The slides show the gastric and pancreatic function test along with the significance of these tests and the conditions in which the values of which increase.
Test for pancreatic and intestinal functions are very important for clinical evaluation gastro intestinal disorders . So it will e useful for medical and allied professional students and practitioners.
these clearance test plays an very important role in determining the functioning capacity and working status of kidney.
and we estimate how amount of compund is excreted in the urine and absorption too.
and i also attached the mathematical caluculation to identify the metabolic valuve of urea, creatinine, inulin clearance by kidney.
Test for pancreatic and intestinal functions are very important for clinical evaluation gastro intestinal disorders . So it will e useful for medical and allied professional students and practitioners.
these clearance test plays an very important role in determining the functioning capacity and working status of kidney.
and we estimate how amount of compund is excreted in the urine and absorption too.
and i also attached the mathematical caluculation to identify the metabolic valuve of urea, creatinine, inulin clearance by kidney.
billirubin production billirubin transport and metabolism, different laboratory methods of billirubin estimation ,normal and abnormal levels of billirubin, different classification and types of jaundice and liver diseses, liver functioning, enterohepatic circulation, billirubin production and degradation, benefits and diseases of abnormal level of billirubin
billirubin production billirubin transport and metabolism, different laboratory methods of billirubin estimation ,normal and abnormal levels of billirubin, different classification and types of jaundice and liver diseses, liver functioning, enterohepatic circulation, billirubin production and degradation, benefits and diseases of abnormal level of billirubin
Demonstration of an LCMS technology for estimating absolute quantitation of proteins in simple and complex mixture. Simultaneous relative and absolute quantitation to allow for determination of protein stoichiometry.
Viral hepatitis is a systemic disease primarily involving the liver.
Hepatotropic viruses : liver is the target organ and the main site of virus replication
Hepatitis A virus (HAV)
hepatitis B virus (HBV)
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
Hepatitis D virus (HDV, delta virus)
Hepatitis E virus (HEV).
Enterically:
virus is spread from person-to-person by putting something in the mouth that has been contaminated with the stool of a person with hepatitis E. This type of transmission is called "fecal-oral." For this reason, the virus is more easily spread in areas where there are poor sanitary conditions
A Coding Guide to Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). Remember to document 3-D MIP imaging for your 3-D cholangiographic post processing images.
MRCP is an MRI exam of the biliary system and pancreas. The exam is typically performed without contrast and includes 3D cholangiographic post processing such as MIPS. Since there is no specific CPT code that describes MRCP, the AMA and ACR have published information regarding the appropriate CPT code selection.
According to the coding resources, an MRCP includes a standard MRI of the abdomen along with MIP images to better delineate the bile duct anatomy. Therefore, it is appropriate to report MRCP with codes for MRI of the abdomen as well as coding separately for the 3-D rendering codes assuming documentation supports the 3-D imaging.
If documentation lacks information addressing the 3-D MIP imaging on a radiology report, the coder cannot assign the additional CPT code for these images. By just documenting MRCP in the title of the exam, or using verbiage stating “MRCP Protocol” without specifying the 3-D imaging will not support the additional code for these images in the event of an audit.
The kidneys play a vital role in the excretion of waste products and toxins such as urea, creatinine and uric acid, regulation of extracellular fluid volume, serum osmolality and electrolyte concentrations, as well as the production of hormones like erythropoietin and 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D and renin.
Specimen collection requirements are dependent on the procedure or test requested. Generally, for serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, no additional patient preparation is required, and a random blood sample suffices. However, the effect of recent high protein ingestion may increase serum creatinine and urea levels to a significant extent. Also, hydration status can have a considerable impact on BUN measurement.
For timed urine collections such as the 24-hour urine creatinine clearance, it is essential that urine be collected accurately over the required period as under or over collection will affect final results. Hence, a 5 to 8-hour timed collection is preferable to a 24-hour collection.
There are several clinical laboratory tests that are useful in investigating and evaluating kidney function. Clinically, the most practical tests to assess renal function is to get an estimate of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and to check for proteinuria (albuminuria).
Tests of renal function can be used to assess overall renal function by direct measurement or estimation of the glomerular filtration rate. Estimation of the GFR is utilized to determine the presence of renal impairment.
Similar to Gastric and Pancreatic function tests (20)
DNA structure, the bonds involved and it seperationMohit Adhikary
DNA structure, and the bonds that stabilizes it. The structural components, units and the proteins involved. Types of DNA and its separation methods. Chargaffs rule and its application
The structure of the cell membrane, the phospholipid layer distinguished to the break down of protein and the lipid layer. Their structural components and the molecular basis of it.
Diabetes mellitus, its types and compicationsMohit Adhikary
Diabetes mellitus and the different types of it. The classification of the diabetes, description and the complications of diabetes. Spectrum and the Epidemiology.
