A powerpoint presentation for Mrs. Tabor's 7th grade science students. I have a FITB note sheet to accompany this presentation and would be happy to email it to you. Contact stabor@belgradeschools.com
For MBBS, BDS and General Biochemistry students, coding strand, sense strand, anti-sense strand, promoter, enhancers, silencers, TATA box, Goldberg Hogness box, alternative spilicing, post-transcriptional modification
A powerpoint presentation for Mrs. Tabor's 7th grade science students. I have a FITB note sheet to accompany this presentation and would be happy to email it to you. Contact stabor@belgradeschools.com
For MBBS, BDS and General Biochemistry students, coding strand, sense strand, anti-sense strand, promoter, enhancers, silencers, TATA box, Goldberg Hogness box, alternative spilicing, post-transcriptional modification
1 major chemical composition of living thing [biochemistry]محمود ځاځی
MAJOR CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF THE LIVING ORGANISMS
Medical Biochemistry
Molecular Principles of Structural Organization of Cells
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
In the human organism there are 70 elements of the Periodic Table, which may be divided in four groups:
Macrobiogenic elements (>1%) O, C, N, H, Ca, P.
Oligobiogenic elements (0,1-1%) Na, K, Cl, S, Mg, Fe.
Microbiogenic elements (<0.01%)>50years 45-50%)
the content varies depending on the metabolic processes in the specified tissue (10% in the fat tissue, 65-70% in other tissues, 80% in the blood and kidney)
maintained at the necessary level through intake (2 liters/day) or produced in the metabolic processes (0.3 liters/day)
Distribution:
In the cells (intracellular)
Outside the cells
extracellular fluids (12-16%),
blood plasma (5%),
lymph (2%)
Within closed cavities (intra-cavity water)(1-3%): cerebrospinal fluid, intraocular, pericardial, synovial fluid etc
WATER
Functions:
Dissolution and stabilization of biological molecules and ions in the fluids of the organisms
Heat balance control - uptake, conservation, distribution and release of heat
Transport – supply of nutrients and excretion of waste products
Mechanical (by hydration) – assistance in maintaining intracellular pressure and shape of cells
Structural – forming an interlayer between the polar ends of protein and lipids in biological membranes
Synthetic (anabolic) – substrate in the synthesis of biological compounds
Hydrolytic (catabolic) – substrate in the bond-breaking processes
Energetic (electron donating)
The cell functions are dependent on:
The total amount of intra and extracellular water
Hydration of sub-cellular structures
Aqueous microenvironment of macromolecules
INORGANIC IONS
INORGANIC IONS
Functions
Bioelectric functions – development of potential difference across the cell membrane (neurons, muscle cells)
Osmotic functions – control of osmotic and hydro-osmotic pressure
Structural – metal ions constituents of macromolecules (proteins, heme)
Regulatory – cations exert regulatory action
directly binding to enzymes, influencing their activity and rate of the chemical reactions in the cell, or
Indirectly, influencing the hormonal regulation
Transport –
electrons are transported by the cytochromes, enzymes containing Fe2+ or Fe3+ and Cu2+;
oxygen is bound to Fe2+ in the structure of hemoglobin
Energetic – inorganic phosphate in ATP
Mechanical (support) – Ca and P ions are constituents of bones (strength)
Synthetic – complex molecules contain I- (hormones), SO42- (ester sulfuric compounds)
It is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the lesson or topic: Punnett Square. It also talks about the definition, history and the process that are included in the field of Punnett Square.
This presentation explains DNA transcription and RNA Processing.
It gives details about prokaryotic DNA transcription and eukaryotic DNA transcription. it also explains post-transcriptional modification both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
A detail ppt about Genome organization with focus on all levels of organization. Most recent research and findings about CT is also added in this ppt. Detail account of 30nm fiber and its ultra structure and types is also included.
