The Harlan and deWet gene pool concept is one of the basic concept to develop an understanding of alien gene transfer and its use in evolution of domesticated crops.
Genetical and physiological basis of heterosis and inbreedingDev Hingra
This document discusses the genetic and physiological basis of heterosis and inbreeding depression. It defines heterosis as the superiority of F1 hybrids over their parents in traits like yield, vigor and adaptation. The document discusses two main theories for the genetic basis of heterosis - the dominance hypothesis, which states that heterosis is due to the masking of deleterious recessive alleles by dominant alleles, and the overdominance hypothesis, where the heterozygote is superior to either homozygote. Physiologically, heterosis is manifested through increased embryo weight, higher early seedling growth rates, and greater nutrient absorption in hybrids. Inbreeding depression is the opposite of heterosis and results from mating closely related individuals and the
This document discusses the concept of a gene pool. It begins by defining the gene pool as the set of all genes in a population, usually of a particular species. It then provides a brief history of the term and how it was formulated by geneticists in the 1920s. The document goes on to explain the rational behind the gene pool concept, including how genetic diversity within a population allows for greater adaptability. It then discusses how the gene pool concept is applied to crop breeding, dividing plant materials into primary, secondary, and tertiary gene pools based on their genetic relationship and the ease of gene transfer. Key aspects of each gene pool type are outlined. The document concludes by discussing gene pool centers and the importance of studying the gene
This document provides an overview of a course on basic plant breeding techniques. The course objectives are to understand how breeders meet breeding goals, learn classical and modern breeding methods, and see examples of genetics' importance in modern breeding. Key learning outcomes are to understand plant breeding developments, basics of genetics, and breeding concepts. The document then discusses the history and milestones of plant breeding, achievements in various crops, activities in plant breeding like creation of variation and selection, and breeding objectives like increasing yield and improving quality. It also covers concepts of centers of origin and diversity first proposed by Vavilov.
This document provides information about the domestication of plants through a lesson on plant breeding. It discusses how domestication began around 9,000-11,000 years ago as humans began bringing wild plant species under management. Domestication involves natural selection and selective breeding to develop cultigens from wild plants that have higher yields, better germination and grain quality, and less toxicity compared to their wild ancestors. However, domestication is a slow process that can take hundreds of years and can reduce a plant's resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses by making them more dependent on humans.
Mutation breeding involves deliberately inducing mutations in plant varieties to generate genetic diversity for crop improvement. The document discusses the history, techniques, and achievements of mutation breeding. It describes how mutations can be induced using physical or chemical mutagens and the procedures for handling segregating populations. Mutation breeding has been used to develop improved varieties with traits like increased yield, abiotic/biotic stress resistance, and quality. India has released many successful mutant crop varieties, especially in rice and chickpeas, through research centers like IARI. While mutation breeding can lead to quick gains, it also has limitations like unpredictability and costs of screening large populations.
This document discusses pureline selection, which is a plant breeding method where a single, homozygous and self-pollinated plant is selected and its progeny evaluated. In pureline selection, a large number of plants from a self-pollinated crop are individually selected and harvested, and the best individual plant progeny is released as a pureline variety. All plants within a pureline have an identical genotype. The document outlines the characteristics, uses, applications, advantages and disadvantages of pureline selection as a plant breeding technique.
Backcross breeding is a method used to transfer one or few desirable traits from a donor parent to a recurrent parent with otherwise good qualities. It involves crossing a hybrid plant with one of its parents and selecting progeny that resemble the recurrent parent for further backcrossing. This helps recover most of the recurrent parent's genome while introducing the desired trait. Marker-assisted backcrossing can improve efficiency by selecting against donor genome regions outside the target locus and choosing rare recombinants near the target gene. The objective is to develop an improved variety like the recurrent parent but with the trait from the donor parent.
This document provides information on breeding methods for self-pollinated crops. It discusses pureline selection and mass selection methods. Pureline selection involves isolating pure lines from a mixed population and selecting the best ones. Mass selection selects desirable plants from a mixed population based on phenotype. The document compares pureline and mass selection, noting that pureline selection results in more uniform cultivars while mass selection cultivars are heterogeneous mixtures. It also describes multiline breeding, which develops cultivars that are mixtures of isolines or related lines to provide genetic diversity and disease resistance.
