characters of fungi and different modifications and reproduction in fungi especially for undergraduate students
1.INTRODUCTION
2.HISTORY
3.MORPHOLOGY
4.STRUCTURE
5.CLASSIFICATION
6.CHARACTERSTICS
7.DISEASES
8.CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
Mycoplasmas are prokaryotic , without cell wall & have been placed under the class Mollicutes & the order Mycoplasmatales.
Mycoplasma are the smallest microorganism which have been known to cause a number of disease in animals &human kind.
The cells are bounded by a soft trilamellar lipoproteinaceous unit membrane containing sterols. Because of their plasticity , they can pass through bacterial filters & have often been mistaken for viruses.
Described about general characters of fungi which include sexual and asexual reproduction with diagram, so it will be easy for undergraduates to understand the various concepts
Classifications of Fungi
Characteristics of all Fungi
Structure of Fungi
Reproduction
Classification of Fungi
Basidiomycota
sexual reproduction occur by basidium , will be present spore is called basidiospore .
Asexual by budding ,fragementation, conidiospores.
Ascomycota
microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores.
Mostly the ascomycota is sexual but some asexual it lacks the ascospore.
Zygomycota
Two spore
mitospores ( or) sporangiospore
chlamitospore (or) zygospore
Deuteromycota
Imperfect Fungi referring to our "imperfect" knowledge of their complete life cycles.
sexual life cycle that is either unknown or absent.
Asexual reproduction is by means of conidia or may be lacking.
culture media
SDA medium – sabouraud dextrose agar
This is a very detailed slide on the topic 'Fungi'. I hope this slide is beneficial to everyone. Also don't forget to 'Like' if u like this slide! Thank you!
Fungi are eukaryotic, spore bearing, achlorophyllous, heterotrophic organisms that generally reproduce sexually and asexually and whose filamentous, branched somatic structures are typically surrounded by cell walls containing chitin or cellulose or both with many organic molecules and exhibiting absorptive nutrition.Fungi frequently reproduce by the formation of spores. A spore is a survival or dispersal unit, consisting of one or a few cells, that is capable of germinating to produce a new hypha. Unlike plant seeds, fungal spores lack an embryo, but contain food reserves needed for germination. Many fungi produce more than one type of spore as part of their life cycles. Fungal spores may be formed via an asexual process involving only mitosis (mitospores), or via a sexual process involving meiosis (meiospores). Sexual and asexual reproduction may require different sets of conditions (e. g., nutrients, temperature, light, moisture).
Artifial intellegence in Plant diseases detection and diagnosis N.H. Shankar Reddy
in advancement with technology, nowadays plant diseases are detected by using AI, this topic clearly demonstrates various ways of AI in plant disease detection and technologies involved in it.
Managing soil-borne plant pathogens by means of biological agents is become widely popular and practical nowadays to avoid getting problems from synthetic control measures, this ppt clear describes various important bioagents in the management of soil-borne plant pathogens
Role of antimicrobial peptides in plant disease management N.H. Shankar Reddy
It is one of the advanced topics in plant disease management, detailed information about antimicrobial peptides and their role in plant disease management is furnished clearly.
Quarantine regulation and impact of modern detection methods N.H. Shankar Reddy
Detailed descriptions about quarantine and regulations, new laws, and new techniques are using in plant quarantine for the detection of plant pathogens are described
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
1. General characters of fungi
The branch of biology that deals with fungi is called ‘Mycology’
Fungus is a Latin word which means ‘Mushroom’
Fungi (definition)- Fungi is eukaryotic, achlorophylls spore bearing organisms that can
reproduce by both sexual and asexual manner and can obtain nutrients through haustoria
Eg – Yeast, mould, rusts, smuts and mushrooms
Morphological characters of fungi
Thallus – Entire body of fungus is called thallus (mass of hyphae constitute to form
thallus). Vegetative/ somatic thallus gives rise to reproductive structures, from which
spores are produced either sexuall or sexually
Holocarpic – whole thallus is converted into one are more reproductive
structures
Eg – Synchytrium and Olphidium
Eucarpic – only a portion of thallus become reproductive
Eg – Oomycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota
Mycelium – filamentous vegetative body of the fungus is called mycelium/ Single
thread of hyphae
(or)
The hyphal mass or network of hyphae constituting the body (thallus) of the fungus is
called as mycelium
Hypha - Individual branch of mycelium which are generally uniform in thickness,
usually about 2-10 μm in diameter. The hyphae may be septate or aseptate
Coenocytic hyphae - The aseptate or non-septate hyphae having the nuclei
scattered in the cytoplasm (obscene of septa/ cross walls).