1 major chemical composition of living thing [biochemistry]محمود ځاځی
MAJOR CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF THE LIVING ORGANISMS
Medical Biochemistry
Molecular Principles of Structural Organization of Cells
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
In the human organism there are 70 elements of the Periodic Table, which may be divided in four groups:
Macrobiogenic elements (>1%) O, C, N, H, Ca, P.
Oligobiogenic elements (0,1-1%) Na, K, Cl, S, Mg, Fe.
Microbiogenic elements (<0.01%)>50years 45-50%)
the content varies depending on the metabolic processes in the specified tissue (10% in the fat tissue, 65-70% in other tissues, 80% in the blood and kidney)
maintained at the necessary level through intake (2 liters/day) or produced in the metabolic processes (0.3 liters/day)
Distribution:
In the cells (intracellular)
Outside the cells
extracellular fluids (12-16%),
blood plasma (5%),
lymph (2%)
Within closed cavities (intra-cavity water)(1-3%): cerebrospinal fluid, intraocular, pericardial, synovial fluid etc
WATER
Functions:
Dissolution and stabilization of biological molecules and ions in the fluids of the organisms
Heat balance control - uptake, conservation, distribution and release of heat
Transport – supply of nutrients and excretion of waste products
Mechanical (by hydration) – assistance in maintaining intracellular pressure and shape of cells
Structural – forming an interlayer between the polar ends of protein and lipids in biological membranes
Synthetic (anabolic) – substrate in the synthesis of biological compounds
Hydrolytic (catabolic) – substrate in the bond-breaking processes
Energetic (electron donating)
The cell functions are dependent on:
The total amount of intra and extracellular water
Hydration of sub-cellular structures
Aqueous microenvironment of macromolecules
INORGANIC IONS
INORGANIC IONS
Functions
Bioelectric functions – development of potential difference across the cell membrane (neurons, muscle cells)
Osmotic functions – control of osmotic and hydro-osmotic pressure
Structural – metal ions constituents of macromolecules (proteins, heme)
Regulatory – cations exert regulatory action
directly binding to enzymes, influencing their activity and rate of the chemical reactions in the cell, or
Indirectly, influencing the hormonal regulation
Transport –
electrons are transported by the cytochromes, enzymes containing Fe2+ or Fe3+ and Cu2+;
oxygen is bound to Fe2+ in the structure of hemoglobin
Energetic – inorganic phosphate in ATP
Mechanical (support) – Ca and P ions are constituents of bones (strength)
Synthetic – complex molecules contain I- (hormones), SO42- (ester sulfuric compounds)
It is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the lesson or topic: Punnett Square. It also talks about the definition, history and the process that are included in the field of Punnett Square.
This presentation explains DNA transcription and RNA Processing.
It gives details about prokaryotic DNA transcription and eukaryotic DNA transcription. it also explains post-transcriptional modification both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
A detail ppt about Genome organization with focus on all levels of organization. Most recent research and findings about CT is also added in this ppt. Detail account of 30nm fiber and its ultra structure and types is also included.
Brief Concepts and Questions EXAM 2 Chapter 8 DNA RNA Protein What i.pdfmckenziecast21211
Brief Concepts and Questions EXAM 2 Chapter 8: DNA RNA Protein What is DNA? a
phosphate Structure of DNA: Building blocks are called nucleotides Each nucleotide is
composed of three br uithofenas bee. What makes DNA so special? Provide 4 reasons, below
DNA DNA (Replication): Where does DNA replication take place? When does DNA replication
take place? Explain steps involved in DNA replication: DNA RNA Protein (Gene Expression)
Involves 2 processes: 1. Transcription 2. Translation Explain the Synthesis of Proteins (Gene
Expression): o DNA RNA Protein What is RNA? What is \"codon What is \"anticodon\" What is
a protein molecule? DNA mutation; Change in nucleotide bases of DNA Duplex Point mutation
Frame shift mutation
Solution
Question
Answer
Where does DNA replication take place:
It takes place in the nucleus in case of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm in case of
prokaryotic cells
When does DNA replication take place:
DNA replication occurs during the S-phase during cell cycle, so that cell can make an extra copy
of genetic material.
