This document provides information on growing, harvesting, curing, and storing garlic. It discusses popular garlic varieties in India, their uses, top producing states, and growing seasons. Methods of planting, harvesting, curing, and storing garlic are described, including field curing, windrow curing, shade curing, and mechanical curing. Key factors that affect storage life are also outlined. Different types of storage structures used in India are illustrated, including single pole, hanging, and ventilated designs.
importance of production of cashew. it includes about botany, all varities. cotains all cimatic and soil requirement of the crop. also contais different methods of propogation, cultivation ascpects and processig aspects.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Fruit & Vegetable Cultivation”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
importance of production of cashew. it includes about botany, all varities. cotains all cimatic and soil requirement of the crop. also contais different methods of propogation, cultivation ascpects and processig aspects.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Fruit & Vegetable Cultivation”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Cultivation of marigold. production technology of marigold .Arvind Yadav
Genomic classification of marigold.African marigold(Tagetes erecta).CN- 2n=24.Family-Composity/Asteraceae. Origin ---Maxico and South america.
French marigold(Tagetes patula).CN-2n=48
.Family-composity/Asteraceae
.Origin-Maxico and South america
There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)
Production technology of onion and garlicRakesh Rajput
Production technology of bulb crop.
Production technology of Onion and garlic.
Cool season vegetables.
Cultivation of onion and garlic.
Diseases of onion and garlic
Production technology of onion ppt
turmeric cultivativation , production technology of turmeric Arvind Yadav
TURMERIC.Scientific Name : Curcuma longa.
Family :Zingiberaceae,
2n = 3X=63.
Origin place : South East Asia.
Economic part :- dried rhizome.
Curcuma longa an herbaceous perennial herb.
Curcumin (4 -7 %) is the principle colouring pigment in turmeric .
Essential oil content :- 2.5 -7.2 %.Area and production :-
India is the largest producer and exporter of turmeric in the world.
Area :- 180.96 lakh hectares.
Annual production of 7.92 lakh metric tonnes.
Andhra Pradesh stood first contributing 30% of the production followed by Orissa, Tamilnadu.
The productivity of turmeric is 4,400 kg/hectare.
The plant breeder frequently uses different tools/ instruments and materials to carry out selfing, artificial crossing and for taking field observations.
Cultivation of marigold. production technology of marigold .Arvind Yadav
Genomic classification of marigold.African marigold(Tagetes erecta).CN- 2n=24.Family-Composity/Asteraceae. Origin ---Maxico and South america.
French marigold(Tagetes patula).CN-2n=48
.Family-composity/Asteraceae
.Origin-Maxico and South america
There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)
Production technology of onion and garlicRakesh Rajput
Production technology of bulb crop.
Production technology of Onion and garlic.
Cool season vegetables.
Cultivation of onion and garlic.
Diseases of onion and garlic
Production technology of onion ppt
turmeric cultivativation , production technology of turmeric Arvind Yadav
TURMERIC.Scientific Name : Curcuma longa.
Family :Zingiberaceae,
2n = 3X=63.
Origin place : South East Asia.
Economic part :- dried rhizome.
Curcuma longa an herbaceous perennial herb.
Curcumin (4 -7 %) is the principle colouring pigment in turmeric .
Essential oil content :- 2.5 -7.2 %.Area and production :-
India is the largest producer and exporter of turmeric in the world.
Area :- 180.96 lakh hectares.
Annual production of 7.92 lakh metric tonnes.
Andhra Pradesh stood first contributing 30% of the production followed by Orissa, Tamilnadu.
The productivity of turmeric is 4,400 kg/hectare.
The plant breeder frequently uses different tools/ instruments and materials to carry out selfing, artificial crossing and for taking field observations.
Mushroom Mountain workshop at CFSA. This handout/these slides were presented at the 30th Annual Carolina Farm Stewardship Association by the Author. Please do not reproduce without the express consent of the authors.
