Life on earth is dependent on plants, which are a crucial component of all ecosystems. Not only they are the basis of world food, but also can provide us fuel, clothes and medicine and play a major role in atmosphere and water purification and prevention of soil erosion. Plants are part of our natural heritage and it is our responsibility to preserve and protect them for future generations.
It is estimated that up to 100,000 plants, representing more than one third of all the world's plant species, are currently threatened or face extinction in the wild. In Europe, particularly, biodiversity is seriously threatened. Biotechnological approaches offer several conservation possibilities which have the potential to support in situ protection strategies and provide complementary conservation options.
Plant exploration, germplasm collection, conservation and utilizationSyed Zahid Hasan
Sequentially given germplasm exploration, collection, conservation,evaluation and utilization sof Agroforestry plants.
Some information and pictures collected from google.
FSC 503: Biodiversity and conservation of fruit crops
Collection: Tapping of genetic diversity from various sources and assembling at one place is called germplasm collection.
Evaluation: It deals with the assessing the agronomic potential of an accession including quality parameters and response to various abiotic and biotic stresses.
Documentation:Germplasm conservation, in its various stages, includes a range of activities for which information is required or from which information is derived. This may refer to species, their sites of origin, or activities or stages of conservation. The action of recording, organizing, and analyzing conservation data is known as documentation.
Plant exploration, germplasm collection, conservation and utilizationSyed Zahid Hasan
Sequentially given germplasm exploration, collection, conservation,evaluation and utilization sof Agroforestry plants.
Some information and pictures collected from google.
FSC 503: Biodiversity and conservation of fruit crops
Collection: Tapping of genetic diversity from various sources and assembling at one place is called germplasm collection.
Evaluation: It deals with the assessing the agronomic potential of an accession including quality parameters and response to various abiotic and biotic stresses.
Documentation:Germplasm conservation, in its various stages, includes a range of activities for which information is required or from which information is derived. This may refer to species, their sites of origin, or activities or stages of conservation. The action of recording, organizing, and analyzing conservation data is known as documentation.
It comprises on mating designs used in plant breeding programs. 6 basic mating designs are briefly explained in it with their requirements as well limiting factors...
Overview of International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agri...Bioversity International
Presentation given by Kent Nnandozie, Secretariat of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources given at the 'Mutual Implementation of the Plant Treaty and the Nagoya Protocol' workshop, Addis Ababa, November 16th 2015
Germplasm Conservation in situ, ex situ and on-farm and BiodiversityKK CHANDEL
The variability among living organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems
Presentation entitled "Centres of origin- biodiversity and its significance" explains all the basics and some recent aspects regarding center of origins of some crops.
It comprises on mating designs used in plant breeding programs. 6 basic mating designs are briefly explained in it with their requirements as well limiting factors...
Overview of International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agri...Bioversity International
Presentation given by Kent Nnandozie, Secretariat of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources given at the 'Mutual Implementation of the Plant Treaty and the Nagoya Protocol' workshop, Addis Ababa, November 16th 2015
Germplasm Conservation in situ, ex situ and on-farm and BiodiversityKK CHANDEL
The variability among living organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems
Presentation entitled "Centres of origin- biodiversity and its significance" explains all the basics and some recent aspects regarding center of origins of some crops.
Plant tissue culture,its methods, advantages,disadvantages and applications.Komal Jalan
Plant tissue culture is the most widely used technique for growing very large number of plant using a very small part of the main plant(explant). Tissue culturing is very common for many popular and demanding crops.Few of them discussed here are Potato,Papaya,Pinepple,Banana,Gerbera,Sunflower,Orchids
STATUS OF HYBRID RICE BREEDING IN INDIA & ABROADVishal Pandey
Hybrids have the potential of yielding 15-20% more than the best pureline variety grown under similar conditions in Rice by exploiting the phenomenon of hybrid vigour or heterosis
In view of rapidly increasing population and declining natural resources, Hybrid rice is one of the most important and practically feasible technologies for increasing food-grain production, ensuring food security and boosting farmers income.