Explain steps involved in DNA replication:
Initiation: During initiation, the proteins will bind to the origin of replication; helicase unwinds
the DNA helix which results in the formation of two replication forks.
Elongation: A RNA primer sequence will be added to this the DNA pol III will add the
nucleotides in 5’ to 3’ direction and chain will elongate.
Termination: In case of bacteria, termination of replication occurs whenever two replication
forks meet each other from the opposite end of the parental chromosome.
Transcription
Gene expression first step is transcription, here a particular segment of DNA will be copied into
RNA with the help of the enzyme RNA polymerase
Translation
Translation is the final step of the gene expression. Here mRNA will be used to synthesize the
polypeptide chain. The information present in the mRNA in the form of codon will code for the
amino acids needed for polypeptide chain synthesis.
What is RNA?
RNA is ribonucleic acid and is found in all living cells. It acts as the messenger carrying
instructions from DNA for the synthesis of proteins.
Few viruses will have RNA as their genetic material.
What is codon?
Codon is a sequence of three nucleotides and they together form a unit of genetic code in either
DNA or RNA.
What is anticodon?
It is found on tRNA and it is a sequence of three nucleotides which forms a genetic code on
tRNA, and these anticodon is complementary to the codons found on messenger RNA.
What is a protein molecule?
During translation, when amino acids are added in a sequential manner, the condensation of
amino acids will form a peptide bond in between them and finally forms a polypeptide chain. It
is the DNA through mRNA directs the protein synthesis.
Point mutation
In point mutation, only one or very few nucleotides will be affected or mutated in a gene
sequence.
Frame shift mutation
Either insertions or deletion can result in frame shift mutation, due to th.
Chapter 8:
Microbial Genetics
*
Plasmids Exist in Cells Separate from Chromosomes
Big Picture: Genetics
The science of heredity
Central dogma of molecular biology
Mutations
Gene expression controlled by operons
Alteration of bacterial genes and/or gene expression
Cause of disease
Prevent disease treatment
Manipulated for human benefit
Big Picture: Genetics
Structure and Function of the Genetic Material
Learning Objectives
8-1 Define genetics, genome, chromosome, gene, genetic code, genotype, phenotype, and genomics.
8-2 Describe how DNA serves as genetic information.
8-3 Describe the process of DNA replication.
8-4 Describe protein synthesis, including transcription, RNA processing, and translation.
8-5 Compare protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Structure and Function of the Genetic Material
Genetics: the study of genes, how they carry information, how information is expressed, and how genes are replicated
Chromosomes: structures containing DNA that physically carry hereditary information; the chromosomes contain genes
Genes: segments of DNA that encode functional products, usually proteins
Genome: all the genetic information in a cell
Structure and Function of the Genetic Material The genetic code is a set of rules that determines how a nucleotide sequence is converted to an amino acid sequence of a proteinCentral dogma:
Genotype and Phenotype
Genotype: the genetic makeup of an organism
Phenotype: expression of the genes
DNA and Chromosomes
Bacteria usually have a single circular chromosome made of DNA and associated proteins
Short tandem repeats (STRs): repeating sequences of noncoding DNA
Figure 8.1 A Prokaryotic Chromosome
Chromosome
The Flow of Genetic Information
Vertical gene transfer: flow of genetic information from one generation to the next
Horizontal gene transfer: flow of genetic information between individuals of the SAME generation (see the middle portion of the next slide!)
Figure 8.2 The Flow of Genetic Information
Parent cell
DNA
Genetic information is used
within a cell to produce the
proteins needed for the cell
to function.
Genetic information can be
transferred horizontally between
cells of the same generation.
Genetic information can be
transferred vertically to the
next generation of cells.