Organic matter.
They are substances which are added to the soil to restore the productive power of the soil
They add nutrients ,organic matter required for plants and soil microbes that improve the physio chemical properties of the soil
They also counter act the toxic effect of certain chemicals in the soil
Mechanical harvesting and processing of tropical grass seedsjaisingh277
Presentation includes Some Important Tropical Grasses – Crops, Spikelets and Seeds physical characteristics, mechanical seed harvesting tools and machines, and processing for establishment of grasslands.
जैविक खाद्य गोंद - उत्पादन, प्रसंस्करण और मूल्यवर्धन परिचय और सारांशjaisingh277
इस प्रस्तुति में आईसीएआर अनुसंधान संस्थानों द्वारा प्राप्त अनुसंधान और विकास परिणामों के आधार पर खाद्य गोंद के प्रकार, इसके उत्सर्जन के स्रोत, उत्पादन प्रक्रिया, सफाई, ग्रेडिंग, प्रसंस्करण और मूल्य वर्धित उत्पादों को सरल भाषा में समझाया गया है।
जैविक खाद, कीटनाशक, खरपतवारनाशी - प्रकृति की ओर लौटने की तकनीक - कृषि पारिस्...jaisingh277
इस इस प्रस्तुति में प्रमुख फल वाली फसलें, आम, अमरूद, आंवला, सेब, खुबानी, आड़ू, पीयर, पाम, लसोड़ा, स्ट्रॉ बेरी आदि जैविक उत्पादों से संबंधित जैसे जैविक खाद की आवश्यकता, कीट, रोग और उनके जैविक उपचार मिट्टी के गुणों, सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्वों और उपज की गुणवत्ता पर चर्चा की गई है।
Organic spices.docभारतीय मसाले - पोशक ऊर्जा गृह - जैविक उत्पादन और प्रसंस्करण...jaisingh277
इस प्रस्तुति में भारत में उगाए जाने वाले प्रमुख मसाले काली मिर्च, सफेद मिर्च, इलायची, अदरक, हल्दी और मिर्च, जीरा, शाहजीरा, सौंफ. मेथी, कसूरी मेथी, धनिया, चिरोन्जी कब्र, , दालचीनी. लौंग. कबाब चीनी, कोकम, अदरक, सोंठ, कलौंजी, जावित्री, लहसुन, प्याज, अजवायन, डिल आदि
जैविक उत्पादन से संबंधित इनपुट जैसे जैविक खाद की आवश्यकता, कीड़े, कीट, रोग और उनके जैविक उपचार, तेल मात्रा और उसका निष्कर्षण, प्रसंस्करण और खाद्य उपयोग पर चर्चा की गई है।
LIBRARY SUPPORT IN RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTjaisingh277
Research is a systematic observation of processes and experiments The researcher proceeds to generate new knowledge that it might use to create new technology, products, services, or systems to help meeting demands for new and better products / technology that can solve existing and or futuristic problems more quickly, safely and easily. Library acts as a guide at this starting point of technology research
पुस्तकालय - विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी अनुसंधान में संरचना और दिशा के लिए एक शक्...jaisingh277
प्राचीन काल से, पुस्तकालयों को ज्ञान, विद्या, साक्षरता, शिक्षा, रचनात्मकता और नवीनता के प्रवेश द्वार के रूप में पहचाना जाता रहा है। भारत में प्राचीन पुस्तकालयों के प्रमाण 2500-1500 ईसा पूर्व के मिलते हैं। शोधकर्ता अवधारणा की परिकल्पना करता है और लक्षित समस्या का समाधान लाने की दिशा में एक दृढ़ पथ पर आगे बढ़ने के लिए विचार उत्पन्न करता है।इस प्रस्तुति में पुस्तकालय द्वारा विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी अनुसंधान में संरचना और दिशा के लिए सशक्त सहायक मार्गदर्शिका को स्पष्ट करने का विनम्र प्रयास किया गया है।
MILK - BASED FRUITS AND VEGETABLE ENRICHED PRODUCTS – OPPORTUNITIES AND CHAL...jaisingh277
The object of the present mini review paper was to elucidate the importance of fruits and vegetables and their by products in enriching the traditional milk and milk products with regard to human nutrition, research on development of various fruits and vegetable enriched products, processes and technologies required and in – turn resulting in opening newer avenues for rural entrepreneurship development at household, cottage, small and medium level giving employment and income generation opportunities.