Electrophoresis, the types of electrophoresis and samples usedMohit Adhikary
The different types of electrophoresis, and the different types of electrophoresis are explained here, along with the different samples that can be electrophoresed.
Blood glucose regulation, glucose homeostasis, factors regulating and under S...Mohit Adhikary
The slides explain about blood glucose regulation, glucose homeostasis, factors regulating and under Special Circumstances. Factors regulating Blood glucose level include the hormonal and non-hormonal.
Structure of protiens and the applied aspectsMohit Adhikary
The slides explain the structures of proteins, the bond stabilizing the structure of amino acids, the different types of protein structures, the applied aspects and the newer advances in the protein structure.
Transcription and the various stages of transcriptionMohit Adhikary
Transcription and its stages, the enzymes involved, the steps of transcription, the regulators of transcription, post translation modifications, formation of the types of RNA, applied concept
Amino acids are the units of proteins, and understanding its chemistry and the the properties assists in understanding the functions of proteins. This gives in an idea to why a certain protein behaves in a certain way.
Glycogen is the storage from of glucose. The metabolism of glycogen both as glycogenolysis, breakdown of glycogen, and glycogenesis, formation of glycogen along with their regulation is briefed in the slides.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
2. Gastric
function
test Out Line
Chief constituents of
gastric juice
Stages of gastric
secretion
Inhibition of gastric
secretion
Why gastric function test
are important?
Tests of gastric function
with interpretation
3. Chief constituents of gastric
juice
• Hydrochloric acid
• Pepsinogen
• Intrinsic factor
• Gastric mucus
• Blood group substances
• Rennin
4. Stimulation of gastric secretion
• Cephalic Phase: Site, taste, smell, thought of food,
insulin. Stimulation through vagus nerve.
• Gastric Phase:
Food in the stomach local reflexes Vagal activity
acetylcholine gastrin from mucosa of pylorus
parietal & chief cells
hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, gastric motility.
5. Inhibition of gastric secretion
• Entry of food into the duodenum.
• Secretin, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin
• Gastric Inhibitory peptide
• Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
6. Why gastric function test are
important?
• Zolliger-Ellison Syndrome
• Evaluate pernicious anemia in adults
• Type of surgical procedure required for ulcer
treatment.
7. Stimulants for gastric secretion
• Ewald one hour meal: toast without butter, tea
without milk
• Fractional test meal of Rehffus: Pint of oat meal gruel
8. • Histamine test: Histamine hydrochloride 0.25mg/kg
subcutaneously.
• Augumented histamine test: 0.04mg/kg histamine is
given subcutaneously along with antihistamine.
• Histolog.
• Pentagastrin
• Insulin
9. Titrimetric analysis of acid
output
• Titrate 5ml of gastric contents with 100mmol/L NaOH
either to pH 7.4 using glass electrode or to an end
point with phenol red.
Acid output in mmol/h =
ml of NaOH volume of specimen in ml 6
ml of gastric period of collection
juice titrated in minutes
11. The Pentagastrin test
• Maximal stimulation of the stomach after assessment
of basal secretion rate.
• Measure of total parietal cell mass.
• Technique
12. 12 hour fasting without food & drink
Pass nasogastric tube tube & site it radiologically with
tip in the gastric antrum. Place the patient in recumbent
position.
Empty the stomach completely with hand
syringe by pressure ≤ 50mmHg
Collect two 15min specimens to give basal
secretion
Pentagastrin subcutaneous injection 6µg/kg
Collect four accurately timed 15min
specimens
Measure the volume, pH, acid content of 6
specimens, inspect fasting contents for
blood & bile pigments
13. Interpretation
• It may suggest appropriate measures in active
duodenal ulcer, pernicious anemia & in Zolliger- Ellison
Syndrome.
• Normal basal secretion: 1 – 2.5mmol/h
• Normal range of maximal secretion: 20 – 40mmol/h
• Zolliger- Ellison Syndrome: basal secretion is
>10mmol/h & no further rise after giving pentagastrin.
14. • Achlorhydria is seen in gastric cancer, pernicious
anemia. pH will be above 6.
• acute and chronic gastritis.
15. Insulin Stimulation test
• Insulin hypogycemia is a potent stimulus of acid
secretion.
• When blood sugar is < 50.0mg/dl (2.8mmol/L)
vagus is stimulated by hypoglycemia.
• This test is best limited to those patients
suspected to have recurrent ulceration after
vagotomy which was probably incomplete.
• Technique
16. 12 hour fasting without food & drink
Pass nasogastric tube & site it radiologically with tip in the gastric
antrum. Place the patient in recumbent position.
