Gene expression translation sp2020
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This document summarizes the process of translation, or gene expression at the protein level. It begins with initiation, where the small ribosomal subunit binds to the 5' end of mRNA and a initiator tRNA binds to the start codon. It is followed by elongation, where additional tRNAs bring amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain based on codon-anticodon complementarity. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached and the ribosome releases the full protein. The genetic code table shows which codons encode for each amino acid. tRNAs play a key role in decoding mRNA and linking amino acids.
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The document discusses research into whether the transcription elongation factor Spt5 can form prion-like complexes through its C-terminal domain containing repeats of amino acid sequences that are targets of regulatory kinases. The researcher's goal is to fuse Spt5 and its C-terminal domain to fluorescent proteins to monitor aggregate formation under microscopy and determine if phosphorylation state affects this ability. Methods described include cloning sequences from wild type and mutant yeast strains to create fluorescent fusion proteins for analysis.
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Translation in prokaryotes
The document summarizes the process of translation. It describes:
1) The machinery involved including mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes and other proteins.
2) The three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves binding of the ribosome and first tRNA. Elongation is the repetitive addition of amino acids by tRNA and peptide bond formation. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached and release factors trigger the release of the complete protein.
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Prokaryotic translation machinery by kk
Introduction
Definition
Factors required for Translation
Formation of aminoacyl t-RNA
1)Activation of amino acid
2) Transfer of amino acid to t-RNA
Translation involves following steps:-
1)Initiation
2)Elongation
3)Termination
Conclusion
Reference
Transcripion
1. There are four main classes of RNA: ribosomal RNA, messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and small nuclear RNA.
2. Transcription involves three stages - initiation, elongation, and termination. It uses DNA as a template to produce RNA.
3. Eukaryotic transcription requires RNA polymerase and other transcription factors to initiate transcription from a promoter region on DNA. The transcription process includes initiation, elongation, and termination.
Prokaryotic translation
It is the process of synthesis of protein by encoding information on mRNA.
Protein synthesis requires mRNA, tRNA, aminoacids, ribosome and enzyme aminoacyl tRNA synthase
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The document discusses research into whether the transcription elongation factor Spt5 can form prion-like complexes through its C-terminal domain containing repeats of amino acid sequences that are targets of regulatory kinases. The researcher's goal is to fuse Spt5 and its C-terminal domain to fluorescent proteins to monitor aggregate formation under microscopy and determine if phosphorylation state affects this ability. Methods described include cloning sequences from wild type and mutant yeast strains to create fluorescent fusion proteins for analysis.
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1) The machinery involved including mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes and other proteins.
2) The three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves binding of the ribosome and first tRNA. Elongation is the repetitive addition of amino acids by tRNA and peptide bond formation. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached and release factors trigger the release of the complete protein.
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Introduction
Definition
Factors required for Translation
Formation of aminoacyl t-RNA
1)Activation of amino acid
2) Transfer of amino acid to t-RNA
Translation involves following steps:-
1)Initiation
2)Elongation
3)Termination
Conclusion
Reference
Transcripion
1. There are four main classes of RNA: ribosomal RNA, messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and small nuclear RNA.
2. Transcription involves three stages - initiation, elongation, and termination. It uses DNA as a template to produce RNA.
3. Eukaryotic transcription requires RNA polymerase and other transcription factors to initiate transcription from a promoter region on DNA. The transcription process includes initiation, elongation, and termination.
Prokaryotic translation
It is the process of synthesis of protein by encoding information on mRNA.
Protein synthesis requires mRNA, tRNA, aminoacids, ribosome and enzyme aminoacyl tRNA synthase
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Transfer RNA (tRNA) undergoes several post-transcriptional modifications to produce mature tRNA that can bind to mRNA and insert the correct amino acid into a growing polypeptide chain. tRNA is transcribed as a single strand of RNA that folds into a distinctive L-shaped 3D structure. In eukaryotes, pre-tRNA undergoes splicing reactions and base modifications catalyzed by multiple enzymes to remove introns and produce the mature tRNA molecule needed for protein synthesis. The excised intron and tRNA halves are joined by further enzymatic reactions to ligate the mature tRNA used in translation.