To further reduce the cost of hybrid rice seeds, Improvement in hybrid rice seed production technology is needed
Hybrid rice seed production technology is labour and knowledge intensive
There is a need for developing Hybrids suited to rainfed lowland as well as of longer duration to replace longer duration mega inbred varieties
The study of cancer genomes has revealed abnormalities in genes that drive the development and growth of many types of cancer. This knowledge has improved our understanding of the biology of cancer and led to new methods of diagnosing and treating the disease.
"Genomic vaccines promise to offer many advantages, including fast manufacture when a virus, such as Zika or Ebola, suddenly becomes more virulent or widespread”
"Genetic immunization is going to be a revolution in vaccines and now we've taken it to another level - genomic vaccination. We should be able to apply this technology to any pathogen,"
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM): AajeevikaVishal Pandey
Aajeevika - National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) was launched by the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD), Government of India in June 2011.
Aided in part through investment support by the World Bank, the Mission aims at creating efficient and effective institutional platforms of the rural poor, enabling them to increase household income through sustainable livelihood enhancements and improved access to financial services.
NRLM set out with an agenda to cover 7 Crore rural poor households, across 600 districts, 6000 blocks, 2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats and 6 lakh villages in the country through self-managed Self Help Groups (SHGs) and federated institutions and support them for livelihoods collectives in a period of 8-10 years.
In addition, the poor would be facilitated to achieve increased access to rights, entitlements and public services, diversified risk and better social indicators of empowerment. DAY-NRLM believes in harnessing the innate capabilities of the poor and complements them with capacities (information, knowledge, skills, tools, finance and collectivization) to participate in the growing economy of the country.
In November 2015, the program was renamed Deendayal Antayodaya Yojana (DAY-NRLM)
National Institute of Agriculture Extension ManagementVishal Pandey
MANAGE was established in 1987, as the National Centre for Management of Agricultural Extension at Hyderabad, by the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India as an autonomous Institute, from which its acronym ‘MANAGE’ is derived. In recognition of its importance and expansion of activities all over the country, its status was elevated to that of a National Institute in 1992 and re-christened to its present name i.e., National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management. MANAGE is the Indian response to challenges of agricultural extension in a rapidly growing and diverse agriculture sector. The policies of liberalization and globalization of the economy and the level of agricultural technology becoming more sophisticated and complex, called for major initiatives towards reorientation and modernization of the agricultural extension system. Effective ways of managing the extension system needed to be evolved and extension organizations enabled to transform the existing set up through professional guidance and training of critical manpower. MANAGE is the response to this imperative need.
PROTECTION OF PLANT VARIETIES AND FARMERS’ RIGHTS AUTHORITYVishal Pandey
In order to provide for the establishment of an effective system for protection of plant varieties, the rights of farmers and plant breeders and to encourage the development of new varieties of plants it has been considered necessary to recognize and protect the rights of the farmers in respect of their contribution made at any time in conserving, improving and making available plant genetic resources for the development of the new plant varieties. Moreover to accelerate agricultural development, it is necessary to protect plants breeders' rights to stimulate investment for research and development for the development of new plant varieties.
Such protection is likely to facilitate the growth of the seed industry which will ensure the availability of high quality seeds and planting material to the farmers. India having ratified the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of the Intellectual Property Rights has to make provision for giving effect to Agreement. To give effect to the aforesaid objectives the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act, 2001 has been enacted in India
The best fed and housed stock with the best genetic potential will not grow and produce efficiently if they become diseased or infested with parasites. Therefore good poultry health management is an important component of poultry production. Infectious disease causing agents will spread through a flock very quickly because of the high stocking densities of commercially housed poultry.
Marek’s Disease – A lymphoproliferative disease of chickens characterised by mononuclear infilteration of PNS, other tissues & visceral organs.
First described by Jozsef Marek of Hungary in 1907.
Due to neuronal involvement, synonyms used are – Polyneuritis, Fowl Paralysis, Range Paralysis & Neurolymphomatosis.