Genetical and physiological basis of heterosis and inbreedingDev Hingra
This document discusses the genetic and physiological basis of heterosis and inbreeding depression. It defines heterosis as the superiority of F1 hybrids over their parents in traits like yield, vigor and adaptation. The document discusses two main theories for the genetic basis of heterosis - the dominance hypothesis, which states that heterosis is due to the masking of deleterious recessive alleles by dominant alleles, and the overdominance hypothesis, where the heterozygote is superior to either homozygote. Physiologically, heterosis is manifested through increased embryo weight, higher early seedling growth rates, and greater nutrient absorption in hybrids. Inbreeding depression is the opposite of heterosis and results from mating closely related individuals and the
This document discusses the concept of a gene pool. It begins by defining the gene pool as the set of all genes in a population, usually of a particular species. It then provides a brief history of the term and how it was formulated by geneticists in the 1920s. The document goes on to explain the rational behind the gene pool concept, including how genetic diversity within a population allows for greater adaptability. It then discusses how the gene pool concept is applied to crop breeding, dividing plant materials into primary, secondary, and tertiary gene pools based on their genetic relationship and the ease of gene transfer. Key aspects of each gene pool type are outlined. The document concludes by discussing gene pool centers and the importance of studying the gene
This document provides an overview of a course on basic plant breeding techniques. The course objectives are to understand how breeders meet breeding goals, learn classical and modern breeding methods, and see examples of genetics' importance in modern breeding. Key learning outcomes are to understand plant breeding developments, basics of genetics, and breeding concepts. The document then discusses the history and milestones of plant breeding, achievements in various crops, activities in plant breeding like creation of variation and selection, and breeding objectives like increasing yield and improving quality. It also covers concepts of centers of origin and diversity first proposed by Vavilov.
This document provides information about the domestication of plants through a lesson on plant breeding. It discusses how domestication began around 9,000-11,000 years ago as humans began bringing wild plant species under management. Domestication involves natural selection and selective breeding to develop cultigens from wild plants that have higher yields, better germination and grain quality, and less toxicity compared to their wild ancestors. However, domestication is a slow process that can take hundreds of years and can reduce a plant's resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses by making them more dependent on humans.
Mutation breeding involves deliberately inducing mutations in plant varieties to generate genetic diversity for crop improvement. The document discusses the history, techniques, and achievements of mutation breeding. It describes how mutations can be induced using physical or chemical mutagens and the procedures for handling segregating populations. Mutation breeding has been used to develop improved varieties with traits like increased yield, abiotic/biotic stress resistance, and quality. India has released many successful mutant crop varieties, especially in rice and chickpeas, through research centers like IARI. While mutation breeding can lead to quick gains, it also has limitations like unpredictability and costs of screening large populations.
This document discusses pureline selection, which is a plant breeding method where a single, homozygous and self-pollinated plant is selected and its progeny evaluated. In pureline selection, a large number of plants from a self-pollinated crop are individually selected and harvested, and the best individual plant progeny is released as a pureline variety. All plants within a pureline have an identical genotype. The document outlines the characteristics, uses, applications, advantages and disadvantages of pureline selection as a plant breeding technique.
Backcross breeding is a method used to transfer one or few desirable traits from a donor parent to a recurrent parent with otherwise good qualities. It involves crossing a hybrid plant with one of its parents and selecting progeny that resemble the recurrent parent for further backcrossing. This helps recover most of the recurrent parent's genome while introducing the desired trait. Marker-assisted backcrossing can improve efficiency by selecting against donor genome regions outside the target locus and choosing rare recombinants near the target gene. The objective is to develop an improved variety like the recurrent parent but with the trait from the donor parent.
This document provides information on breeding methods for self-pollinated crops. It discusses pureline selection and mass selection methods. Pureline selection involves isolating pure lines from a mixed population and selecting the best ones. Mass selection selects desirable plants from a mixed population based on phenotype. The document compares pureline and mass selection, noting that pureline selection results in more uniform cultivars while mass selection cultivars are heterogeneous mixtures. It also describes multiline breeding, which develops cultivars that are mixtures of isolines or related lines to provide genetic diversity and disease resistance.
The document provides information about the domestication of crop plants, including:
- Domestication involves adapting wild plants for human use by selecting for desirable traits over generations.
- It began as early as 11,000 BC with rye and included major crops like wheat, peas, and bottle gourd in various regions including the Middle East, Asia, and Americas.
- Key scientists like de Candolle and Vavilov studied the origins and centers of domestication for many crops still important today. The process resulted in morphological and physiological changes collectively known as the domestication syndrome.
Plant exploration, germplasm collection, conservation and utilizationSyed Zahid Hasan
Sequentially given germplasm exploration, collection, conservation,evaluation and utilization sof Agroforestry plants.
Some information and pictures collected from google.
This document discusses the concept of heterosis, also known as hybrid vigor. It defines heterosis as the superiority of F1 hybrids over their parents in traits like yield, vigor and adaptation. The document then discusses the history of heterosis research and different hypotheses for the genetic basis of heterosis, including dominance, overdominance and epistasis. It also covers types of heterosis estimates and how heterosis is manifested. Factors affecting heterosis and various methods for heterosis breeding in crops are outlined.
Rice (Oryza sativa L. 2n = 2x = 24) is a staple food for over half of the world's populationproviding 43% of calorie. Rice yield has experienced many fold jumps since the 1950s. This happened primarily as the result of genetic improvement and increasing harvest index by reducing plant height using the semi-dwarf genes and utilization of heterosis by producing hybrids. Heterosis is the improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring. An offspring exhibits heterosis if its traits are enhanced as a result of mixing the genetic contributions of its parents. Genetic basis of heterosis included overdominance, dominance, and additive effects.