Septate hyphae- The hyphae have septa having perforations through which
cytoplasmic strands, containing nuclei can migrate from one cell to the
other. (presence of septa)
Doipore septa
It is a complex type septa with barrel shaped central pore and hemi spherical
cap is called parenthosome/ pore cap
Dolipore septum is formed in Agaricomycotina certain basidiomycetes.
Plasmodium – Naked,motile multinucleated mass of protoplasm is called plasmodium
Rhizomorphs: Thicker root like aggregates. Also called mycelial cords
Sclerotium: It is a hard and compact vegetative resting structure resistant to
unfavourable conditions. It is mostly made up of pseudoparenchymatous cells
Eg – Sclerotium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, Claviceps
Septa – The cross walls which divide the hypha into cells are called septa
2. Stroma: some fungi also develop mat like structures which contain the fruiting
bodies.
Fungal cell structure
Fungal cell wall is made up of Chitin + glucan, whereas
Oomycota cell wall is made up of cellulose
Zycomycota cell wall is made up of Chitosan chitin
Special somatic structures
Appresorium – It is the anchoring organ/ attachment organ of fungi
Haustorium – It is absorbing organ, which absorb nutrients from host.
Rhizoid – short root like filamentous outgrowth devoid of nuclei
Eg - Rhizopus
Hyphal modifications
Mycelium of higher fungi is organised into loosely or compactly woven tissues,
called fungal tissues/ plectenchyma. They are of two types
Prosenchyma – loosely woven fungal tissues in which the individual hypha
lie parallel to one another
Pseudoparenchyma: compactly woven fungal tissue with more or less
isometric resembling parenchyma of higher plants
Stromata – Compact matters like structure made up of parenchyma and
pseudoparenchyma usually form fruiting bodies off fungi of various shapes and
sizes
Eg – Acervuli (Colletotrichum), Sporodochia (Fusarium)
Reproduction in fungi
Spore – minute, simple and basic reproductive unit of fungus, which are
capable of growing into a new thallus. The process of formation of spores
are called Sporogenesis/ Sporulation
Sporangia – It is a sac like structure in which spores are formed
Sporangiphore – sporangia are produced at the end of the of the
undifferentiated or on specialized spore bearing structure are called
Sporangiphone
1. Asexual reproduction – It does not involve the union of nuclei or gametes
and hence called as somatic or vegetative reproduction
Spores are produced by asexual are production are celled
mitospores/ asexualspores
A. Fission – parent cell divides into two daughter cells by constriction. The
nucleus is divided into two halves b formation of transverse septum
Eg – Yeast
B. Budding – Small outgrowth or bud produced from the parent cell
enlarges gradually and nuclei migrates into the growing bud an then bud
eventually breaks off to form the new thallus
3. C. Fragmentation – Small fragment of hyphae detached from the parent
mycelium to grow into new thallus. These small fragments/spores are
called arthrospores/Oidia
Eg– Powdery mildew
Flagellum – Hair like structure that serves a motile cell (locomotory organ)
Anterior (episthocont) –
Posterior (opisthocont) -
Axoneme – feather like a central rachis, the hair of flagella is called flimmers
hairs/ mastogoneme
Conidia- a spore produced asexually by various fungi at the tip of a specialized
hypha.
Conidiophore – The conidiophore may be free or aggregation of aggregated to
form compound conidiophore/ fruiting bodies on which conidia
are produced
Zoospores – Motile asexual spores of Oomycota produced with in zoosporngium.