Turkey occupies an important position next to chicken, duck. Guinea fowl and quail in contributing the most evolving sector, which is playing a significant role in augmenting the economic and nutritional status of varied population. They form almost two percent of the total poultry population. They are reared for meat only and its meat is the leanest among other domestic avian species. Turkeys are mostly concentrated in and around cosmopolitan cities of India in small numbers. Indigenous and non-descriptive turkeys are found in good numbers in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, eastern districts of Uttar Pradesh and some other parts of India.
The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal along which the food passes after eating to where the residual wastes are eliminated from the body, together with the liver and the pancreas. The digestive system is responsible for the ingestion of food, its breakdown into its constituent nutrients and their absorption into the blood stream, and the elimination of wastes from that process.
The sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its genome, synthesizes the other constituents of the cell and eventually divides into two daughter cells is termed cell cycle
Space Science for Mankind : India & Russia comparisionVishal Pandey
The space age started with the launch of first Russian satellite Sputnik 1 on 4 October 1957.Ever since,the rocket powered launch vehicles carried state of the art scientific equipment to explore moon , the sun , solar system and the cosmos. This resulted in designing and fabricating the instruments having more than 6000000 components with reliability greater than 99.9999%. In 1960s man landed on moon and in 1970s the planetary exploration continued the space march. The comet Halley, which orbits the sun in about 76 years was photographed from a distance of about 500 kms in the year 1986. The success of launch and recovery of Space Shuttle made the space just another location in 1980s. This opened a variety of new vistas of science and technologyThe space age started with the launch of first Russian satellite Sputnik 1 on 4 October 1957.Ever since,the rocket powered launch vehicles carried state of the art scientific equipment to explore moon , the sun , solar system and the cosmos. This resulted in designing and fabricating the instruments having more than 6000000 components with reliability greater than 99.9999%. In 1960s man landed on moon and in 1970s the planetary exploration continued the space march. The comet Halley, which orbits the sun in about 76 years was photographed from a distance of about 500 kms in the year 1986. The success of launch and recovery of Space Shuttle made the space just another location in 1980s. This opened a variety of new vistas of science and technology
SPACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR MANKINDVishal Pandey
The space age started with the launch of first Russian satellite Sputnik 1 on 4 October 1957.Ever since,the rocket powered launch vehicles carried state of the art scientific equipment to explore moon , the sun , solar system and the cosmos. This resulted in designing and fabricating the instruments having more than 6000000 components with reliability greater than 99.9999%. In 1960s man landed on moon and in 1970s the planetary exploration continued the space march. The comet Halley, which orbits the sun in about 76 years was photographed from a distance of about 500 kms in the year 1986. The success of launch and recovery of Space Shuttle made the space just another location in 1980s. This opened a variety of new vistas of science and technology.
Biology is the study of living things. All living things are called organisms, both plants and animals are living organisms. But how we decide whether something is living or non-living depends on 7 life processes,
There are seven life processes that tell us that animals are alive. To help us remember them we have found a friend to remind you - Mrs Nerg. Although her name sounds a bit strange, the letters in it stand for the life processes - movement, reproduction, sensitivity, nutrition, excretion, respiration and growth.
The Himalayas are the source of three major Indian rivers namely the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. Ganga drains a basin of extraordinary variation in altitude,climate, land use, flora & fauna, social and cultural life.Ganga has been a cradle of human civilization since time immemorial. Millions depend on this great river for physical and spiritual sustenance. People have immense faith in the powers of healing and regeneration of the Ganga. It is arguably the most sacred river in the world and is deeply revered by the people of this country. The River plays a vital role in religious ceremonies and rituals. To bathe in Ganga is a lifelong ambition of many who congregate in large numbers for several river centered festivals such as Kumbh Mela and numerous Snan (bath) festivals.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Mammalian Pineal Body Structure and Also Functions
GERMPLASM CONSERVATION: CONSERVING DIVERSITY
1.
2. Collection
Conservation: In-situ & Ex-situ
Evaluation, Cataloguing, Multiplication & Distribution
Utilization of Germplasm
3. Germplasm:
Definition
The hereditary materials transmitted to the offspring
through the germ cells (Wilkes, 1991).