This document discusses current trends in plant breeding. It begins by defining plant breeding as the genetic improvement of crops using both traditional and modern techniques to select for desired traits. It then provides background on the history of plant breeding, including the Green Revolution. The document outlines various modern breeding technologies like phenomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, genetic modification, and the role of bioinformatics in data analysis. It discusses using these omics approaches and genome sequencing to enable a second Green Revolution with crops that are higher yielding, more nutritious, and tolerant of environmental stresses. The goal is to produce more food to feed a growing global population in a sustainable way.
This document discusses male sterility in plants and its applications. It begins with an introduction that defines sterility and male sterility. It then covers the classification of male sterility into genetic, cytoplasmic, and chemically induced types. The last section discusses the significance of male sterility for hybrid seed production but also limitations, such as maintaining the male sterile and pollinator lines.
Introduction to plant breeding, History and Achievements SHWETA GUPTA
This presentation provides an overview of the history, objectives, and achievements of plant breeding. It discusses how plant breeding has been practiced for thousands of years to improve crops for human benefit. The major activities of plant breeding include creating genetic variability, selecting elite varieties, testing genotypes, and distributing new varieties. Objectives include increasing yield, improving quality, eliminating toxins, and providing resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Some notable achievements highlighted are the development of semi-dwarf wheat varieties that enabled the Green Revolution and the identification of the dwarfing gene Dee Gee Woo Gen that revolutionized rice breeding. The future of plant breeding remains challenging but innovative techniques will help advance conventional methods.
Distant hybridization involves crossing individuals from different plant species or genera. It has been used to transfer desirable traits like disease resistance between crops. Some key challenges include hybrid sterility and incompatible crosses due to genetic differences between parental species. Techniques like embryo rescue and colchicine treatment have helped produce new crops through wide crosses, such as Nerica rice and triticale wheat-rye hybrids. Distant hybridization remains limited by barriers like hybrid breakdown but has achieved successes in improving crop varieties.
This document discusses the process of plant domestication. It begins by defining domestication and explaining how early humans selected traits like large plant parts and thick flesh in domesticated food plants. It then provides details on the benefits of domestication, the five levels of domestication, and the domestication syndrome. The document also examines outstanding questions in domestication research and insights from archeological and genetic studies. Specifically, it notes how domestication traits are influenced by a small number of regulatory genes and allows for rapid evolution.
Definition of Heterosis
Dominant hypothesis
Over dominance
Epistasis Hypothesis
Features of heterosis
Application and Factors affecting Hererosis are explained with example for each. Objections raised for all the hypothesis are given in simple words.
Definition of hybrid vigour and heterosis are also explained.
Presentation entitled "Centres of origin- biodiversity and its significance" explains all the basics and some recent aspects regarding center of origins of some crops.
Mutation breeding is a tool for crop improvement that induces mutations using physical or chemical mutagens. Over 3,200 mutant varieties have been released globally in over 70 plant species. Key milestones included the first induced mutations in plants in 1927 and development of the first induced mutant variety in 1936. Procedures involve choosing plant material, applying mutagens like radiation or chemicals, handling mutated plants, and screening generations to select desirable traits. Successful examples include developing semi-dwarf, disease resistant, early maturing, and stress tolerant rice, wheat, barley, peanut, and chickpea varieties. Mutation breeding has made major contributions to global food production.
Clone is the progeny of a single plant, produced by asexual reproduction
Clonal selection is the selection of the most desirable members of a clone for continued vegetative propagation rather than for sexual reproduction.
The members of a clone keep up genetic constancy.
So by clonal selection and continued vegetative propagation, the desirable qualities of plants can be maintained for long.
The document provides information about the fundamentals of plant breeding course including the introduction and acclimatization topic. It defines introduction as growing genotypes in a new environment and lists objectives like obtaining new crops, serving as high yielding varieties, and being used in crop improvement. It also discusses the history of plant introductions to India, types of introductions, procedures involving procurement, quarantine, evaluation and distribution. Important plant introduction agencies and some prominent introductions are listed. The merits and demerits of introductions are outlined. Acclimatization is defined as the process where organisms adjust to environmental changes and performance improves over generations in the new environment through natural selection.
This presentation was given by Dr. Avishek Bhattacharjee in Botanical Nomenclature Course held in Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong in November 2016. This may be helpful to the undergraduate and post graduate Botany students to understand different types of taxonomic literature, especially Flora, Revision and Monograph.
Definition and historical aspects of heterosis by Devendra kumarDevendraKumar375
This document provides an overview of heterosis, or hybrid vigor. It defines heterosis as the superiority of an F1 hybrid over its parental lines. The document then discusses the history of heterosis research from the pre-Mendelian era through modern times. It also summarizes three major theories that attempt to explain the genetic basis of heterosis: dominance theory, overdominance theory, and epistasis theory. Finally, it provides definitions of key terms related to heterosis and lists references used.
This document discusses gene pools in crop breeding. It defines three types of gene pools: primary, secondary, and tertiary. The primary gene pool includes crops that can freely intermate. The secondary gene pool includes closely related species that can cross but with some reproductive barriers. The tertiary gene pool includes more distantly related species that require techniques like embryo rescue to transfer genes. It also discusses using gene pools to introduce greater genetic diversity and adaptability into crops.