Empty the stomach completely with hand syringe by pressure ≤
50mmHg
Collect four 15min specimens to give basal secretion, determine
venous blood glucose immediately
Insulin intravenous injection 0.2U/kg
Collect eight accurately timed 15min specimens & determine
venous blood glucose at 30 & 45 minutes
Measure the volume, pH, acid content of 12 specimens, inspect
fasting contents for blood.
17. Interpretation
• Before operation for vagotomy there is marked
& prolonged rise in acid over 100mmol/L. After
successful vagotomy there is no response or only
fluctuation in the baseline.
• Basal secretion 10mmol/L
• Basal secretion > 20mmol/L suggest incomplete
section of vagus.
18. Plasma Gastrin
• Valuable in diagnosis of Zolliger- Ellison
Syndrome.
• Normal plasma concentration: 50 – 150pg/ml.
• Zolliger- Ellison Syndrome: 1000 – 400,000pg/ml.
• Not increased in simple peptic ulcer.
• Increased in pernicious anemia.
19. Tubeless gastric analysis
• Segal et al 1953 demonstrated direct HCl secretion
without intubation by Diagnex blue.
• Principle: Orally administered quinimum resin
indicator forms quinine in the stomach at pH <3 and
quinine hydrochloride is generated. This is then
absorbed in the small intestine, excreted in the urine.
Quninine was extracted from the urine and
determined florimetrically.
• Procedure
20. 12 hour fasting
After voiding administer orally caffeine Na benzoate with water
After 1 h urine is collected as control sample
administer orally Diagnex blue with water
After 2 h urine is collected as test sample
2 samples are compared in a colour comparator with 0.3mg &
0.6mg Azur-A standards
Acidify the urine
22. Limitations
• It is only a screening test to assesss gastric acid
secretion.
• Test is not reliable in patient suffering from pyloric
obstruction, malabsorption, renal disease, urinary
retention, liver disease, subtotal gastrectomy,
gastroenterostomy, pyloroplasty.
• Vitamin preparation should be avoided on the day
preceeding the test or medicaments given which
might contain substances decolorised by ascorbic
acid.
23. Test for Occult blood in the
feces
• Definition: Tests to detect blood in feces in amounts
or forms not observable on inspection are referred as
occult blood test.
• Normal blood loss in the feces 2.5ml/day by
radiochrome studies. Blood may be introduced from
mouth, around teeth, minor abrasion in the GI tract
by roughage of food, hemoglobin, myoglobin, their
breakdown products, peroxidases of plant &
bacterial origin.
24. • Benzedine test was commonly used, now prevented
because of its carcinogenecity. O-toluidine is
used with three different concentrations: 4%, 1.2% &
0.4% in glacial acetic acid.
• Principle:
hemoglobin &
its derivatives
H2O2 H2O O2+
O-Toluidine
Coloured product
(Measured colorimetrically)
25. Test procedure
• A small portion of feces mixed in 10ml DW & boil for a
minute to destroy peroxidases. Mix fecal suspension
+ reagent (O-toluidine & H2O2)
• Blue colour --- Positive test.
• If a single concentration was used 1.2%
recommended.
• If all three used 1st
4% used, positive samples tried
with 1.2%, still positive samples tried with 0.4%.
27. Interpretation
• Test is mainly used in the diagnosis & treament of
ulcers, cancer of stomach, gastritis, perpura, lesion in
duodenum, small & large intestine.
• In case of humorrhoids blood can be seen as streeks
of fresh blood on the surface of feces confirmed by
misroscopic examinations.
• It is also useful practice to do the test on three
successive days when the patient is on meat free
diet.
28. • Oxyhaemoglobin released from bleeding converted
to hematin & porphyrin by gastric HCl. Only hematin
gives the positive test.
• In case bleeding lower down the alimentary tract,
Oxyhaemoglobin released can be recognised by
spectroscopic examination of supernatant fluid from
a centrifuged fecal suspension.
• Does not afford any information about bleeding
from mouth, nose, throught & the type of lesion
present.
29. Out Line
Exocrine secretions of
Pancrease
Tests in Pancreatic Diseases
with interpretation
Determination of [HCO3
-
]
Amylase (AMS)
Essay of AMS activity
Macroamylasemia
Isoenzymes of AMS
Renal clearance of AMS
Lipase (LPS)
Assay of LPS activity
31. Tests in Pancreatic Diseases
Introduction
• Measurement of total volume.
• Concentration of HCO3
-
• Chemical & cytological examinations performed
support suspicion of malignant neoplasm, but exact
localization may be unknown.
• Secretin/ CCK-PZ test: Technique
32. 12 hour fasting without food & drink
Pass the double lumen tube & site it radiologically with tip of inner
tube in the 3rd
part of duodenum.
Clear bile stained juice (two 10min samples) from the deuodenal tube
& juice free from bile from gastric tube were collected as basal
secretion.