Total content of genes that serves as the raw material for
the breeder to develop different crops (duvick, 1982).
Germplasm is the living genetic resources such as seeds or
tissue that is maintained for the purpose of animal and plant
breeding, preservation and other research uses (Williams,
1991).
4. of a particular crop
including individuals, populations, or
relatives
• Also referred to as genetic resources or gene pool or genetic stocks
• All the alleles of various genes, present in a crop species and its wild
relatives
with which a plant breeder has to initiate the breeding
program
5. Gene Pool
Concept given by Harlan and deWet in 1971
Collection of different genes within an interbreeding
population.
Sum of all the alleles at all of the loci within the genes of a
population of a single species
Large and diverse gene pool tends have increased
biological fitness
6. Primary Gene Pool (GP1)- Plants of the same species or of closely related
species
• Genes can be exchanged between lines simply by making normal crosses
Secondary Gene Pool (GP2)- Leads to partially fertility on crossing with GP1
• Includes plants that belong to related species
• Transfer of gene from such material to primary gene pool is possible but
difficult
Tertiary Gene Pool (GP3)- Leads to production of sterile hybrids on crossing
will primary gene pool
• Can be crossed with GP1, but the hybrids are sterile
• Transfer of gene from such material to primary gene pool is possible with the
help of special techniques
Quaternary gene pool (GP4)- Gene transfer is impossible by pollination or
tissue culture methods
• Requires genetic engineering techniques to transfer genes.
IncreasingReproductiveIsolation
7. Conservation of plant genetic resources
• For food security and agro-biodiversity.
• Valuable source of compounds to the medical, food and crop
protection industries.
• Breeding of new and more productive crops, resistant to biological
and environmental stresses through selection.
• Maintenance of Ecosystem.
8. Need for plant germplasm conservation
• Loss of genetic diversity among crop plant species.
• Human dependence on plant species for food and many different uses.
E.g. : Basic food crops, building materials, oils, lubricants, rubber and other
latexes, resins, waxes, perfumes, dyes fibers and medicines.
• Species extinction and many others are threatened and endangered –
deforestation.
• Great diversity of plants is needed to keep the various natural ecosystems
functioning stably – interactions between species.
• Aesthetic value of natural ecosystems and the diversity of plant species.
10. • Weismann first proposed this theory in 1883, it was later
published in 1892; The Germplasm: A Theory of Heredity.
• All-Union Institute of Plant Introduction established in1890
in St. Petersburg, Russia
• In 1920s began extensive worldwide collection by N. I. Vavilov & his
colleagues
• Later renamed as
(VIR)
• Vavilov gathered 50,000 samples of crop plants in over 50 countries
in 1920s and 1930s
11. • Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO) introduced first international
newsletter on crop genetic resources in 1957
• In 1972, the UN Conference on the Human Environment, held in
Stockholm gave FAO responsibility of establishing an International
Genetic Research Programme.
• As a result, In 1974, International Board for Plant Genetic Resources
(IBPGR) was established by CGIAR
• In late 1991, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI)
established as the independent successor of IBPGR
• Svalbard Global Seed Vault (SGSV) established in 2008 serves as
ultimate safety net for seed samples from world’s most important
collections
• It is located on the Norwegian Island in remote Arctic Svalbard archipelago,
about 1,300 Km from the North Pole
12. Currently, the Vault holds
more than 9,68,000
samples, originating from
almost every country in
the world.
13. • Dr. B.P. Pal truly focused attention on the use
of germplasm variability in crop improvement in
national context
• The publication of his paper, ‘The search for
new genes’, paved the way for augmenting
genetic diversity for use in plant breeding (Pal,
1937; Pal and Singh, 1943)
• Plant Exploration and Collection Unit was established in
1946 in the Division of Botany at the Indian Agricultural
Research Institute, New Delhi, and later raised to the status of a
Division of Plant Introduction in 1961
14. • Late Dr. Harbhajan Singh, an eminent and pioneer
plant explorer initiated germplasm collection and
significantly contributed in the field of plant genetic
resources
• Dr. Singh introduced large germplasm of wheat and
rice that contributed to the Green Revolution in India
• He organized a number of systematic explorations and
evaluation programmes in India and abroad
• National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources
(NBPGR) in 1976 along with two other Bureaus
concerned with animal (NBAGR) and fish genetic
resources(NBFGR) created by Indian Council of
Agricultural Research (ICAR)
15. • Landraces, or traditional varieties--the product of selection by
traditional cultures without a systematic and sustained Plant Breeding
effort.
