Protein Folding-biophysical and cellular aspects, protein denaturationAnishaMukherjee5
Protein folding is the physical process by which a protein chain acquires its native 3-dimensional structure, a conformation that is usually biologically functional, in an expeditious and reproducible manner.
Folding depends upon sequence of Amino Acids not the Composition. Folding starts with the secondary structure and ends at quaternary structure.
Denaturation occur at secondary, tertiary & quaternary level but not at primary level.
Protein Folding-biophysical and cellular aspects, protein denaturationAnishaMukherjee5
Protein folding is the physical process by which a protein chain acquires its native 3-dimensional structure, a conformation that is usually biologically functional, in an expeditious and reproducible manner.
Folding depends upon sequence of Amino Acids not the Composition. Folding starts with the secondary structure and ends at quaternary structure.
Denaturation occur at secondary, tertiary & quaternary level but not at primary level.
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to their appropriate destinations in the cell or outside it. Proteins can be targeted to the inner space of an organelle, different intracellular membranes, plasma membrane, or to exterior of the cell via secretion.
Mismatch Repair Mechanism Is One Of The Important DNA Repair Mechanism Which Recognizes And Replaces The Wrong Nucleotides. DNA Repair Is Important Since Its Failure Leads To Deadly Diseases Like Cancer. In This Presentation, You Will Learn About DNA Repair, Mismatch Repair, Proteins Involved In Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic MMR, Diagrams, Biological Importance Of MMR And References For Further Study.
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to their appropriate destinations in the cell or outside it. Proteins can be targeted to the inner space of an organelle, different intracellular membranes, plasma membrane, or to exterior of the cell via secretion.
Mismatch Repair Mechanism Is One Of The Important DNA Repair Mechanism Which Recognizes And Replaces The Wrong Nucleotides. DNA Repair Is Important Since Its Failure Leads To Deadly Diseases Like Cancer. In This Presentation, You Will Learn About DNA Repair, Mismatch Repair, Proteins Involved In Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic MMR, Diagrams, Biological Importance Of MMR And References For Further Study.
Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes.
Transgenic animal production and its applicationkishoreGupta17
A genetically modified animal with the heterologous gene of interest being inserted for the purpose of biopharming or make a diseased model to study the consequences of disease and its probable therapy
for cloning and expression of exogenous gene or gene throthrough vector it must be introduced into the host cell through transformation , ,transduction, electroporation gene gun etc.
A genetically engineered DNA molecule from bacteria , phage or yeast to carry foreign DNA for the purpose of cloning and expression of the inserted DNA of interest in RDT
A cytological technique to detect the nature of adjacent chromosomal regions by using different staining technique assisted with some pre treatment of metaphase chromosomes prepared on the slides
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. INTRODUCTION
• Protein is an array of amino acids .
• Once synthesized , it may have some intervening
sequences which are not needed in the final protein
product .
• So it has to be removed from the pre pro protein form.
• Protein splicing is a process of removal of these intervening
/ interrupted sequences .
• These intervening sequence is called as Intein .
• It is just similar to post transcription process so it is better
referred as post translational process .
• After translation, a protein is heterogenous /splitted
consisting alternate two segments like Hn RNA .These are :-
3. • An intein is a segment of a protein that is able to excise itself and
join the remaining portions (the exteins) with a peptide bond
• .Inteins have also been called "protein introns". The concerned
protein splicing process is thus called as Intein-mediated Protein
splicing occurs after the intein-containing mRNA has
been translated into a protein.
• This precursor protein contains three segments—an N-
extein followed by the intein followed by a C-extein.
• After splicing has taken place, the resulting protein contains the N-
extein linked to the C-extein; this splicing product is also termed an
extein which determine the structure and function as per folding
state..
Synthesized protein
EXTEIN
INTEIN /Intervening sequence of protein
5. Potential intein reactions
. Protein splicing results in ligation of the N-extein (E N ) and C-extein (E C
When inteins are mutated or inserted in heterologous contexts, are unable to splice.
off-pathway reactions can occur resulting in N-terminal, C-terminal, or double
cleavage products that are unable to splice. Off-pathway N-terminal cleavage can
occur in both the linear and the branched (thio)ester intermediates. Off-pathway C-
terminal cleavage occurs when cyclization of the intein C-terminal residue precedes
branch intermediate formation.