The document defines a gene pool as the collection of all genes in a population. It discusses how a large gene pool indicates greater genetic diversity and robustness, while a small pool risks reduced fitness and extinction. The document also describes gene pools in crop breeding, noting primary and secondary gene pools, and gives gene pool centres as areas where important crops originated.
The document provides information about the domestication of crop plants, including:
- Domestication involves adapting wild plants for human use by selecting for desirable traits over generations.
- It began as early as 11,000 BC with rye and included major crops like wheat, peas, and bottle gourd in various regions including the Middle East, Asia, and Americas.
- Key scientists like de Candolle and Vavilov studied the origins and centers of domestication for many crops still important today. The process resulted in morphological and physiological changes collectively known as the domestication syndrome.
Plant exploration, germplasm collection, conservation and utilizationSyed Zahid Hasan
Sequentially given germplasm exploration, collection, conservation,evaluation and utilization sof Agroforestry plants.
Some information and pictures collected from google.
This document discusses the concept of heterosis, also known as hybrid vigor. It defines heterosis as the superiority of F1 hybrids over their parents in traits like yield, vigor and adaptation. The document then discusses the history of heterosis research and different hypotheses for the genetic basis of heterosis, including dominance, overdominance and epistasis. It also covers types of heterosis estimates and how heterosis is manifested. Factors affecting heterosis and various methods for heterosis breeding in crops are outlined.
Rice (Oryza sativa L. 2n = 2x = 24) is a staple food for over half of the world's populationproviding 43% of calorie. Rice yield has experienced many fold jumps since the 1950s. This happened primarily as the result of genetic improvement and increasing harvest index by reducing plant height using the semi-dwarf genes and utilization of heterosis by producing hybrids. Heterosis is the improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring. An offspring exhibits heterosis if its traits are enhanced as a result of mixing the genetic contributions of its parents. Genetic basis of heterosis included overdominance, dominance, and additive effects.
This document discusses current trends in plant breeding. It begins by defining plant breeding as the genetic improvement of crops using both traditional and modern techniques to select for desired traits. It then provides background on the history of plant breeding, including the Green Revolution. The document outlines various modern breeding technologies like phenomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, genetic modification, and the role of bioinformatics in data analysis. It discusses using these omics approaches and genome sequencing to enable a second Green Revolution with crops that are higher yielding, more nutritious, and tolerant of environmental stresses. The goal is to produce more food to feed a growing global population in a sustainable way.
This document discusses male sterility in plants and its applications. It begins with an introduction that defines sterility and male sterility. It then covers the classification of male sterility into genetic, cytoplasmic, and chemically induced types. The last section discusses the significance of male sterility for hybrid seed production but also limitations, such as maintaining the male sterile and pollinator lines.
Introduction to plant breeding, History and Achievements SHWETA GUPTA
This presentation provides an overview of the history, objectives, and achievements of plant breeding. It discusses how plant breeding has been practiced for thousands of years to improve crops for human benefit. The major activities of plant breeding include creating genetic variability, selecting elite varieties, testing genotypes, and distributing new varieties. Objectives include increasing yield, improving quality, eliminating toxins, and providing resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Some notable achievements highlighted are the development of semi-dwarf wheat varieties that enabled the Green Revolution and the identification of the dwarfing gene Dee Gee Woo Gen that revolutionized rice breeding. The future of plant breeding remains challenging but innovative techniques will help advance conventional methods.
Distant hybridization involves crossing individuals from different plant species or genera. It has been used to transfer desirable traits like disease resistance between crops. Some key challenges include hybrid sterility and incompatible crosses due to genetic differences between parental species. Techniques like embryo rescue and colchicine treatment have helped produce new crops through wide crosses, such as Nerica rice and triticale wheat-rye hybrids. Distant hybridization remains limited by barriers like hybrid breakdown but has achieved successes in improving crop varieties.
This document discusses the process of plant domestication. It begins by defining domestication and explaining how early humans selected traits like large plant parts and thick flesh in domesticated food plants. It then provides details on the benefits of domestication, the five levels of domestication, and the domestication syndrome. The document also examines outstanding questions in domestication research and insights from archeological and genetic studies. Specifically, it notes how domestication traits are influenced by a small number of regulatory genes and allows for rapid evolution.
Definition of Heterosis
Dominant hypothesis
Over dominance
Epistasis Hypothesis
Features of heterosis
Application and Factors affecting Hererosis are explained with example for each. Objections raised for all the hypothesis are given in simple words.
Definition of hybrid vigour and heterosis are also explained.
Presentation entitled "Centres of origin- biodiversity and its significance" explains all the basics and some recent aspects regarding center of origins of some crops.
Mutation breeding is a tool for crop improvement that induces mutations using physical or chemical mutagens. Over 3,200 mutant varieties have been released globally in over 70 plant species. Key milestones included the first induced mutations in plants in 1927 and development of the first induced mutant variety in 1936. Procedures involve choosing plant material, applying mutagens like radiation or chemicals, handling mutated plants, and screening generations to select desirable traits. Successful examples include developing semi-dwarf, disease resistant, early maturing, and stress tolerant rice, wheat, barley, peanut, and chickpea varieties. Mutation breeding has made major contributions to global food production.