• The term 'landrace', is widely applied to local, often genetically highly
variable, crop variants cultivated as part of traditional agriculture.
Frequently, a landrace includes a broad mixture of genotypes.
• Obsolete Varieties-- developed by systematic plant breeding effort,
once commercially propagated but are No more grown. eg.- K65, K68,
Ph591 wheat varieties.
16. • Varieties in Cultivation– Easiest to use, forms major part of
working collection and are good sources of genes for yield, quality,
etc.
• Can be introduced and directly released for cultivation in a new area.
• Ordinarily Highly homogeneous.
• Breeding Lines– Lines/ populations developed in breeding
programs, having narrow genetic base, but often contain valuable
gene combinations.
• Includes nearly Homozygous lines, mutant lines, and lines derived from
biotechnology programs.
17. • Wild forms and Wild relatives with the potential of providing
useful genes for resistance, stress tolerance, and even for quality and
yield traits.
• Wild forms– wild species from which crop species were directly derived
• Wild relatives – all other species, which are related to the crop species
by decent during their evolution.
• Specialized genetic stocks– Lines carrying gene mutations,
chromosomal aberrations, marker genes, etc. eg- a set of monosomic
or trisomic lines.
• Obtained spontaneously or, often, induced artificially.
• Useful in genetic analysis, and may be used in breeding programs as
well.
19. a) Exploration – Primary source of all
germplasm
b) Procurement – From agencies,
individuals, companies, etc.
20. Planning,
Making contacts with local research organization,
Gathering equipment and preparation,
Meeting with local researchers in area to be surveyed
Sorting out of collected samples,
Reporting to the Headquarters,
Preparation & publication of reports, and
Distribution/ conservation of collected samples
21. • Objectives
1. Collection of germplasm needed by breeder– consideration for specific traits
required
2. Collection of variability in the crops & their relatives for its conservation –
consideration for diverse types
• Areas of Collection – Centre of origin of concerned crop
Diversity/ Variability rich
Under explored
Tribal dominated
Hot spots
Threatened habitats
22. • Sampling Sites-
• Inaccessible areas of valleys, isolated hills, villages at the edge of
deserts, forests, mountains and isolated coastal belts may hold rich
genetic diversity, potential/ trait specific germplasm and wild relatives
• Cultivated species, sampling sites in order of preference should be
farmers’ field, backyard/ kitchen garden, threshing yard, farm store,
local village market, etc.
• Sites having stress situations viz. saline, drought, desert (cold and hot),
flood prone areas should be identified as target areas for collection of
respective trait-specific material.
• For biotic stress tolerant material, hot-spot areas should be visited to
collect healthy plants in fields where severe pest damage is evident.
23. • Sample Size- In general, random sampling should be made by
collecting single spike/panicle or fruit/berry/pod from at least 50 plants
throughout the field (Hawkes, 1976).
• 2000 and 4000 seeds for self & cross pollinated crops respectively
• Scion collection for budding and grafting- sample size will depend upon the
number of rootstocks available (not less than ten per sample)
• In case of large tubers, only a portion should be collected
• Cuttings and rooted suckers (e.g. grapes, ornamentals, etc.) 15-20 cuttings
may be sufficient.