चोलाई hindi चोलाई (AMARANTHUS tricolour L) - एक पोषक ऊर्जा गृह - ग्रामीण रोजग...jaisingh277
चौलाई (AMARANTHUS tricolour L) - पत्तेदार सब्जी और अनाज खाद्य पौधा है ।उष्णकटिबंधीय और उपोष्णकटिबंधीय जलवायु के अनुकूल है, पूरे भारत में साल भर उगाया जाता है। दक्षिण भारत में सबसे लोकप्रिय है ।यह पौधा, आवश्यक पोषक तत्वों का संयोजन करता है।
स्वास्थ्य को बढ़ावा देने वाले पोषक तत्वों की अपार क्षमता है और अनेक औषधीय गुणों से भरपुर है
खनिजों, आहार फाइबर, प्रोटीन, एंटीऑक्सीडेंट, आदि यौगिकों का कम लागत वाला स्रोत है।
Jai-Cholai.docxचोलाई (AMARANTHUS tricolour L) - एक पोषक ऊर्जा गृह - ग्रामीण र...jaisingh277
यह प्रस्तुति चौलाई चौलाई के महत्व और उपयोग; किस्मों, उत्पादन प्रौद्योगिकी प्रबंधन; पत्तियों और बीज प्रसंस्करण प्रौद्योगिकी; पत्तियों और बीज उत्पादों के विकास; बीज बोने, कटाई, सुखाने, चूर्ण बनाने के उपकरण और मशीनरी के बारे में विस्तार से बताती है।
धनिया हिन्दी.docxधनिया (Coriandrum sativum L,) उत्पादन, प्रसंस्करण और मूल्यवर्धनjaisingh277
धनिया Coriandrum sativum L, Apiaceous परिवार का एक वार्षिक हर्बल परम आवश्यक मसाला है। पौधे की पत्तियाँ और बीज दोनों ही व्यावसायिक महत्व के हैं। धनिया की फसल, धनिया के बीज और पत्ते, धनिया ताजी हरी पत्तियों की अनुमानित संरचना, धनिया के बीज की समीपस्थ संरचना , धनिया उत्पादन प्रौद्योगिकी, प्रसंस्करण और मूल्य संवर्धन, मूल्य वर्धित उत्पादों का विकास, धनिया बीज प्रसंस्करण और मूल्य वर्धित उत्पादों का विकास, धनिया के फूल का उपयोग
मिर्च (Capsicum annuum. L, - Solanaceae) मूल्य वर्धित उत्पादों के लिए प्रसंस्...jaisingh277
हरी और सूखी मिर्च दोनों ही भारतीयों के नियमित आहार के महत्वपूर्ण घटक हैं। यह व्यंजनों को आवश्यक तीखापन, रंग, और स्वादिस्ट खुश्बू प्रदान करती है। जब मिर्च को भोजन के साथ लिया जाता है, तो यह स्वाद कलियों को उत्तेजित करता है और वहां लार के प्रवाह को बढ़ाता है जिसमें एंजाइम विश्लेषण होता है जो स्टार्च या अनाज वाले खाद्य पदार्थों के पाचन में मदद करता है।
अरबी कन्द (Taro) (कोलोकैसिया एस्कुलेंटा) उत्पादन, मूल्यवर्धन और आय सृजन हेतु...jaisingh277
अरबी / अरवी / घुइयां / तारो (कोलोकैसिया एस्कुलेंटा) मुख्य रूप से एक सब्जी का पौधा है। इसे मीठे स्वाद वाले कंद के लिए उगाया जाता है। कंद, ताजी पत्तियों और तने को अच्छी तरह से पकाकर कई प्रकार से खाया जाता है।
Melon Family Seeds Underutilized Rich Source of Human Nutrition - Potential U...jaisingh277
Five fruits and vegetable crops seeds (Water melon, Musk melon, Pumpkin, Bottle Gourd, Bitter Gourd ) belonging to melon family - Cucurbitaceae, contain food and biologically active substances having beneficial effect on the vital activity of the human body. These seeds
are rich source of nutrients, vitamins, minerals, biologically active compounds, anti-bacterial, anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial.