They are always naked (without cell wall)
Planospores = motile spores = Swarm spores
Aplanospores = non motile spores
Chlamydopsores - Thick walled resting spore formed either single or in chains from
terminal or intercalary cells o the hyphae eg – Fusarium, Saprolegnia
It is thick walled and contains reserve food materials to withstand
unfoavorble conditions
Gemmae – Chlamydospores dispersed inn water currents is called gemmae
4. 2. Sexual reproduction –
Three typical phases occurs in sequence during sexual reproduction
A. Plasmogamy - Union of protoplasts bringing their nuclei togeather
within the same cell
B. Karyogamy – Fusion of two nuclei result in the formation of zygote/
diploid nuclei. The organ in which karyogamy takes place is celled
Zeugites
C. Meiosis – Fused diploid nucleus undergoes meiosis, which reduced
the number of chromosomes to haploid. The organ in which meiosis
takes place is celled Gonotoconts
Types of plasmogamy
i. Planogametic copulation/ Gametogamy
a) Isogamy/ isogamous fertilization – fusion of isogametes of
same size and shape
Eg – Olphidium and Synchytrium
b) Anisogamy/ anisogamous fertilization - fusion of
anisogametes in which gametes are morphologically similar
but differ in size
Eg – Allomyces
c) Heterogamy/ ooplanogametic copultion – fusion of motile
male gametes with non-motile female gametes
Asexual fruiting bodies –
A. Pycnidium – It is a hallow , flask shaped or globose fruiting bodies with
narrow circular mouth called ostiole. It has a wall made up of multilayer
pseudoparenchymatous sterile tissue, called peridium. The inner wall of
the fruiting body is lined with numerous short conidia called
pycnidiospores
Eg – Macrophomina phaseolina, Diplodia natalensis, Botrydiplodia
theobromae
B. Spordachium – It is a hemispherical, barrel shaped compound conidiophore
produced by Fusarium, Tubercularia and Epicoccum. It consists of cushion
shaped aggregation of hyphae in the lower part and expresses the conidia
on the upper part.
C. Acervuli – It is a saucer shaped depressed pseudoparenchymatous
aggregation of hyphae which develops beneath the surface of the host with
a bed of closely packed parallel simple conidiophores
Eg – Colletotrichum, Pestalotia
D. Synemma – loose aggregation of branched or unbranched erect
conidiophore to form dene fascicle, similar to mycelial strands
Eg – Ceratocystis, Graphium
E. Sori – Spore bearing hyphae eg – Smut sori, Rust sori
5. Eg - Monoblephariales
ii. Gametangial contact/ Gametangiogamy –
Fusion of two morphologically distinguishable gametangia with
undifferentiated protoplasm and nuclei. The gametes pass either
through pore dissolved at the point of contact called Fertilization
tube/ trichogyne
iii. Gametangial copulation/ Aplanogametic copulation/ Gametangy
a) Hologamy – entire content of one gametangium passes into
another through pore developed in the gametangial wall at
the point of contact
Eg – Yeast
b) Direct fusion/ isogamous copulation – two morphologically
similar gametangia fuse and to become a single cell
Eg - Mucor and Rhizopus
c) Anisogametangial copulation - fusion between unequal
gametangia
Eg - Zygorhyncus
iv. Spermatization – some fungi produce numerous, non-motile minute,
spherical uninucleate spores are called spermatia, which are
produced from the flask like sexual apparatus called spermagonium
v. Somatogamy – no sex organs are produced, but the undifferentiated
somatic cells functions as gamtes
Homothallic - Fungi in which every thallus is sexually self-fertile.
The male gametes fertilize the female gametes of the same
mycelium
Eg - common in Ascomycota and rare in Basidiomycota
Heterothallic – The fungal thallus is sexually self-sterile and
requires another compatible thallus of different mating types for
sexual reproduction. The male gametes fertilize the female
gametes of another sexually compatible mycelium.
The phenomenon of heterothallism was reported by
A. F. Blakeslee (1904) in Mucor
Eg – Oomycota, Zygomycota and Basidiomycota
Types of sexual spores –
Oospore – globose, yellow to dark brown with two layer wall and a
central oil globule in the form of lipids as food material
Zygospore - thick walled resting diploid sexual spore
Ascospore - haploid sexual resting spore
Basidiospore - exogenous sexual spore
6. Parasexual reproduction – Plasmogamy, karyogmy and meiosis takes place in
sequence but not at specified points in life cycle. The phenomenon of parasexuality
was first discovered by Pontecarvo and Roper in 1952 in Aspergillus nidulans