Plant breeder's kit
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The plant breeder frequently uses different tools/ instruments and materials to carry out selfing, artificial crossing and for taking field observations.
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Classes of seeds
This document summarizes the different classes of seeds in the development and certification process. It begins with nucleus seed, which is genetically pure seed from a small number of selected plants. Breeder's seed is produced from nucleus seed and is used to produce foundation seed. Foundation seed is multiplied to produce registered seed, which can be further multiplied to produce certified seed, the class that is sold to farmers. Certified seed must meet standards for genetic purity, identity and quality.
Three line system of hybrid seed production
The document describes a three line system of hybrid seed production. It involves an A line that is male sterile, a B line that is fertile and maintains the same nucleus as the A line but with different cytoplasm, and an R line that can restore male fertility in the A line. When the A line is crossed with the B line, it produces a first generation hybrid that is heterozygous. The R line is then used to restore male fertility in the A line for large-scale seed production without needing extra parent lines. Key requirements for successful hybrid seed production using this system include selecting appropriate locations, seed fields, isolation, and cultural practices.
Rouging and its significance
What is Rouging?
Rouging for quality seed production,
A major source of off-type plant,
Rouging in Certified Seed Production,
Rouging During rice seed production.
Selfing and crossing techniques in crop plants and Breeders Kit
Studying about, Selfing and crossing techniques in crop plants and Breeders Kit,helps to students and researchers to select appropriate techniques for selfing and crossing in different crops.
Implementation and impact of IPM. Safety issues in pesticide use. Political, ...
IPM packages tested at several research centres vis-a-vis the farmers’ practices indicate superiority of the former. IPM practices enabled reduction in the number of chemical sprays. IPM system also resulted in increase of natural enemies by three-fold, reduced the insecticide and environmental pollution (Dhaliwal and Arora, 1996).
An integrated strategy for the management of major pests and diseases is possible by
I. breeding new varieties with built-in resistance,
II. evolving efficient methods of pest control through pest surveys and monitoring, and
III. biological control of pests with the help of conservation and augmentation of natural enemies like parasites, predators and insect pathogens.
The
Exercise 2 emasculation and hybridization in maize
This document discusses hybridization techniques in maize. It notes that maize is predominantly wind pollinated. The key hybridization techniques discussed are:
- Emasculation of the female plant by removing the tassel to prevent self-pollination.
- Bagging the female ear shoot and male tassel to collect pollen for cross-pollination.
- Dusting the collected pollen from the male parent onto the silks of the female ear after removing the bag, ensuring no contamination from other pollen sources. Proper labeling of the hybridization details is also important.
Chickpea
1. The document provides information on the morphology, anatomy, and breeding of chickpea. It describes the plant's growth habit, roots, stems, leaves, flowers, pods, and seeds.
2. The breeding section outlines the process of emasculation and pollination for crossing chickpea varieties, including bud selection, removal of anthers, and pollen placement.
3. Pod development begins 5-6 days after fertilization, with mature pods harvested around 60 days later.
Hybrid seed production of rice
The Presentation is prepared by N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to hybrid seed production related to rice.
Recommended
Classes of seeds
This document summarizes the different classes of seeds in the development and certification process. It begins with nucleus seed, which is genetically pure seed from a small number of selected plants. Breeder's seed is produced from nucleus seed and is used to produce foundation seed. Foundation seed is multiplied to produce registered seed, which can be further multiplied to produce certified seed, the class that is sold to farmers. Certified seed must meet standards for genetic purity, identity and quality.
Three line system of hybrid seed production
The document describes a three line system of hybrid seed production. It involves an A line that is male sterile, a B line that is fertile and maintains the same nucleus as the A line but with different cytoplasm, and an R line that can restore male fertility in the A line. When the A line is crossed with the B line, it produces a first generation hybrid that is heterozygous. The R line is then used to restore male fertility in the A line for large-scale seed production without needing extra parent lines. Key requirements for successful hybrid seed production using this system include selecting appropriate locations, seed fields, isolation, and cultural practices.
Rouging and its significance
What is Rouging?