Clone is the progeny of a single plant, produced by asexual reproduction
Clonal selection is the selection of the most desirable members of a clone for continued vegetative propagation rather than for sexual reproduction.
The members of a clone keep up genetic constancy.
So by clonal selection and continued vegetative propagation, the desirable qualities of plants can be maintained for long.
The document provides information about the fundamentals of plant breeding course including the introduction and acclimatization topic. It defines introduction as growing genotypes in a new environment and lists objectives like obtaining new crops, serving as high yielding varieties, and being used in crop improvement. It also discusses the history of plant introductions to India, types of introductions, procedures involving procurement, quarantine, evaluation and distribution. Important plant introduction agencies and some prominent introductions are listed. The merits and demerits of introductions are outlined. Acclimatization is defined as the process where organisms adjust to environmental changes and performance improves over generations in the new environment through natural selection.
This presentation was given by Dr. Avishek Bhattacharjee in Botanical Nomenclature Course held in Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong in November 2016. This may be helpful to the undergraduate and post graduate Botany students to understand different types of taxonomic literature, especially Flora, Revision and Monograph.
Definition and historical aspects of heterosis by Devendra kumarDevendraKumar375
This document provides an overview of heterosis, or hybrid vigor. It defines heterosis as the superiority of an F1 hybrid over its parental lines. The document then discusses the history of heterosis research from the pre-Mendelian era through modern times. It also summarizes three major theories that attempt to explain the genetic basis of heterosis: dominance theory, overdominance theory, and epistasis theory. Finally, it provides definitions of key terms related to heterosis and lists references used.
This document discusses gene pools in crop breeding. It defines three types of gene pools: primary, secondary, and tertiary. The primary gene pool includes crops that can freely intermate. The secondary gene pool includes closely related species that can cross but with some reproductive barriers. The tertiary gene pool includes more distantly related species that require techniques like embryo rescue to transfer genes. It also discusses using gene pools to introduce greater genetic diversity and adaptability into crops.
The document defines a gene pool as the collection of all genes in a population. It discusses how a large gene pool indicates greater genetic diversity and robustness, while a small pool risks reduced fitness and extinction. The document also describes gene pools in crop breeding, noting primary and secondary gene pools, and gives gene pool centres as areas where important crops originated.
Plant genetic resources refer to the diverse genetic material present in plant species, including seeds, tissues, and other plant parts containing genetic information. This encompasses both cultivated varieties and their wild relatives. Plant genetic resources comprise landraces, local selections, elite cultivars, obsolete cultivars, advanced breeding lines, wild forms of cultivated species, wild relatives, and mutants. They represent the entire genetic variability available in a crop species and are conserved ex situ through seed banks, field gene banks, and botanical gardens, or in situ by maintaining habitats.
Population genetics is the study of the distribution and change in frequency of alleles within populations. It examines how processes like natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation cause evolution in a population over time. The key concepts are:
1) Hardy-Weinberg law states that allele and genotype frequencies remain constant in a population with no evolutionary influences.
2) Variation within populations arises through migration, recombination, mutation, and gene flow.
3) Gene pools are sets of genes found in related species that can be used in crop breeding. They are divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary pools based on ease of gene transfer.
This document provides an overview of plant genetic resources. It discusses germplasm and its conservation, the concept of gene pools, centres of origin, and gene banks. It notes that germplasm includes landraces, obsolete varieties, varieties in cultivation, breeding lines, special genetic stocks, and wild forms and relatives. Germplasm conservation can be in situ or ex situ through seed banks, field gene banks, shoot-tip banks, and more. Key concepts discussed include Vavilov's centres of origin theory and Harlan and de Wet's gene pool classification. Important gene banks in India are also listed, including the role of NBPGR as the nodal agency.
This document provides information on genetic incongruity and techniques for overcoming barriers in distant plant hybridization. It defines genetic incongruity as evolutionary divergence between two taxa that results in gene incompatibility. Techniques discussed include embryo rescue, somatic hybridization, alien addition/substitution lines, and transferring small chromosome segments. Applications in crop improvement involve transferring traits like disease resistance, yield, and hybrid seed production from wild species. Challenges include sterility, incompatible crosses, and linkage of undesirable genes.
This document provides an introduction to distant hybridization, which involves crossing individuals from different plant species or genera. It discusses the history of distant hybridization, features such as hybrid fertility levels, and barriers like cross incompatibility and hybrid sterility. Techniques for overcoming these barriers are described, such as embryo rescue and chromosome doubling. The roles of distant hybridization in crop improvement through traits like disease resistance are explained. Limitations and achievements in producing new varieties through distant hybridization are also summarized.
Conservation genetics applies genetic methods to preserve biodiversity and avoid species extinction. It studies levels of genetic diversity within and among populations and species. Small, isolated populations are vulnerable to loss of diversity through genetic drift, inbreeding, and reduced gene flow. Ex situ conservation involves captive breeding programs and gene banks, while in situ conservation preserves species in their natural habitats through parks and reserves. Population augmentation also aims to boost small populations but risks outbreeding depression if not done carefully. Conservation genetics uses an interdisciplinary approach to understand and preserve genetic diversity in threatened species.