DOLICHOS BEANS (SEM KI PHALI ) PRODUCTION POST HARVEST MANAGRMRNT AND VALUE A...jaisingh277
Sem ( Lablab purpureus (Linn.) / Syn-Dolichos lablab Linn / Indian bean is a multipurpose annual or short lived wild perennial plant used as vegetable, pulse and forage. Leaves, flowers and roots , all are edible. It belongs to Fabaceae family and LabLab genus. Ayurveda calls it medicinal plant. Mostly it is home grown/ backyard / wildly grown plant. Now its demand is at increase, so commercial cultivation is growing day by day.
FORAGE SEED - PRENEURSHIP FOR RURAL EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME GENERATION FILE PA...jaisingh277
It presents GRASSES AND LEGUMES FOR PASTURES AND GRASSLANDS .Cenchrus ciliaris L.-
( ANJAN GHAS)
For grazing and hay making
Rs550./kg
Cenchrus setigerus Vahl. (DHAMAN GRASS)
For Grazing , Hay and Silage
Rs550/kg
Bothriochloa intermedia (R.Br.) A. Cam (BADA PHULVA)
For Grazing , Hay and Silage.
Rs550/kg
Chloris gayana Kunth. (RHODES GRASS)
For Grazing , Hay and Silage
Rs 650 /kg
Chrysopogon fulvus (Spreng.) Chiov. (GOLDEN BEARD GRASS (DHAWALU GHAS)
For Grazing and Haying. Rs550/kg
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.(LEMON GRASS ? OIL GRASS)
For Grazing and Haying
Rs 150 – 250/kg, etc. Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC.) Urb.
(SIRATRO)
For Grazing , Haying and Ensiling
Rs150 - 250/kg
Lablab purpureus (Linn.) Sweet . (LABLAB BEAN (SEM)
For Grazing and Ensiling
Rs160/kg
Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw. (LUCERNE)
For For Grazing and Ensiling
Rs315 – 350/kg
Stylosanthus Scabra (STYLO)
For Grazing and Ensiling
Rs300 – 350/kg
Stylosanthes humilis
For Grazing and Haying
Rs300 -350/kg, etc. FORAGE TREES, CULTIVATED FODDER CROPS AND LEGUMES - SEED
FORAGE SEED - PRENEURSHIP FOR RURAL EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME GENERATION Part - Ajaisingh277
Seeds are the foundation of forage production. Technology facilitates in day-to-day operations for the system, but without a regular supply of quality seed in sufficient quantity, yields and crop quality can not be sustainably achieved. There is a large gap between demand and availability of forage crop seeds. With this in view, this presentation is made to augment forage – seed - preneurship at rural base. The approach is to equip seedpreneurs with desirable knowledge about product, financial and marketing aspects; higher technical skill and managerial expertise.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
GARLIC (Allium sativum Alliaceae) PLANTING, HARVESTING, CURING AND STORAGE TECHNOLOGY
1. GARLIC (Allium sativum Alliaceae)
PLANTING, HARVESTING, CURING
AND STORAGE TECHNOLOGY
Dr Jai Singh (ARS)
M. Tech Ph D
Former Director ICAR – CIPHET
E – Mail: jsingh.sre@gmail.com
3. GARLIC USES
Food
Preparations
Spice or Condiments for Flavour, Aroma
and Taste
Food Products Chutneys, Pickles, Dips , Curry Powder,
Sauces, Ketchups, Garlic Powder, Garlic
Salt, Garlic Vinegar, Garlic Bread, etc.