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RNA plays an essential role in protein synthesis. It has a ribose sugar backbone and nitrogenous bases linked to the sugar. The three main types of RNA are transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and messenger RNA (mRNA). tRNA transfers amino acids to growing protein chains. rRNA is the catalytic component of ribosomes and combines with proteins to form ribosomes. mRNA carries protein sequence information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
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RNA processing and Splicing.pptx
RNA processing and Splicing.pptxDepartment of Biotechnology, Kamaraj college of engineering and technology
Eukaryotic pre-mRNA undergoes processing in the nucleus before being exported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. This involves adding a 5' cap and poly-A tail to increase stability and facilitate export. Introns are also spliced out by the spliceosome, a complex of small nuclear RNAs and proteins that cuts out introns and joins exons to form mature mRNA. Capping occurs at the 5' end shortly after transcription, while polyadenylation adds around 200 adenine nucleotides to the 3' end. Splicing removes intervening intron sequences by cutting and religating exons. These processing steps produce translation-competent mRNA from initial pre-mRNA transcripts.Eukaryotic gene regulation models (by np mendez)
Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at multiple stages including initiation of transcription, post-transcriptional processing of pre-mRNA, and post-translational modification of proteins. Initiation of transcription involves promoter and enhancer elements recruiting transcription factors and RNA polymerase. Pre-mRNA is processed through 5' capping, splicing, 3' polyadenylation and nuclear export. Alternative splicing allows one gene to code for multiple proteins. Post-translational modifications like phosphorylation and cleavage further regulate protein function. Together these complex mechanisms allow precise spatial and temporal control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells.
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3. It describes the specialized functions of several major eukaryotic organelles like the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and describes how they work together within the cell. It also briefly mentions other organelles like ribosomes, peroxisomes, and vesicles.
Cells movement across membranes pt 2
This document discusses different mechanisms of transport across cell membranes. It begins by explaining that phospholipids form a semipermeable bilayer membrane and that concentration gradients drive passive transport. Passive transport mechanisms like simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis move substances down their concentration gradient without energy input. Active transport requires energy and transports substances against their gradient, such as the sodium-potassium pump moving Na+ and K+ ions. Larger molecules may cross membranes through endocytosis and exocytosis.
Cells (cytology) pt 1
This document outlines the key learning objectives for a course on cells (cytology). It discusses the defining properties of cells, including that they are the smallest unit of life that can function independently. All cells share certain similarities, such as a membrane surrounding the cell. The document contrasts the cells of the three domains of life - bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. It focuses on describing the anatomy and components of bacterial, plant, and animal cells. Specifically, it explains that cell membranes are made of phospholipids that form a bilayer, and also contain proteins.
Chemistry of life macromolecules
This document discusses the four major classes of biological molecules: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. It provides learning objectives about the chemical nature of biological molecules and the structure and function of the four classes. For each class, the document lists examples, functions, and discusses their structure, referring to various figures and tables to illustrate components. The goal is to explain how monomers are used to form the four polymers that make up living organisms.
Chemistry of life Water and pH
Water is essential for life's chemical reactions and is the universal solvent due to its polar nature. The document discusses the pH scale and how acids and bases affect the pH level. It aims to explain the chemical nature of biological molecules like monomers and polymers as well as the four main classes of biological molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Chemistry of life -intro
This document outlines the learning objectives for an introductory biology course on the chemistry of life. It will explain the chemical nature of biological molecules like atoms, molecules, compounds, water, acids and bases. It will also compare and contrast the four main classes of biological molecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids - and how their structures relate to their functions in living organisms. Various chemical bonds like ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds that link atoms together will also be explored.
1307 Population genetics
1. The document discusses population genetics and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, including defining key terms and explaining how natural selection and other evolutionary mechanisms can change allele frequencies over time.
2. It provides the conditions required for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and gives examples of using the Hardy-Weinberg equations to calculate genotype and allele frequencies.
3. The learning objectives cover topics like natural selection, genetic drift, and using the Hardy-Weinberg equations to analyze changes in allele frequencies over time in populations.
1307 evolution
This document outlines learning objectives for a course on evolution. It covers key concepts like natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mechanisms of evolution. Specifically, it defines terms, compares types of selection pressure, and explains how evolutionary factors like mutation and population size can influence allele frequencies over time. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and examples of natural selection in specific populations are also discussed.
1307 intro to evolution
This document provides an introduction to the topic of evolution in biology. It defines evolution and key related terms like natural selection and reproductive success. It outlines several learning objectives around evolution and natural selection. The document then provides a historical overview of the major figures in the development of the theory of evolution, including Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Charles Darwin, Alfred Russel Wallace, and Gregor Mendel. It also lists several forms of evidence that support the theory of evolution, such as the fossil record, carbon dating, biogeography, convergent evolution, homology, and molecular biology.
Communities and ecosystems
This document provides an overview of key concepts in community and ecosystem ecology. It begins by defining communities and ecosystems, and explaining the differences between community ecology and ecosystem ecology. It then covers various measures of diversity in biological communities, including species richness, species diversity indices, and factors that influence global patterns of species richness. Succession and nutrient cycling in ecosystems are also discussed. The roles of producers, consumers, and decomposers across trophic levels are defined. [END SUMMARY]
Species interactions
Species interact through competition for resources and by partitioning resources to avoid competition. Robert MacArthur's 1958 work on niche theory and competitive exclusion showed that closely related species competing for the same resources cannot stably coexist over the long term. Species also interact through coevolution, where evolutionary changes in one species lead to reciprocal evolutionary changes in another species through their ecological relationship and interaction.