Centres of diversity – types of biodiversity – Centres of origin – Law of homologous series – centers of origin – types of centres of diversity – gene sanctuaries – genetic erosion – main reasons of genetic erosion – extinction – introgression – gene banks – types of gene banks
Pre-breeding involves introducing beneficial genes from exotic or wild plant materials into domestic crops to broaden their genetic base. It captures useful traits and puts them into forms usable for breeding programs. The document discusses pre-breeding strategies like backcrossing, convergent improvement, and bridge crosses. Pre-breeding has enhanced disease resistance and drought tolerance in crops like maize, pearl millet, and sorghum. While it provides long-term benefits, pre-breeding also faces challenges like linkage drag and hybrid sterility. Overall, pre-breeding is important for generating genetic diversity and new traits to develop improved crop varieties.
This document discusses distant hybridization or wide hybridization. It defines interspecific and intergeneric crosses. It describes barriers to producing distant hybrids such as failure of zygote formation or development. Techniques for overcoming these barriers are discussed, including embryo culture. Reasons for sterility in wild crosses and segregation patterns not following Mendelian ratios are also covered. Applications of wide hybridization like disease resistance, adaptability, quality improvement and mode of reproduction are provided. The document concludes with an overview of pre-breeding as it relates to identifying traits from unadapted germplasm and transferring them to materials usable for crop improvement.
This document discusses wide hybridization or distant hybridization, which involves crossing individuals from different plant species or genera. It describes the history and objectives of distant hybridization, as well as the types (interspecific, intergeneric), features, barriers, techniques to overcome barriers, applications in crop improvement, and limitations. Examples are provided of successful interspecific hybrids like Nerica rice and Triticale wheat-rye hybrids created using embryo rescue after intergeneric crosses. Barriers to distant hybridization include failure of zygote formation, zygote development, seedling development, and hybrid breakdown.
The document discusses plant germplasm resources (PGRs) in India. It provides background on the historical collection and conservation of PGRs in India. It notes that Dr. Harbhajan Singh and Dr. R.H. Richharia made significant contributions to collecting rice germplasm in India, with Dr. Richharia documenting over 19,000 rice varieties. It also summarizes the status of PGR collection and conservation in Chhattisgarh state, including over 23,000 rice accessions collected and conserved by Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur. Finally, it outlines the key activities related to PGRs like exploration, collection, conservation,
This document discusses distant hybridization and various techniques used to produce haploid plants. Distant hybridization refers to crosses between individuals of different plant species or genera. Such crosses can result in fully fertile, partially fertile, or fully sterile offspring depending on chromosomal homology. Androgenesis and gynogenesis are techniques used to induce haploid plants from male and female gametes, respectively. Androgenesis involves culturing immature anthers or isolated microspores while gynogenesis involves culturing unpollinated flower parts. Wide hybridization is also used to induce maternal haploids. Factors like genotype, developmental stage, and culture conditions influence haploid induction and regeneration.
role of Chromosome variations in crop improvement in cereal cropsSANJAY KUMAR SANADYA
(1) Chromosomal variations such as translocations, inversions, deficiencies, and duplications have been produced in many cereal crops and used to develop genetic maps, locate genes, and manipulate breeding.
(2) Techniques like haploid breeding, synthetic polyploids, and alien introgression have also been used to develop improved crop varieties with new traits.
(3) Advances in chromosome banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) have provided tools to precisely characterize karyotypes and detect introgressed alien segments for crop improvement.
This document discusses distant hybridization, which involves crossing plant species from distant gene pools. Distant hybridization is a tool for introducing useful traits into crops from wild relatives. It can enhance biotic and abiotic stress tolerance as well as quality characteristics. Examples show genes transferred successfully from wild species to crops like wheat, rice, and tomatoes. Distant hybridization results in three types of crosses - fully fertile, partially fertile, and fully sterile - depending on genetic compatibility. It is an important plant breeding method for broadening crop gene pools.
1. Hybridization involves crossing two plants or lines with differing genotypes to create variation. It can be used for combination breeding to transfer traits, transgressive breeding to improve quantitative traits, or to create hybrid varieties.
2. Procedures for hybridization include selecting parents, evaluating parents, emasculating flowers, bagging flowers to prevent unwanted crosses, tagging flowers, performing controlled pollination, and harvesting and storing F1 seeds.
3. Challenges with wide hybridization include failure of zygote formation or development, incompatible cytoplasm, endosperm abortion, and failure of F1 seedling development due to lethal genes or hybrid necrosis. Techniques like embryo rescue, autopolyploidy,
This document discusses key concepts in biological evolution and taxonomy. It defines natural theology as the study of nature to understand the creator's plan. It describes the work of Carolus Linnaeus in establishing taxonomy and Jean Baptiste Lamarck's comparison of current and fossil species. The document then covers Darwin and Wallace's theory of descent with modification through natural selection and genetic inheritance. It discusses populations, species, and mechanisms of evolution like genetic drift, mutation, gene flow and natural selection. Finally, it summarizes population genetics, speciation, phylogeny, cladistics, and allopatric versus sympatric speciation.