24. • Sampling Procedure- Aim is to capture maximum genetic
diversity with minimum sample size and number
• Random Sampling – Without considering distinctiveness. Most
suited & collects whole range of variability
• Selective Sampling- Distinct forms are collected. May miss out
valuable genes
* Collection should be as diverse as possible with least duplication
25. Extensive germplasm variability collected during exploration and collection programmes at NBPGR
in collaboration with other ICAR Institutes and SAUs
26. Core
&
Mini-Core
collection
A core collection is a chosen subset of large
germplasm collection that generally contains
about 10% of the total accessions and
represents the genetic variability of entire
germplasm collection
to improve the use of genetic resources in
crop improvement programs
A further subset of about 10% accessions from
the core subset is called Mini-Core
28. Germplasm Conservation Strategies
In-situ – Conservation in their Natural Habitat
Protected areas Sacred forests & Lakes
Ex-situ – Conservation away from their Natural habitat
Seed Storage
Field gene bank
DNA Storage
Cryopreservation
Pollen Storage
Botanical/Zoological Gardens
In-vitro Storage
Biosphere Reserves
National Parks
Wildlife Sanctuary
Gene Sanctuary
On-Farm Conservation
29. • On- site conservation or Conservation in
its Natural Habitat
• By protecting the area from human
interference
• By defending the species from predators
and cleaning up the habitat
Biosphere Reserves
National Parks
Wildlife Sanctuary
Gene Sanctuary
On-Farm Conservation
30. Protected Areas of India (as on January, 2019)
No. Total Area (km2) Coverage % of Country
National Parks (NPs) 104 40,501.13 1.23
Wildlife Sanctuaries (WLSs) 550 1,19,775.55 3.64
Conservation Reserves (CRs) 87 4,286.31 0.13
Community Reserves 127 525.22 0.02
Protected Areas (PAs) 868 1,65,088.10 5.02
39. • Conserves the existing genetic diversity present, and allows the
evolution to continue
• New alleles and new gene combination would appear with time
• Biodiversity is protected
• Natural and cultural heritage protected
• Ecological integrity is maintained, managed and improved
40. • Its difficult to establish and very difficult to maintain
• Very prone to biotic and abiotic stresses
• Also require large area
41. • Off-site conservation or Conservation
away from its Natural Habitat
• Conservation of genes or plant
genotypes outside their environment
of natural occurrence, for current or
future use
Seed Storage
Field gene bank
DNA Storage
Cryopreservation
Pollen Storage
Botanical/Zoological Gardens
42. Seed Gene bank
- All gene banks are essentially seed banks
- Seed storage in containers of glass, plastic and tin for 50 to 100 year
• Seeds are very convenient for storage because they occupy smaller space than
whole plants.
• In the seed banks, there are three types of conservation, viz.,
1. Short term (Working Collections)
2. Medium Term (Active Collections)
3. Long Term (Base Collections)
43. Working collections are stored for short
term (>3-5 years) at 10-150C at 10%
Moisture.
The accessions being actively used in crop
improvement programmes.
These collections are maintained by the
breeders using them.
44. The accessions in an active collection
are stored at temperatures below
150C (often near 00C), and the seed
moisture is kept at 5%.
• The storage is for medium duration,
i.e., 10-15 years.
• These collections are used for
evaluation, multiplication and
distribution of the accessions.
Bergen Nat Acc of Arts
45. These consist of all the accessions present
in the germplasm of a crop, which are
stored at about -200C with 5% moisture
content; they are disturbed only for
regeneration.
• When the germination of an accessions
falls below, usually, 95% of its
germination at the start of storage, the
accession is regenerated.
• High quality orthodox seeds can maintain
good viability upto 100 years.
46. Crop Species Location of Gene Bank Name of Research Institute
Wheat Karnal Directorate of Wheat Research ( DWR)
Rice Cuttack Central Rice Research Institute( CRRI)
Potato Simla Central Potato Research Institute ( CPRI)
Cotton Nagpur Central Institute for Cotton Research ( CICR)
Pulses Kanpur Indian Institute for Pulses Research ( IIPR)
Oil seed crops Hyderabad Directorate of Oil Seed Research ( DOR)
Sorghum Hyderabad National Research Centre of Sorghum
Soybean Indore National Research Centre of Soybean
Groundnut Junagarh National Research Centre of Groundnut
Maize New Delhi Indian Agricultural Research Institute
Citrus Nagpur National Research Centre of Citrus
Sugarcane Coimbatore Sugarcane Breeding Institute
47. (Source : NBPGR)
Total Accessions –
3,96,665 (Indigenous
3,16,470 & Exotic
80,194)
From 981 Crops of 15
Crop Groups
Belonging to 805
Genera & 1946 Species
52. • Plant species that have recalcitrant seeds or do not produce seeds readily are
conserved in field gene banks
• Germplasm is maintained in the form of plants as a permanent living collection.