Rouging for quality seed production,
A major source of off-type plant,
Rouging in Certified Seed Production,
Rouging During rice seed production.
Selfing and crossing techniques in crop plants and Breeders Kit
Studying about, Selfing and crossing techniques in crop plants and Breeders Kit,helps to students and researchers to select appropriate techniques for selfing and crossing in different crops.
Implementation and impact of IPM. Safety issues in pesticide use. Political, ...
IPM packages tested at several research centres vis-a-vis the farmers’ practices indicate superiority of the former. IPM practices enabled reduction in the number of chemical sprays. IPM system also resulted in increase of natural enemies by three-fold, reduced the insecticide and environmental pollution (Dhaliwal and Arora, 1996).
An integrated strategy for the management of major pests and diseases is possible by
I. breeding new varieties with built-in resistance,
II. evolving efficient methods of pest control through pest surveys and monitoring, and
III. biological control of pests with the help of conservation and augmentation of natural enemies like parasites, predators and insect pathogens.
The
Exercise 2 emasculation and hybridization in maize
This document discusses hybridization techniques in maize. It notes that maize is predominantly wind pollinated. The key hybridization techniques discussed are:
- Emasculation of the female plant by removing the tassel to prevent self-pollination.
- Bagging the female ear shoot and male tassel to collect pollen for cross-pollination.
- Dusting the collected pollen from the male parent onto the silks of the female ear after removing the bag, ensuring no contamination from other pollen sources. Proper labeling of the hybridization details is also important.
Chickpea
1. The document provides information on the morphology, anatomy, and breeding of chickpea. It describes the plant's growth habit, roots, stems, leaves, flowers, pods, and seeds.
2. The breeding section outlines the process of emasculation and pollination for crossing chickpea varieties, including bud selection, removal of anthers, and pollen placement.
3. Pod development begins 5-6 days after fertilization, with mature pods harvested around 60 days later.
Hybrid seed production of rice
The Presentation is prepared by N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to hybrid seed production related to rice.
Plant Ideotype Concept
The document discusses crop ideotypes and ideotype breeding. It defines an ideotype as an ideal or model plant type designed for a specific environment to maximize yield. Ideotype breeding aims to enhance genetic yield potential through manipulation of individual plant traits. Examples of ideotypes are provided for various crops like wheat, rice, maize, barley and cotton that focus on traits like plant height, tillering ability, leaf characteristics and resistance to stresses. Factors influencing ideotypes and the steps in ideotype breeding are also outlined. Practical achievements highlighted ideotype breeding's role in the green revolution by developing semi-dwarf varieties responsive to fertilizers.
principles of seed production
The document discusses genetic principles of seed production and certification. It explains that varieties can deteriorate due to developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, diseases, and improper techniques. Seed production and certification aims to maintain genetic purity and prevent such deterioration. It involves controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, and certification of seeds in classes from breeder to foundation to registered to certified.
HANDLING OF SEGREGATING GENERATIONS
In this presentation you will come to know about the HANDLING OF SEGREGATING GENERATIONS, that is (PEDIGREE METHOD, MASS PEDIGREE METHOD, BULK METHOD, SINGLE SEED DESCENT METHOD).
HEIA and LEISA
High external input agriculture (HEIA) relies heavily on chemical fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation and other external inputs which can be financially unsustainable for small farmers and damage the environment over time. Low external input sustainable agriculture (LEISA) focuses on optimizing natural processes, environmental sustainability, and the long-term needs of farmers through practices like nutrient recycling, integrated pest management, and crop diversification tailored to local conditions. The key differences between HEIA and LEISA are that HEIA depends on high yields through external inputs while damaging the environment, whereas LEISA prioritizes sustainability through minimal external inputs and optimizing local resources.
Training and Pruning of Fruit Crops
The document discusses training and pruning of fruit trees. It provides details on:
1) The objectives of training include improving plant structure, facilitating cultural practices and harvest, and balancing vegetative and reproductive growth. Common training systems described include central leader, open center, and modified center.