Medicinal Herbal products pastes and medicines for
stomach disease, sore eyes, and earache ,
VAT, PIT COUGH.
Dehydrated Products flakes, powder, pickles paste, canned and
bottled.
4. TOP PRODUCTION STATUS IN INDIA
(NHB - 2015 - 16)
SN STATE PRODUCTION, 000 TONNES
1 MADHYA PRADESH 424.5
2 Rajasthan 377.49
3 GUJRAT 318.20
4 Uttar pradesh 193.62
5 ASSAM 76.95
6 PUNJAB 73.54
7 WEST BENGAL 36.07
8 HARYANA 35.83
9 ORISSA 35.5
10 MAHARASHTRA 12.69
TOTAL 1584.59
5. GROWING SEASONS IN INDIA AND
AVAILABILITY (SD H& AG 2016– 17)
RABI SEASON GROWING
MONTH
HARVESTING
MONTH
Early growing September to
October December to
January
Mid growing Octomber to
November
January to
February
Late growing November to
December
February to
March
DOMESTIC AVAILABILITY = 8 – 10 LAKH TONNES
6. GARLIC CROP SEASON AND STATES GROWN
KHARIF : JUNE – JULY
TAMIL NADU, KARNATAKA, MAHARASHTRA,
MADHYA PRADESH, CHATTISGARH
RABI – OCT – NOVEMBER
ANDHRA PRADESH, BIHAR, HARYANA,
PUNJAB, UTTAR PRADESH, UTTRAKHAND,
RAJASTHAN AND BENGAL HILLS.
About 150 to 200 kg cloves are required to
plant one hectare. They are sown by dibbling
or furrow planting.
7. GARLIC RECOMMENDED PLANTING
METHOD
(ICAR - NRC ONION AND GARLIC )
IN RABI – FLAT BED 1.5 TO 2.0 M WIDTH AND 4 TO
6 M LENGTH.
IN KHARIF – BROAD BED 15 CM HEIGHT , 120 CM
LONG WITH 45 CM DEEP FURROW FOR
DRAINAGE.
FOR PLANTING HEALTHY CLOVES ARE TREATED
BY DIPPING IN 0.1 % CABENSADIN SOLUTION .
CLOVES ARE PLANTED 10 CM APART 7.5 CM DEEP
•IRRIGATION – DRIP OR SPRINKLER
14. SN PROPERTY EFFECT
1 PHYSICAL:- MASS,
VOLUME, BULK
DENSITY, POROSITY
20 – 30 g, 2245.64 mm cube, 453.5
to 478.75 Kg / cum / 892 to 1007
kg/m3 , 54 – 56 %
2 GEOMETRICAL :-
SIZE, SHAPE,
SURFACE AREA
Dia - 2.53 to 4.93 CM, Projected
area - 4.54 CM SQ
3 POROSITY:-
54 – 56 %
4 FILLING ANGLE OF
REPOSE;-
54.16±3.85°
ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF GARLIC
(THE DATA INDICATED ARE AVERAGE
IRRESPECTIVE OF CULTIVAR AND AREA)
16. TEXTURAL
PROPERTIES:-
PENETRATION /
CRUSHING LOAD
Crushing strength - 55.6 to
155.0 N, Hardness - 13.78 N
COLOUR :- DECREASES AROUND 4 % WITH
STORAGE PERIOD.
TSS:- INCREASES 10 – 14 % WITH
STORAGE PERIOD
ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF ONION
17. OBJECTIVE OF STORAGE
TECHNOLOGY
•TO MAINTAIN BULB IN UNCHANGED SOUND
CONDITION.