2-3U/kg Secretin/CCK-PZ administred intravenously over 2 min.
Pancreatic secretions are collected for 30, 60, 80 minutes.
pH, secretory rate, [HCO3
-
] are measured.
33. Determination of [HCO3
-
]
• To 5ml duodenal juice add 10ml of 100mmol/l
HCl in a small beaker, boil to expel CO2, cool &
titrate with 100mmol/l NaOH to pH 7.0 by a glass
electrode or to an end point with
phenolphthalein indictor.
• [HCO3
-
] in mmol/l =
(Vol. of HCl – Vol. of NaOH) 20
34. Interpretation
• Normal [HCO3
-
] = 127mmol/L
• Secretory rate:
• Men: 15mmol/h
• Women: 12mmol/h
Rate found in pancreatic obstruction with enzyme
concentration.
[HCO3
-
] and enzymes associated with cystic fibrosis, chronic
pancreatitis, pancreatic cysts, calcification & edema of
the pancreas.
35. Amylase (AMS)
• Tissue source: acinar cells of pancreas & salivary
glands. Lesser concentration in skeletal muscle,
small intestine, fallopian tube.
• This is the smallest enzyme readily filtered through
the renal glomerulus & appears in the urine.
38. Saccharogenic method
Starch Isomaltose & maltose
AMS
(reducing sugars)
Reducing sugar is then measured with high
alkalinity copper reagent.
The values are expressed in somogyi units.
Somogyi units are an expression of the number
of mg of glucose released in 30 min under
specific assay condition.
39. Chromogenic method
Starch with
chromognic dye
AMS Starch broken down to
release chromognic dye
(insoluble dye) (soluble dye)
Measure colour intensity colorimetrically
40. Continuous monitoring
• Coupled enzyme system: change in the
absorbance of NAD+
at 340nm is measured.
Maltopentose Maltotriose + Maltose
Maltotriose + Maltose 5 glucose
5 glucose + 5 ATP 5 glucose-6-P + 5 ADP
5 glucose-6-P + 5, 6-phophogluconolactone +
5 NAD+
5 NADH
AMS
α-glucosidase
Hexokinase
G6PDH
41. Interpretation
• Reference ranges of AMS:
• Serum: 25 – 130U/L.
• Urine: 1 – 15U/L.
• Approximate conversion factor between somogyi units &
international units is 1.85
• In acute pancreatitis AMS begin to rise 2 – 12 h after
the onset of attack, peak at 24h & return to normal
within 3 – 5 days. Values generally varies between
250 – 1000 somogyi units/dl.
42. • In salivary gland lesion, mumps, parotitis,
perforated peptic ulcer, intestinal obstruction,
cholecystitis, ruptured ectopic pregnancy,
mesenteric infarction, acute appendicitis, renal
insufficiency, diabetic ketoacedosis.
• Serum AMS other than acute pancreatitis are
usually less than 500 somogyi units/dl.
44. Isoenzymes of AMS
• P-type: pancreatic
• S- type: salivary, fallopian tube, lung
• Isoenzymes of salivary origin migrate most quickly (S1,
S2, S3), where as pancreatic origin move slower (P1,
P2, P3).
• AMS migrate in the regions corresponding to β to α-
globulin regions of the protein.
• P-type activity, specifically P3 in acute pancreatitis
45. Renal clearance of AMS
• Useful in detecting minor or intermittent in serum
concentration.
• Normal Values: < 3.1%
• Acute pancreatitis: 8% - 9%
• Also in burns, sepsis, diabetic ketoacedosis.
% AMS clearance
Creatinine clearance= 100
UA SC
SA UC
× ×
46. Lipase (LPS)
Assay by titrimetric method:
• Tissue source: primarily in pancreas, little in stomach
& small intestine.
• Classical Cherry-Crandall method used an olive oil
substrate & measured the liberated FA by tritration
after 24h incubation. Trioline is one of the substance
now used as a more pure form of TAG.
triglyceride+ 2H2O LPS
pH 8.6-9
2-monoglyceride+2-fatty acid
47. Turbidimetric method
Fats in solution
(cloudy emulsion)
LPS Hydrolysed fat in solution
(Fat particles disperse)
Rate of clearing of the fat in the solution is
measured.
48. Interpretation
• Reference range: 0 – 1.0U/ml
• This is exclusive for the diagnosis of acute
pancreatitis.
• Both AMS & LPS levels rise quickly, but LPS elevation
persist for 5 days, whereas AMS only for 2 – 3 days.
• Elevated also in penetrating duodenal ulcer,
intestinal obstruction, acute cholecystitis.
49. • In contrast to AMS levels, LPS levels are normal in
conditions of salivary gland involvement.
• Of the three LPS isoenzymes, L2 is thought to be
most clinically specific & sensitive.