Inter specific hybridization to introduce useful genetic variability for pig...Vipin Pandey
Pulses occupy an important place in Indian agriculture. Within this protein-rich group of crops, red gram or pigeonpea occupies an important place among rainfed resource poor farmers because it provides quality food, fuel wood, broom and fodder.
Hybrids are plants that result from controlled cross-breeding of two different but specific varieties or breeding lines of the same species of plant. Wild species are important sources of resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses as they have evolved to survive droughts, floods, extremes of temperature (heat/ cold) and have the capability to with stand damage by insect pests and diseases. Ten alleles reported unique to inter-specific derivatives of Cajanus cajan × C. scarabaeoides. The presence of alleles unique to specific population or group indicates an inimitable genetic variability at certain loci. This information is valuable to categorise interspecific hybrids with exclusive genetic variability, whose selection can increase the allele richness of breeding population (Saxena, 2015).
High levels of resistance is available in wild Cajanus species, these are not being utilised adequately in pigeonpea breeding programs. The major limitation is due to the linkage drag and different incompatibility barriers between cultivated and wild species. Under such situations, pre-breeding provides a unique opportunity to expand primary gene pool by exploiting genetic variability present in wild species and cultivated germplasm and will ensure continuous supply of new and useful genetic variability into the breeding pipelines to develop new cultivars having high levels of resistance and broad genetic base (Sharma et al., 2013). The major limitation in successfully using Cajanus platycarpus for the improvement of cultivated pigeonpeais embryo abortion in the BC1 generation from the cross C. Platycarpus × C. cajan. This Cajanus platycarpus, although placed in the tertiary gene pool of pigeonpea, is now amenable to gene transfer with the development of suitable embryo rescue techniques (Mallikarjuna et al., 2011).
Similar to Gene pool concept for breeding purpose (20)
Signal transduction Calcium Signaling vibhakhanna1
A wide range of Ca2+ signaling pathways deliver the spatial and temporal Ca2+ signals necessary to control the specific functions of different cell types, via various effector proteins and protein kinases
the ubiquitous calcium binding protein present in both animals and plants and plays a crucial role in signal transduction via calcium ions as second messengers
An introduction to the concept of Signal transduction mechanism prevalent in lower organisms, particularly bacteria. Also forms a part in many eukaryotic systems of signal transduction, particularly in the plant world.
Biological assays are methods for the estimation of nature, constitution or potency of a material by means of the reaction that follows its application to living matter
the flowering process is the combined effect of environmental factors like light and temperature. vernalisation is the epigenetic memory that leads to genetic regulation of the process
after floral induction, the inflorescence meristem eventually forms the floral meristem. the process is controlled by an array of homeotic genes. this also involves microRNAs for their regulation
molecular and genetic analysis of floral induction is an integrated approach, taking into consideration various genes involved in the four major pathways of flowering process
This document discusses the physiological processes involved in the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in plants, known as the flowering process. It covers two broad phases: floral induction, where stimuli cause flower primordia to form, and floral development. Floral induction is regulated by endogenous and environmental signals that program shoot meristems to produce flowers at appropriate times. Floral development then occurs in four steps as flowering time, meristem identity, and organ identity genes are activated to specify the formation of floral organs. The document explores various floral inductive pathways and genes that integrate environmental and internal signals to control the timing of flowering.
despite of the enormous genomic diversity, the phage genome mapping is being done using a plethora of techniques,which includes both genetic mapping and physical mapping
bacteriophages require bacterial host to complete its life-cycle, wherein site-specific genetic recombination occurs. furthermore, homologous recombination also occur in phages in case of multiple infection of the host cell.
transduction is a mode of horizontal gene transfer in which the recipient does not come in contact with the donor bacterial cell, it is mediated by temperate phages.
transformation in bacteria is a classical example of horizontal gene transfer which leads to enhanced survivability and also introduction of variations that may lead to evolution
the horizontal gene transfer in bacteria is not only important for survival but has its evolutionary significance too. this presentation is a prelude to the three classical types of HGT in bacteria
Assimilation of ammonium ions is the ultimate aim of nitrogen metabolism in plants. this is the source of nitrogen for various organic compounds of structural and functional importance for the living world
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
2. The Concept of Gene pool
[For Breeding Purpose]
The Harlan and deWet Gene pool Concept
3. Definition
• The concept of the “gene pool” was given by the Russian
geneticist Aleksandr Sergeevich Serebrovskii,
• In 1926 he used the term genofond (“gene fund” in English)
for ‘the complete set of different genes found within a
group of organisms’.
• The genofond, later came to be known as the “gene pool”
by Theodosius Dobzhansky
• It refers to “a reservoir of diversity that can be tapped into
by organisms to adapt to a changing environment, and by
scientists for plant breeding and crop improvement.”