New combinations
of genes
Translation
Cell metabolizes and grows
Recombinant cell
Offspring cells
Transcription
DNA Replication
DNA forms a double helix
“Backbone” consists of deoxyribose-phosphate
Two strands of nucleotides are held together by hydrogen bonds between A-T and C-G
Strands are antiparallel
Order of the nitrogen-containing bases forms the genetic instructions of the organism
DNA Replication
One strand serves as a template for the production of a second strand
Topoisomerase and gyrase relax the strands
Helicase separates the strands
A replication fork is created
DNA Replication
DNA poly ...
• Define transcription• Define translation• What are the 3 steps.pdfarihantelehyb
• Define transcription
• Define translation
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
• Define the “genetic dogma”
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
• What is the function of RNA polymerase?
• What is the function of DNA polymerase?
• Define “splicing of RNA”
• What is an exon?
• What component of the cell does the translation?
• What molecule in the cell does transcription?
• What are the functions of: operon, promotor?
• What is the difference between inducible operon and repressible operon?
Solution
• Define transcription
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Here is a more complete definition of
transcription.
• Define translation
Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to
a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship
between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it
encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three
bases to assemble the protein. Here is a more complete definition of translation:
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
Step # 1. Initiation:
Initiation of translation in E .coli involves the small ribosome subunit, a mRNA molecule, a
specific charge initiator tRNA, GTP, Mg++ and number of proteinaceous initiation factors (IFs).
These are initially part of the small subunit and are required to enhance binding affinity of the
various translational components (Table 8.1). Unlike ribosomal proteins, IFs are released from
the ribosome once initiation is completed.
Step # 2. Elongation:
Once both subunits of the ribosome are assembled with the mRNA, binding site for two charged
tRNA molecules are formed. These are designated as the ‘P’ or peptidyl and the ‘A’ or
aminoacyl sites. The charged initiator tRNA binds to the P site, provided that the AUG triplet of
mRNA is in the corresponding position of the small subunit. The increase of the growing
polypeptide chain by one amino acid is called elongation.
Step # 3. Termination:
Termination of protein synthesis is carried out by triplet codes (UAG, UAA, UGA; stop codons)
present at site A. These codons do not specify an amino acid, nor do they call for a tRNA in the
A site. These codons are called stop codons, termination codons or nonsense codons. The
finished polypeptide is still attached to the terminal tRNA at the P site, and the A site is empty.
• Define the “genetic dogma”
A theory in genetics and molecular biology subject to several exceptions that genetic information
is coded in self-replicating DNA and undergoes unidirectional transfer to messenger RNAs in
transcription which act as templates for protein synthesis in translation
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
The tRNA molecule, or tr.
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Narrated Business Proposal for the Philadelphia Eaglescamrynascott12
Slide 1:
Welcome, and thank you for joining me today. We will explore a strategic proposal to enhance parking and traffic management at Lincoln Financial Field, aiming to improve the overall fan experience and operational efficiency. This comprehensive plan addresses existing challenges and leverages innovative solutions to create a smoother and more enjoyable experience for our fans.
Slide 2:
Picture this: It’s a crisp fall afternoon, driving towards Lincoln Financial Field. The atmosphere is electric—tailgaters grilling, fans in Eagles jerseys creating a sea of green and white. The air buzzes with camaraderie and anticipation. You park, join the throng, and make your way to your seat. The stadium roars as the Eagles take the field, sending chills down your spine. Each play is a thrilling dance of strategy and skill. This is what being an Eagles fan is all about—the joy, the pride, and the shared experience.
Slide 3:
But now, the day is marred by frustration. The excitement wanes as you struggle to find a parking spot. The congestion is overwhelming, and tempers flare. The delays mean you miss the pre-game excitement, the tailgate camaraderie, and even the opening kick-off. After the game, the joy of victory or the shared solace of defeat is overshadowed by the stress of navigating out of the parking lot. The gridlock, honking horns, and endless waiting drain the energy and joy from what should have been an unforgettable experience.
Our proposal aims to eliminate these frustrations, ensuring that from arrival to departure, your experience is extraordinary. Efficient parking and smooth traffic flow are key to maintaining the high spirits and excitement that make game days special.