2) Pruning aims to control plant size and yield, remove diseased or damaged wood, and balance vegetative and reproductive growth. Techniques include heading, thinning, and girdling. Proper timing and tools are important.
3) Factors like bud differentiation timing and wood age influence appropriate pruning times. Temperate trees are pruned dormant in winter while evergreens are rarely pruned except for thinning.
Deterioration causes of crop varieties and their control; Maintenance of Gene...
Deterioration causes of crop varieties and their control; Maintenance of Genetic Purity during seed Production
Pearlmillet heterosis and hybrid seed production
Pearl millet is a warm season crop that is primarily cross-pollinated. It has fast root growth and is used for hay, pasture, silage, and food. Hybrid seed production in pearl millet uses cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility (CGMS) systems with A-lines that are male sterile and B-lines or R-lines that restore fertility. A-lines and B-lines are maintained together while R-lines are multiplied separately. The hybrid seed is produced by crossing the A-line with the R-line. Seed classes include breeder seed, foundation seed, and certified seed which are produced and maintained according to procedures to ensure genetic purity. Potential hybrid parents are identified
Bulk method pedigree method &line breeding
The document summarizes three plant breeding methods: bulk method, pedigree method, and line breeding.
The bulk method involves growing generations of plants in bulk and delaying selection until later generations, allowing natural selection to influence the population. The pedigree method involves maintaining detailed records on individual plants and their progeny over multiple generations to develop pure lines. Line breeding uses male sterile lines to facilitate hybrid seed production, including one-line approaches using apomixis, two-line approaches using genetic or cytoplasmic male sterility, and three-line approaches using cytoplasmic genetic male sterility.
Seed act
The Seeds Act of 1966 was enacted by the Government of India to regulate the quality of seeds during production and marketing. Some key aspects of the Act include:
- Establishing committees and agencies at central and state levels to oversee certification of seed varieties and testing.
- Granting powers to notify specific seed varieties and set minimum standards for germination and purity.
- Requiring labeling of certified seed packages and allowing for inspection and testing of seeds.
- Providing for appeals process and penalties for non-compliance with the Act.
The Act aims to promote quality control of seeds and provides the framework for regulation of the seed industry in India.
History and development of seed industry in india
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to History and development of seed industry in india.
Seed production techniques
The slides describing about the different techniques of seed production, as the seed is the basic part of any production program. Therefore, please provide review about these techniques.
Seed certification procedure
The document outlines seed certification procedures, which ensure quality seeds for farmers. Seed certification verifies genetic identity and purity, germination rates, and freedom from diseases. It involves registering seed producers, inspecting seed fields for standards, processing and testing seeds, and issuing certificates for certified seeds. The goal is to provide high-quality seeds of improved varieties to increase crop production.
Cultivation of sugarcane.........
Manjeet Singh presented information on sugarcane, including its botanical classification as Saccharum officinarum, and importance as a major cash crop and source of sugar in Asia. Sugarcane is grown in over 110 countries and its main production areas include Brazil, India, and China. In India, Uttar Pradesh has the highest area and production of sugarcane. The presentation covered sugarcane varieties, growth stages, production practices like planting methods and intercropping, and discussed pests, diseases and management strategies. Key products from sugarcane include sugar, jaggery, molasses, bagasse and ethanol.
PEDIGREE METHOD OF PLANT BREEDING
This document describes the pedigree method of plant breeding. The pedigree method involves selecting individual plants from segregating generations like F2 and recording the parent-offspring relationships. Key steps include growing F1 plants to produce F2 seeds, selecting plants from the F2 generation based on traits, growing progeny rows from selected F2 plants in F3, continuing selection and growing of progeny rows from subsequent generations to achieve homozygosity and stable lines for yield trials. The pedigree method allows for selection and development of pure lines from segregating populations.
Hybrid seed production of sorghum crop.
This document summarizes the seed production process for both open pollinated and hybrid varieties of sorghum. For open pollinated varieties, the key steps are land preparation, isolation requirements, rouging, field inspections, harvesting, and threshing. Seed yield is typically 35-40 q/ha. For hybrid varieties, the process involves maintaining parental lines and commercial hybrid seed production. Proper isolation distances and cultural practices like synchronization of flowering are required. Key steps also include rouging, field inspections, separate harvesting of male and female rows, and threshing. Seed yield is typically 4-6 q/ha.