•TO MAINTAIN LONGER SELF LIFE.
•TO TRANSPORT WITH MINIMUM LOSSES.
•MARKETING & HANDLING WITH MINIMUM
LOSSES.
•TO REMOVE HEAT AND WATER VAPOUR.
•TO CHECK MARKET GLUT.
•OFF – SEASON AVAILABILITY.
•ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
•EXPORT
18. STORAGE PARAMETERS
(For Effective Long Storage)
Bulb size, Choice of Cultivars,
Cultivation Practices, Time of
Harvest, Field Curing, Removal of
Tops, Drying, Grading,
Packing, Storage Conditions
(optimum storage range of R H 65% to 70% ,
temperature ranging 27 TO 35 DEG C)
19. Contd -- Storage Parameters
Pre and Post Harvest Factors /
Conditions
Curing Techniques followed
Storage Techniques (temperature,
relative humidity, controlled
atmospheres)
Handling and Local Transport
Major Quality Features
Utilization Processes and Methods
21. SEALING THE BULB OUTER LAYER AND
NECK
•DRY THE BULB AND LEAVES BY CURING.
• OUTER LAYERS SEAL THE BULB FROM
OUTER ENVIRONMENT.
•WEIGHT LOSS STOPS / MINIMISES
•SEALED LAYER PROTECTS AGAINST ROT
AND FUNGI
•MININISE TEMP FLUCTUATION TO PREVENT
SPROUTING
•STORE IN DARK LIGHT PROMOTES
SPROUTING
•SLOW VENTILATION IMPROVES QUALITY
22. FACTORS AFFECTING STORAGE LIFE:
•GROWING SEASON
•GENETIC MAKE UP - DRY MATTER, PUNGENCY, COLOUR,
NUMBER OF SCALES, NATURAL DORMENCY PERIOD.
•PRE - HARVEST TREATMENTS
•PRE – HARVEST MANAGEMENT : NUTRIENT, IRRIGATION,
TIME OF HARVEST, METHOD OF HARVEST, CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS.
•CURING : METHODS, DURATION, CONDITION AFTER
CURING.
•POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT.
•STORAGE ENVIRONMENT: CURING STAGE, TYPES OF
STORAGE STRUCTURES, DIRECTIONAL LAY - OUT OF
STRUCTURE. AERATION, STORAGE DURATION,
TREATMENTS DURING STORAGE, TEMPERATURE,
RELATIVE HUMIDITY, ETC.
24. METHOD OF STORAGE:
•GRADING
•MAKE BUNDLES OF 20 – 25 PLANTS TYING WITH
TOPS / LEAVES
•KEEP THE BUNDLES IN SHADE FOR 15 DAYS IN UP
RIGHT POSITION
•NOW STORE BUNDLES IN STRUCTURES
25. Pre-harvest treatment
PREPARATION FOR HARVESTING
FOR BETTER STORAGE - Spraying 3000
ppm MH, 3 weeks before harvest.
FOR MINIMUM DECAY LOSS - spraying
0.1% carbendazim
FOR REDUCING WEIGHT LOSS IN
STORAGE- Phosphorus and potassium
application
26. Post -harvest treatment fo safe
storage
Irradiation with 2-6 krad of cobalt 60
gamma rays given to bulbs within 8
weeks of harvesting recommended for
controlling sprouting in storage.
, reduce weight loss and can prolong
storage life .
28. HARVESTING OPERATION PREPARATION
DECIDE PURPOSE
STORAGE AND LATER MARKETING - 150 DAYS
READY TO HARVEST
Harvest when leaves begin to turn yellow,
but when about 60% are still green
30. GARLIC CURING OBJECTIVE
To prepare for long term storage.
To Improve colour and keeping quality
To reduces chances of infection / rot
by disease-causing organisms in
storage.
