Requirements Introduction to translation of mRNA Genetic code (codon and anticodon) Transfer RNA Ribosome

2. • Requirements
• Introduction to translation of mRNA
• Genetic code (codon and anticodon)
• Transfer RNA
• Ribosome

3. • mRNA having codon for amino acid
• tRNA having anti codon for codon of mRNA
• Ribosome act as a ribozymes because it is the site of
translation and having peptide transferease activity
• Translational factors
1. Initiation factors (IF)
2. Elongation factors (EF)
3. Release factors (RF)

5. • The mRNA nucleotide sequence is translated into the
amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain.
• Protein synthesis is called translation.
• The information encoded in the language of nucleic
acids must be rewritten in the language of proteins.

9. • Amino acids are activated for protein synthesis through a reaction
catalyzed by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
Amino acid tRNA ATP ⎯⎯→ aminoacyl-tRNA AMP PPi
• The amino acid is attached to the 3′-hydroxyl of the terminal
adenylic acid on the tRNA by a high-energy bond and is readily
transferred to the end of a growing peptide chain. This is why the
amino acid is said to be activated.
• Some aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases proofread just like DNA
polymerases do. If the wrong amino acid is attached to tRNA, the
enzyme hydrolyzes the amino acid from the tRNA rather than
release the incorrect product.

10. • The actual process of protein synthesis takes place on
ribosomes that serve as workbenches, with mRNA acting
as the blueprint
• Euocaryotic ribosomes have a sedimentation value of
80S having small subunit i,.e 40s and large subunit i.e
60s
• The region of the ribosome directly responsible for
translation is called the translational domain
• Both subunits contribute to this domain