Splicing requires sequential nucleophilic displacement reactions
catalyzed by strategies similar to proteases and asparagine lyases.
6. Types of intein
• Based on their domain structure, inteins are categorized in four
classes:
• full-length inteins,
• mini-inteins,
• split-inteins and
• alanine-inteins .
• Most inteins are full-length inteins expressed within a single
polypeptide chain.
• They are bifunctional proteins that include two structural domains -
the intein domain responsible for protein splicing out of the
precursor polypeptide chain, and a homing endonuclease (HE)
domain with a role in DNA-cutting and insertion of the associated
mobile genetic element into the precursor protein-coding gene
The HE domain splits the
splicing domain into N and C-
terminal splicing domains.
7. Splicing domain
• The splicing domain consists of conserved blocks A, B, F
and G, while blocks C, D, and E are present in the HE
domains. Blocks C and E contain conserved endonuclease
active sites with catalytic residues Asp, Glu or Lys
• Blocks A, and B, localize near the N-terminus of the intein, while blocks F and G are
located near the C-terminus Conserved amino acids important for the splicing
process (Cys, Ser or Thr) are present both at the intein N-terminus as well as on the
C-extein fragment near the intein-extein junction
9. • For example when first intein was discovered in
1988 through sequence comparison of ATPase
gene of Neurospora crassa (with Intein) and
carrot vacuolar (without intein) it was found that
final product is similar i.e Intein has been
removed from the neurospora.
• A similar homologous gene in yeast (with intein)
was also described called putative calcium ion
transporter protein.
10. Mechanism
• autocatalytic and naturally process i.e intein itself
mediate splicing. involved bond transfer and no input
of energy .
• chemically generate medium-sized proteins called
native chemical ligation from the long sized pro protein
.This reaction requires specific amino acids sequence
which is located at the junction of extein- intein and
involve three nucleophiles as splicing domain which
are conserved in such pro-protein
• Ser, Thr or Cys at the intein N-terminus
• Asn or Gln at the intein C-terminus; and
• Ser, Thr or Cys at the beginning of the C-extein
11. Steps I: N-O shift
• N-O shift – A typical inteins begins with ser or cys and ends in Asn.
• The first residue in the C extein is ser, thr/cys .
• These residues often function as nucleophiles .
• A nucleophiles are those which is electro-negative (Nucleophiles) and can attract
electropositive nucleus atom.
• For example in this case ser of C extein has R group represented as CH2OH i.e OH
in which O is electro negative which attack on N of As. i.e N-O shift.
• It is the transition of peptide bond between the aa end of the intein and n- extein
in to an ester or thioester bond, these transtition depends on a nucleophiles attack
of the bond by the side chain of ser or cys residues at the amino terminal end of
intein (-OH or SH respectively .
• This reaction is called N-O when the attacking atom is O and N/S &N and when it
is sulpher called N-S shift
12. Class 1 inteins with a C-terminal Asn and a Cys,
Ser, or Thr at the first position in both the intein
and the C-extein splice using the standard four-
step protein splicing mechanism .
X represents an oxygen or a sulfur atom. For clarity, tetrahedral
intermediates and residues facilitating each step are omitted.
Although the definition of an intein is the excised sequence
13. Trans esterification
• In this step the side chain of the first residue
of the C extein attacks the ester /thioester
bond at the amino end of the intein .
• Here too, the attack is by a polar side chain of
a ser/ thr or cys.
• This leads to a trans esterification and
formation of thioester bond between N
extein and C extein
14. 3rd steps -Asn cyclisation
• cyclisation of the Asn side chain leads to cleavage
of the peptide bond between the intein and the c
extein (c terminal splice junction).
• This reaction removes intein from the ligated
extein which are linked together at the ester
bond .
4th steps O-N shift – This step of protein
splicing is spontaneous and is the reverse N-O/N-S
shift taking place and peptide bond formation occurs
between N-C exteins
15. Mechanism
a nucleophile is a
chemical species that
forms bonds
with electrophiles by
donating an elctron pair
. All molecules and ions
with a free pair of
electrons or at least one
pi bond can act as
nucleophiles. Because
nucleophiles donate
electrons, they
are Lewis bases.