• Used as source of germplasm for species such as coconut, rubber, mango,
cassava, yam and cocoa.
53. Location/ Centre Plant Species Holdings
Issapur, New Delhi Low chilling and minor fruits 305
Shimla HP Temperate fruits species, species of Rosaceae 800
CAZRI, Jodhpur
Arid zone multi-purpose trees, Jojoba, Jatropha,
Acacias
350
Thrissur KR
Banana, Jackfruit, Pepper, Root and Rhizomatous
crops (8 Perennial ssp.)
539
Shilong, MEGA Banana, Guava, Ornamentals, Citrus, Passion Fruit 71
Himalayan Zone Fruits and Herbal ssp. 74
Lucknow, UP
Tamarind, Jamun, Bael, Jackfruit and other Medicinal
plant ssp.
400
Bhowali Medicinal plant ssp. 261
54. • Cryopreservation (Greek,krayos-frost) literally mean in the frozen state
• The principal involved in cryopreservation to bring the plant cells and
tissue cultures to a zero metabolism or non-dividing state by reducing
the temperature in the presence of cryoprotectants
• Cryopreservation involves storage of plant material at low temp
• (-196 °C) in liquid nitrogen or nitrogen vapor ( -154 to -196 °C)
• Requires limited space, involves very little maintenance and is
considered to be a cost-effective option
57. • For conservation of meristem cultures,
meristem or shoot tip banks are established.
• Germplasm of asexually propagated species
can be conserved in the form of meristem.
• Widely used for conservation and propagation
of horticultural species.
• In vitro method can be used in two ways.
1. storage of tissues under slow growth
conditions.
2. long-term conservation of germplasm by
cryo-preservation.
58. • Pollen storage was mainly developed as a
tool
especially
fruit free species
• The relatively of the specimen
required for a single accession.
• Exchange of germplasm through pollen
possesses
• Pollen storage alone
of a species
59. • Storage of total genomic information of
germplasm in the form of DNA libraries
• DNA Bank of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
contains over 22,000 samples of plant
genomic DNA, all stored at -80°C
• The NBPGR, New Delhi, India, has DNA
fingerprinted about 2,200 crop varieties, and
has expanding facilities for DNA banking.
60. • The role of most Botanical gardens in
conserving intra species diversity is
limited because most of these
conserve only a few accessions per
species or taxon.
• However, these play a greater role in
public awareness and education.
• Botanical gardens are mainly used to
display a great number of different
and exotic species.
61.
62. Screening of germplasm in respect of morphological genetical, economic,
biochemical, and physiological, pathological, and entomological
attributes
List of descriptors (Characters) prepared by a team of experts from IPGRI,
Rome, Italy, are used for Evaluation
Evaluation of germplasm is essential from following angles
A) To identify gene to biotic and abiotic stresses
, , and and characters.
B)To into various groups.
63. Each Germplasm accession is given an
In India, this number is (Indigenous collection),
(Exotic Collection) or (Indigenous wild)
Information about Species, Variety name, place of origin, and various
other descriptors are recorded
Gene Banks publish of their germplasm accession for
various crops
64. Accession requested by breeders/researchers are Multiplied and
supplied to them, Usually without cost
Only a limited quantity of seed drawn from active collection is
provided to each worker
65. Utilized in three ways:
1. Directly released as a
variety
2. Subjected to Selection for
developing a variety
in
Hybridization Programme
Crop No. ofVarieties
Developed
Rice 56
Chickpea 9
Pigeon pea 48
Brassica campestris (Mustard) 21
B. Campestris (Toria) 15
Groundnut 17 (indigenous)
29 (introduction)
Sesame 31
Varieties developed through Selection
66. • The six commercial varieties viz. Allison,
Hayward, Abbott, Bruno, Monty, Tomuri
(male) of Kiwi fruit were introduced from
New Zealand and planted at Shimla in
1969. Subsequently, the multilocation
trials were conducted, production
technologies were standardized and
popularized at large scale.