Seed borne diseases seminar
This document discusses seed borne diseases and their management. It notes that seed borne pathogens can cause significant losses through reduced germination, seedling mortality, and yield losses. Some key seed borne diseases mentioned include late blight of potato, brown spot of rice, and downy mildew of pearl millet. The document then outlines methods for detecting seed borne pathogens, including visual examination, growing tests, and molecular methods. It discusses management approaches like seed selection, quarantine, hot water treatment, chemical seed treatments, and biological seed treatments using microbes like Trichoderma and Pseudomonas.
Hybrid Seed Production Technology of Maize
This document summarizes the process of hybrid seed production for maize. It discusses selecting appropriate parent lines and maintaining isolation distances between male and female lines. Key steps include planting ratios, detasseling the male plants, roguing undesirable plants, and harvesting when seeds reach proper maturity. Multiple inspections are needed to ensure genetic purity is maintained throughout production. Proper post-harvest handling and storage is also important for high quality hybrid maize seed.
Seed production-maize
Maize (Zea mays) is the third most important cereal crop after wheat and rice. It originated in Central America and Mexico. There are different varieties of maize including flint corn, dent corn, sweet corn and popcorn. Production of hybrid maize seeds involves maintaining parental lines, producing single crosses between parental lines, and producing commercial hybrids by crossing single crosses. Seed production requires isolation distances between fields and roguing to maintain purity of the seeds.
3. chickpea ppt 1
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/e/2PACX-1vT7qy3m-EKWXhm3zMT42HOJcRoyvcfa-D_dAhVSZZnYs7sbiQzO2j1a8_ZBLCghkmqB-g1wZemQPm1c/pub?start=false&loop=false&delayms=3000
Breeding of Maize
GPB 311: Maize- Centre of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives and major breeding objectives and procedures for development of varieties and hybrids for improvement yield, adoptability, stability, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and quality of Maize
Herbarium and plant collection
This document provides instructions for creating an herbarium, which is a collection of preserved plant specimens. It describes the purposes of an herbarium as allowing for accurate plant identification, creating a permanent record, and providing materials for research. The key aspects of making specimens are collecting whole plants or plant parts, pressing and drying them between sheets of paper for weeks, mounting them onto standard-sized paper sheets, and labeling them with identifying information. Proper preparation and storage allows herbarium specimens to last for hundreds of years.
Propagating Trees & Fruit-Bearing Trees.pptx
This document provides information on propagating trees and fruit-bearing trees using scientific processes. It discusses the importance of plant propagation and the benefits of using scientific methods. These include ensuring healthy, strong plant growth and increased harvest yields. The document also identifies the appropriate tools used in plant propagation and describes their purposes. Finally, it explains different scientific propagation techniques like sexual propagation using seeds, and asexual propagation methods like cutting, grafting, budding, layering, and inarching. Safety measures for propagating fruit trees are also outlined.
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Plant Ideotype Concept
The document discusses crop ideotypes and ideotype breeding. It defines an ideotype as an ideal or model plant type designed for a specific environment to maximize yield. Ideotype breeding aims to enhance genetic yield potential through manipulation of individual plant traits. Examples of ideotypes are provided for various crops like wheat, rice, maize, barley and cotton that focus on traits like plant height, tillering ability, leaf characteristics and resistance to stresses. Factors influencing ideotypes and the steps in ideotype breeding are also outlined. Practical achievements highlighted ideotype breeding's role in the green revolution by developing semi-dwarf varieties responsive to fertilizers.
principles of seed production
The document discusses genetic principles of seed production and certification. It explains that varieties can deteriorate due to developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, diseases, and improper techniques. Seed production and certification aims to maintain genetic purity and prevent such deterioration. It involves controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, and certification of seeds in classes from breeder to foundation to registered to certified.