TO REMOVE EXCESS MOISTURE FROM OUTER SKIN
AND NECK
TO ALLOW COLOUR DEVELOPMENT
TO MAKE BULB COMPACT AND TO GO IN natural
DORMANT STAGE
31. Contd -- CURING - OBJECTIVE
•SURFACE DRYING - EXCESS
MOISTURE REMOVAL FROM OUTER
SKIN, NECK, ROOTS.
•TO WITHER THE BULB NECK AND
TIGHTENING PAPERY SKIN TO SEAL
OUT MOISTURE
•CURE FOR 2 – 3 WEEKS UNTIL TOP
NECK GETS COMPLETELY DRIED
32. Curing Mechanics
•Fresh bulbs contains sugary juices
and wear light skin cover.
•Dry skin works as papery wrappers.
•Pungent compound replace sugars.
•Bulb neck gets tightened.
•Seals out moisture and
microorganisms.
DR JAI SINGH
34. FIELD CURING GARLIC
Bulbs with leaves are piled and covered by cut
grasses / crop residues. Curing requires high
temperature and high relative humidity . Grass
covering traps self-generated heat and moisture.
The stack should be left for about four day to remove
excess moisture from outer skin and neck of bulbs.
DIGGING BULBS COVERING WITH DRY LEAVES OR
PILING COVERED BY GRASS
35. WINDROW CURING
•PLACING DUG OUT BULBS IN WINDROWS
WITH LEAVES OF ONE ROW COVERING THE
BULBS OF NEXT ROW PROTECTING BULBS
FROM SUN BURN
•TURN WINDROWS REGULARLY FOR EVEN
CURING.
36. NATURAL CURING
MAKE BUNDLES OF 10 – 12 BULBS TYING WITH
LEAVES. HUNG THE BUNDLES, END DOWN, ON
STRINGS / BAMBOO STRIP FRAME.
38. SHADE / GREEN HOUSE, HOOP HOUSE
CURING:
After field curing the bulb tops are cut leaving 2
cm neck on the bulbs and dried in shade for 15
days.
39. DEHYDRATION PROCESS CURING
The perfect Dehydration Process makes
the Garlic free from Moisture and it gives
a long shelf life without losing the
Aroma, Taste, Flavour and Pungancy.
27°C is ideal for two weeks drying time.
40. MECHANICAL / ARTIFICIAL / HOT AIR
MECHANICAL :BLOWING HOT AIR 27 – 35
DEG CELCIUS RH 60 – 75 % FOR 48 HRS.
NECKS WILL GRADUALLY WITHER AND
PAPERRY SKIN WILL TIGHTEN (NHRDF)
41. STORAGE TECHNOLOGY
CONVENTIONAL
IMPROVED
well ventilated place
STACKS LOOSE OR PERFORATED BAGS
STACK HEIGHT 1.5 M
AREATION SPACE ALL AROUND
SUITABLE CULTIVER – DM, PUNGENCY, SKIN COLOR,
SKIN NUMBER, NATURAL DORMENCY.
ROTTING INCREASES WITH HUMIDITY
SPROTING INCREASES WITH TEMPERATURE
STORAGE AT 0 DEG C CAN GO FOR 150 DAYS WITH
AROUND 14 % WEIGHT LOSS
CAN BE STORED AT 30 TO 35 DEG C
42. CONTD …….STORAGE TECHNOLOGY
CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE (CA) 3-5 % O2 + 10
% CO2, TEMP 4.4 DEG C
O2 1 % + NIL CO2 AT ROOM TEMP ALSO
SUITABLE
TRADITIONAL STRUCTURES INDIAN
TEMP: 25 – 30 DEG C, RH : 65 – 75 %
DIRECTION : NORTH – WEST
LENGTH FACING : EAST – WEST
GROUND CLEARANCE : 60 CM
STRUCTURE HEIGHT : 90 – 150 CM
FLOOR AREA FOR 25 TONNES : 4.5 X 6.0 SQ M
STR. WIDTH : 1- 1.5 M
SHADE OVER HUNG : 1.5 M
44. Moisture loss during storage
•cold store - 4.38-5.57%
•at room temp storage - 4.44-5.77
•in traditional storage - 4.36%
Total weight loss
•cold store –16.10
•room temp storage –18.30%
•traditional structure - 14.24%
45. ON STRING : Strings are
tied on bulbs neck and
arranged spirally on the
rope. The ropes are hung
on poles arranged
horizontally or vertically in
the shed.