Slide 4:
The Philadelphia Eagles are not just a premier NFL team; they are an integral part of the community, hosting games, concerts, and various events at Lincoln Financial Field. Our state-of-the-art stadium is designed to provide a world-class experience for every attendee. Whether it's the thrill of game day, the excitement of a live concert, or the camaraderie of community events, we pride ourselves on delivering a fan-first experience and maintaining operational excellence across all our activities. Our commitment to our fans and community is unwavering, and we continuously strive to enhance every aspect of their experience, ensuring they leave with unforgettable memories.
Slide 5:
Recent trends show an increasing demand for efficient event logistics. Our customer feedback has consistently highlighted frustrations with parking and traffic. Surveys indicate that a significant number of fans are dissatisfied with the current parking situation. Comparisons with other venues like Citizens Bank Park and Wells Fargo Center reveal that we lag in terms of parking efficiency and convenience. These insights underscore the urgent need for innovation to meet and exceed fan expectations.
Slide 6:
As we delve into the intricacies of our operations, one glaring issue emer
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4. DNA is a nucleic acid It consists on a long chain of molecules called nucleotides . The nucleotides are joined by a sugar - phosphate backbone. 4 nucleotides Differ in their nitrogenous bases Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Adenine (A) Guanine (G) !
5.
6. James WATSON and Francis CRICK determined that DNA is a double helix .
13. From DNA to RNA to PROTEIN How an Organism’s Genotype Produces Its Phenotype GENOTYPE : is the Genetic Constitution of an organism or cell , its genetic make up . It is the sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA PHENOTYPE : is the organism’s specific traits , the organism’s total physical appearance and constitution. It is the result of the actions of proteins.
14. GENOTYPE: eye color gene called: bey2 PHENOTYPE: Example for phenotype and genotype
15. Nucleus Cytoplasm DNA specifies the synthesis of proteins in 2 stages : DNA Protein 2. TRANSLATION 1. TRANSCRIPTION RNA
16. TRANSCRIPTION : DNA RNA TRANSLATION : RNA PROTEIN From Nucleic Acid to Amino Acid Different Molecules - Different Languages 1 gene – 1 polypeptide hypothesis: The function of an individual gene dictates the production of a specific polypeptide.
17.
18.
19. The genetic code is shared by all organisms. GENETIC CODE: It is the set of rules relating nucleotide sequence to amino acid sequence.
22. Transcription done by RNA Polymerase which adds RNA nucleotide 1 by 1 to the newly made RNA sequence. The base of the nucleotide is complementary to the DNA base.
23. DNA Promoter Terminator RNA polymerase DNA of a gene RNA Initiation Elongation Completed RNA Single strand Termination
24. 1. INITIATION: The “start transcribing” signal is a nucleotide sequence called a promoter . The first phase of transcription is initiation: RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter. RNA synthesis begins. 2. ELONGATION: Second phase. The RNA gets longer. 3. TERMINATION: RNA polymerase reaches a sequence of DNA bases called a terminator . 3 PHASES OF TRANSCRIPTION
25. But RNA is not ready yet… It needs to be processed.
26.
27. What does this mean? What are caps and tails? A cap and a tail are added at the extremities of the newly RNA molecule. It protects the RNA from enzymes; and help the ribosomes recognize it.
28. A gene contains EXONS and INTRONS What are EXONS and INTRONS? EXONS are kept and will be translated into polypeptides (EX for EXiting the nucleus) INTRONS are rid of. Exon Exon Exon Intron Intron
29. Remember… 1 gene – 1 polypeptide hypothesis: The function of an individual gene dictates the production of a specific polypeptide. ACTUALLY, it could be several….. 1 gene can give different versions of a protein. By combining (splicing) different exons.
30. DNA READY TO GO! Exon Exon Exon Intron Intron RNA Transcription Cap and Tail added Introns removed Splicing of exons Coding sequence
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