Presently, the crop has occupied >1500 ha area in the Himalayan regions,
including Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh
and Sikkim. On an average, 35-40 kg/tree fruit yield has been recorded.
Source :
67. • Wheat - Ridley from Australia, Lerma Rojo and Sonora 64 from Mexico
• Rice - IR 8, IR 20, IR 36, IR 50 from Philippines
• Oat - Kent from Australia and Rapida from USA
• Pea - Bonneville and Early Badger from USA, Arkel from UK
• Cowpea - Pusa Barsati from Philippines and Pusa Phalguni from Canada
• French bean - Kentucky wonder from USA, Contender from USA
• Soybean - Bragg and Lee from USA
• Sunflower - Peredovik from erstwhile USSR
• Tomato - Sioux USA and La Bonita from USA, Dwarf Money maker from Israel
• Onion-: Pusa Ratnar and Early Grano from USA
• Cabbage - Pusa drumhead and Press from USA
68. REGISTRATION
OF PLANT
GERMPLASM
Plant Germplasm Registration
Committee
Chairman - Deputy Director General (Crop
Science),ICAR, New Delhi
Director, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources
(NBPGR), New Delhi, as a permanent member
A senior level scientist from NBPGR to function as
Member Secretary
Need-based crop specialists with reference to the
material under consideration
69. REGISTRATION
OF PLANT
GERMPLASM
Eligibility criteria for Registration of
Germplasm
Germplasm/genetic stock/elite material of field,
horticultural and other economic crops which is Unique,
Uniform, Stable and has potential attributes of
academic, scientific or commercial value shall be
registered
Selections made from exotic germplasm can also be
registered
Selection for unique traits from landraces may be
considered for registration
73. • To act as the nodal institute at national level for
(PGR) for agriculture, and to carry out related
research and human resources development, for
74. 1. To plan, organize, conduct and coordinate
of indigenous and exotic plant genetic resources.
2. To undertake introduction, of plant
genetic resources.
3. To crop genetic
resources and promote their use, in collaboration with other
national organizations.
4. To develop on plant genetic resources.
5. To conduct , undertake and , develop
and create on plant genetic resources
75. • Headquarters - New Delhi
• The Bureau has
,
• 10 Regional Stations
77. Concerns
Threats on biodiversity have intensified in recent years
(Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005)
Climate change could cause a marked contraction in the
distribution ranges of crop wild relatives (Jarvis et al., 2008)
Very little work has been carried out to quantify the magnitude of
any trends regarding the threat and rate of genetic erosion of
agricultural biodiversity
78. The only authoritative account of agricultural biodiversity status at
the global level is represented by the First and Second reports on the
State of the World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and
Agriculture published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations (FAO, 1998, 2010).
About 80,000 species of plants have been used by the human beings.
Of these, 30,000 species identified as edible and about 7,000 species
have been cultivated for food at one time or the other. Presently only
20 to 30 crops, are mainly used to feed the world (NAS, 1975).
Concerns
79. Endangered germplasm from the threatened areas of diversity
needs to be salvaged and conserved for future use.
Morphological and molecular characterization of germplasm to
enhance their utilization in crop improvement.
Conservation, management and protection of bioresources
especially plant resources, through the participation of the people.
80. Conservation and use of diversity needs to be addressed in a holistic
manner and to meet the demands of the users of germplasm.
Research on core and mini-core collections and identification of new
diverse sources.
Public awareness of the importance of Crop Wild Relatives and
neglected and underutilized species.
81. • Plant Genetic and of
Agriculture Production
• Regardless of developments in biotechnology such as tissue culture, gene transfer,
etc. , is
• In view of rapid loss of diversity, the gathering and Preservation of Germplasm has
become important and
• Germplasm preservation are not only hope for plant under threat of extinction, but
also on which lives are dependent