Population ecology
This document provides an overview of key concepts in population ecology, including:
- Defining populations and population ecology
- Describing different population distribution patterns and survivorship curves
- Comparing exponential and logistic growth models and the concept of carrying capacity
- Distinguishing between density-dependent and density-independent factors
- Contrasting r-selected and K-selected life history strategies
- Discussing factors that influence population size such as birth and death rates
Animal behavior part 2
Many animal behaviors improve survival and reproductive success. Behaviors like predator avoidance, finding food and shelter, and parental care help animals survive and produce offspring. Living in groups provides benefits like improved foraging, protection from predators and weather, but also comes with costs like competition and disease spread. Within groups, behaviors can appear altruistic if they help spread an individual's indirect genes. Some animals also display diverse mating strategies, like territorial males, sneaky males that impersonate females, and females that mate with multiple partners to maximize reproductive success.
Ecology and animal behavior
This document discusses key concepts and learning objectives related to ecology, animal behavior, and behavioral adaptations. It defines important terms like ecology, behavior, altruism, and kin selection. It explains that behavior can evolve through natural selection to improve an animal's survival and fitness. Behaviors can be innate or learned, and are influenced by both genetics and environment. Examples of behaviors that enhance survival include predator avoidance, optimal foraging strategies, and territorial behaviors. Social behaviors like mating systems and parental care also promote reproductive success.
Animalia
This document discusses the classification of animals in the kingdom Animalia. It outlines the key characteristics biologists use to classify animals, including specialized tissues, body symmetry, germ layers, embryonic development, and DNA. Animals are classified into major groups including deuterostomes, protostomes, radiata, and parazoa based on these traits. The document specifically focuses on 10 animal phyla that will be covered in lecture, including chordates, echinoderms, arthropods, roundworms, annelids, mollusks, flatworms, cnidarians, sponges, and bacteria and archaea as outgroups.
Classification
This document provides an overview of biological classification systems and taxonomy. It defines key terms like taxonomy, phylogeny, cladistics, and discusses how organisms are organized into a taxonomic hierarchy from domain to species. Cladograms are introduced as a way to visually represent evolutionary relationships between species and identify monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic groups. The document also discusses how scientists use biological data and characteristics to reconstruct phylogenies and evolutionary trees.
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Gene expression translation sp2020
- 5. The Big Picture • Transcription • Translation
- 6. Transcription 1. Initiation 2. Elongation/synthesis of RNA transcript 3. Termination and Release ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ mRNA modification/processing
- 8. Translation 1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination and Release ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Protein Folding
- 10. Figure 7.12 TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION DNA mRNA Protein DNA template strand Codon CodonCodon Lysine Serine Valine Polypeptide (amino acid sequence) The Genetic Code The Genetic Code Second letter of codon Phenylalanine (Phe; F) Leucine (Leu; L) Leucine (Leu; L) Isoleucine (Ile; I) Start Methionine (Met; M) Valine (Val; V) Alanine (Ala; A) Threonine (Thr; T) Proline (Pro; P) Serine (Ser; S) Tyrosine (Tyr; Y) Cysteine (Cys; C) Tryptophan (Trp; W) Arginine (Arg; R) Serine (Ser; S) Arginine (Arg; R) Glycine (Gly; G) Aspartic acid (Asp; D) Glutamic acid (Glu; E) Lysine (Lys; K) Asparagine (Asn; N) Glutamine (Gln; Q) Histidine (His; H) Stop Stop Stop Thirdletterofcodon Firstletterofcodon UUU UUC UUA UUG CUU CUC CUA CUG AUU AUC AUA AUG GUU GUC GUA GUG UCU UCC UCA UCG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU ACC ACA ACG GCU GCC GCA GCG UAU UAC UAA UAG CAU CAC CAA CAG AAU AAC AAA AAG GAU GAC GAA GAG UGU UGC UGA UGG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGU AGC AGA AGG GGU GGC GGA GGG U U C C A A G G U C A G U C A G U C A G U C A G C C C C T T TA A A A A G G GG U U
- 13. Ingredients
- 14. Molecule Typical Number of Nucleotides Function mRNA rRNA tRNA Physically links the message in mRNA to the amino acid sequence it encodes; binds mRNA codon on one end and an amino acid on the other Associates with proteins to form ribosomes, which structurally support and catalyze protein synthesis Encodes amino acid sequence500–3000 100–3000 75–80 Three Major Types of RNA mRNA tRNA rRNA Function: Combines with proteins to form ribosomes,the sites of protein assembly Function: Physically links the “message” in mRNA to an amino acid Function: Encodes amino acid sequence Small ribosomal subunit Large ribosomal subunit Amino acid Amino acid binding siteCodon Anticodon A A A A A U UG G
- 16. Ribosome
- 17. Translation
- 18. Figure 7.16
- 19. 1. Initiation
- 20. 2. Elongation
- 21. 3. Termination