• It is the collection of genes in an interbreeding population
that includes each gene at a certain frequency in relation to
its alleles: the genetic information of a population of
interbreeding organisms
4. Classification of the Gene-pool
• The wild relatives of a given crop are said to be in its gene
pool because, although they may be different species, they
‘can’ exchange genes with their cultivated relation
• But practically, not all wild relatives are equally competent
for such exchange of genes.
• Jack Harlan and Jan de Wet, divided the gene pool of Crop
Wild Relative (CWR) species.
• The Harlan and deWet (1971) gene pool concept, divides
CWR species into primary, secondary and tertiary gene
pools based on how easy it is for them to exchange genes
with the cultivated species to which they are related, i.e.,
the ease with which they may be used for breeding
purpose, (the primary and secondary gene pools being the
easiest to use).
5. Gene-pools Within The ‘Sexual
Compatibility Barrier’
Primary Gene-pool: Spp. that can be easily crossed;
complete chromosome pairing
Subspecies A: cultivated races
Subspecies B: Spontaneous races
Secondary Gene-pool: various spp. that can be
crossed with GP-1, with some difficulty (more
distant species);
Partial F1 sterlity
Gene transfer is possible with some difficulty;
incomplete chromosome pairing
Tertiary Gene-pool: Related spp.
Wherein gene transfer is not easy and
requires radical techniques like embryo-
rescue, protoplast fusion /culture,
Hybrids with GP-1 are anamoulous,
completely sterile or lethal.
GP-1
GP-2
GP-3
6. The Primary Gene pool (GP1)
• It’s like concentric circles around the crop (or a triangle
with several levels).
• The primary gene pool (GP1), the first ring, includes
species that can be directly mated with the crop to
produce lots of strong, fertile progeny.
• The primary gene pool consists of both cultivated and
wild varieties, including the perennial species. They can
even be referred to as the different sub-species of the
same species.
• A. ipaensis, A. duranensis, A. batizocoi, and A.
monticola belong to the primary gene pool of Arachis
hypogaea.
7. The Primary Gene pool (GP1)
• Genes flow easily within the primary gene pool but
since selection of cultivated plant species has led to
unique variation they also suggested that GP-1 be
subdivided into two subspecies.
– Cultivated races belong to subspecies A while
– wild types growing spontaneously fall into subspecies B.
• Both subspecies contain race and subrace distinctions.
• Harlan and de Wet (1971) define races to have a
“distinct cohesion of morphology, geographical
distribution, ecological adaptation and frequently of
breeding behavior” while subrace is simply a
“convenient division of race” to be used when drastic
variation is documented.
8. The Secondary Gene pool (GP2)
• The secondary gene pool (GP2) is composed of crop wild relatives
that are distinct from the cultivated species, but which are still so
closely related that they can cross with the crop to at least some
extent to produce some fertile offspring.
• It’s the next ring around the ‘bullseye’.
• It is more difficult to use species from the secondary gene pool,
because reproductive barriers of different kinds are present
between it and the crop.
• For example, Aegilops tauschii and Aegilops speltoides, two wild
relatives in the secondary genepool of bread wheat (Triticum
aestivum), are diploid. That means they have paired chromosomes,
whereas bread wheat is hexaploid (six copies). Such mismatches
create difficulties for breeders.
• In addition, some hybrids resulting from crosses with secondary
gene pool species are partly sterile or just weaklings.
9. The Secondary Gene pool (GP2)
• The secondary gene pool (GP-2) includes those that
have potential to cross but the progeny will likely result
in hybrids that are weak since chromosomes may pair
poorly if at all.
• Furthermore, it may be difficult to recover a specific
genotype in later generations.
• Success of gene transfer depends on barriers
respective to each crop species.
• Even though crossing between species in GP-2 is
somewhat of a challenge, it is an option for plant
breeders to consider when increasing the variation in a
population.
10. The Tertiary Gene pool (GP3)
• The tertiary gene pool (GP3) is made up of even
more distantly related crop wild relative species.
This is the ring outer to the GP2.
• Plants assigned to the tertiary gene pool (GP-3)
may be crossed using novel gene transfer
techniques.
• The hybrids are usually sterile, lethal, and/or
anomalous.
• Anything farther away, from GP3, will be beyond
the ‘sexual compatibility barrier’ and
biotechnology will be needed to transfer genes.
11. Modified Gene pool Models
• There have been a few arguments for
modifications to the gene pool model since it
was first described.
• Smartt (1984) argued that the tertiary gene
pool should be subdivided in two sections: A
and B.
– Section A would include taxa which can cross
fertilize the cultigen and produce a viable,
although sterile, hybrid.
– Conversely, section B would include those which
do not produce a viable hybrid.
12. Modified Gene pool Models
• Another modification that has been suggested is
the addition of a fourth gene pool (GP-4) to
accommodate genetically engineered plants.
• It was first recommended by Hammer (1998), but
Gladis and Hammer (2002) later concluded that
GE crops should fall into GP-3 and that GP-4
should be reserved for synthetic crops with
nucleic acids that are not normally found in
nature.
• The most recent gene pool model seen in
literature today was adapted from Gepts and
Papa (2003) where GE crops belong to GP-4