46. ICAR – CIPHET SINGLE POLE STORAGE METHOS
WOODEN POLES 100 – 150 MM DIA 3 – 4 M LONG ARE
ERECTED IN SHADE IN SQUARE CINFIGURATION OF 60 – 75
CM. FULLY CURED ONIONS ARE BUNCHED WITH LEAVES.
THESE BUNCHES ARE TIED ON POLES SPIRALLY. ONIONS
REMAIN HUNG ON POLES WITH EACH BULB EXPOSED TO
OUTER AIR.
47. HANGING METHOD: Fully
cured de - topped onions ,
packed in woven bags
hung on wooden poles
with strings
CONCENTRIC RING SPLIT
BAMBOO 100 TO 800 KG
CAPACITY. GARLIC ARE FILLED IN
BETWEEN THE RINGS. AERATION
FROM BOTTOM AND SIDES. PLW IS
MINIMUM.
CONTD …… GARLIC STORAGE
48. NHRDF – 3 TONNE CAPACITY , 6.5 X
5 SQ M, FLOOR AREA, SIDE AND
TOP AERATION,
MADE UP OF BAMBOO AND
THETCH / TILE ROOF
NHRDF – 3 TONNE CAPACITY , 6.5 X
5 SQ M, FLOOR AREA, FLOOR,
SIDE AND TOP AERATION,
MADE UP OF BAMBOO AND
THETCH / TILE ROOF
GARLIC STORAGE STRUCTURES
49. NHRDF – DINDIGUL
STORAGE STRUCTURE,
THETCH ROOF, AERATION
SIDES AND TOP.
ICAR – DOGR – THETCH
ROOF AERATION FROM
SIDES AND FLOOR
KAU - KOTA – 600 SQ FEET
FLOOR AREA VENTILATED
TIERS 90 TONNES CAPACITY
MADE OF BAMBOO.
VENTILATION BOTTOM AND
SIDES
50. Temporary Storage in Rajasthan –
DETOPPED GARLIC IS STORED FOR 90 DAYS
IN SHED ARRANGED IN ROWS OF 1.2 M
WIDTH AND 1.5 M HIGH.
Bag Storage
HEAP STORAGE
51. ICAR – DOGR GARLIC STORAGE STRUCTURES – 25 – 30 TONNES
CAPACITY :
( 1 )DOUBLE RAW BOTTOM, TOP AND SIDES VENTILATED (2) DOUBLE
RAW SIDES AND TOP VENTILATED (3) SINGLE RAW MUD PLASTERED /
NET WOVEN. Iron / Bamboo frame
52. SOLAR POWERED
FORCED VENTILATED
SORE
COLD ROOM STORAGE –
TEMPERATURE o – 2
deg C / 7.83-10.26, RH -
65.58-69.45 - LOSSES – NIL. 6
DR JAI SINGH
CONTD …… GARLIC STORAGE
53. Storage – cum - Drying in High Tunnels:
Tunnels are multi tier . Garlic produce after
detopping and storage treatments are placed
in cloth and ventilated
by fans.
Storage – cum - Drying on
Racks :
Roots and tops cut or
uncut spread out on
drying racks.
54. GRADING / SORTING : After curing and
before storage / marketing minimum bulb size
45 mm, compact free of damage and sun burn
for better price.