HANDLING OF SEGREGATING GENERATIONS
In this presentation you will come to know about the HANDLING OF SEGREGATING GENERATIONS, that is (PEDIGREE METHOD, MASS PEDIGREE METHOD, BULK METHOD, SINGLE SEED DESCENT METHOD).
HEIA and LEISA
High external input agriculture (HEIA) relies heavily on chemical fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation and other external inputs which can be financially unsustainable for small farmers and damage the environment over time. Low external input sustainable agriculture (LEISA) focuses on optimizing natural processes, environmental sustainability, and the long-term needs of farmers through practices like nutrient recycling, integrated pest management, and crop diversification tailored to local conditions. The key differences between HEIA and LEISA are that HEIA depends on high yields through external inputs while damaging the environment, whereas LEISA prioritizes sustainability through minimal external inputs and optimizing local resources.
Training and Pruning of Fruit Crops
The document discusses training and pruning of fruit trees. It provides details on:
1) The objectives of training include improving plant structure, facilitating cultural practices and harvest, and balancing vegetative and reproductive growth. Common training systems described include central leader, open center, and modified center.
2) Pruning aims to control plant size and yield, remove diseased or damaged wood, and balance vegetative and reproductive growth. Techniques include heading, thinning, and girdling. Proper timing and tools are important.
3) Factors like bud differentiation timing and wood age influence appropriate pruning times. Temperate trees are pruned dormant in winter while evergreens are rarely pruned except for thinning.
Deterioration causes of crop varieties and their control; Maintenance of Gene...
Deterioration causes of crop varieties and their control; Maintenance of Genetic Purity during seed Production
Pearlmillet heterosis and hybrid seed production
Pearl millet is a warm season crop that is primarily cross-pollinated. It has fast root growth and is used for hay, pasture, silage, and food. Hybrid seed production in pearl millet uses cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility (CGMS) systems with A-lines that are male sterile and B-lines or R-lines that restore fertility. A-lines and B-lines are maintained together while R-lines are multiplied separately. The hybrid seed is produced by crossing the A-line with the R-line. Seed classes include breeder seed, foundation seed, and certified seed which are produced and maintained according to procedures to ensure genetic purity. Potential hybrid parents are identified
Bulk method pedigree method &line breeding
The document summarizes three plant breeding methods: bulk method, pedigree method, and line breeding.
The bulk method involves growing generations of plants in bulk and delaying selection until later generations, allowing natural selection to influence the population. The pedigree method involves maintaining detailed records on individual plants and their progeny over multiple generations to develop pure lines. Line breeding uses male sterile lines to facilitate hybrid seed production, including one-line approaches using apomixis, two-line approaches using genetic or cytoplasmic male sterility, and three-line approaches using cytoplasmic genetic male sterility.
Seed act
The Seeds Act of 1966 was enacted by the Government of India to regulate the quality of seeds during production and marketing. Some key aspects of the Act include:
- Establishing committees and agencies at central and state levels to oversee certification of seed varieties and testing.
- Granting powers to notify specific seed varieties and set minimum standards for germination and purity.
- Requiring labeling of certified seed packages and allowing for inspection and testing of seeds.
- Providing for appeals process and penalties for non-compliance with the Act.
The Act aims to promote quality control of seeds and provides the framework for regulation of the seed industry in India.
History and development of seed industry in india
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to History and development of seed industry in india.
Seed production techniques
The slides describing about the different techniques of seed production, as the seed is the basic part of any production program. Therefore, please provide review about these techniques.
Seed certification procedure
The document outlines seed certification procedures, which ensure quality seeds for farmers. Seed certification verifies genetic identity and purity, germination rates, and freedom from diseases. It involves registering seed producers, inspecting seed fields for standards, processing and testing seeds, and issuing certificates for certified seeds. The goal is to provide high-quality seeds of improved varieties to increase crop production.
Cultivation of sugarcane.........
Manjeet Singh presented information on sugarcane, including its botanical classification as Saccharum officinarum, and importance as a major cash crop and source of sugar in Asia. Sugarcane is grown in over 110 countries and its main production areas include Brazil, India, and China. In India, Uttar Pradesh has the highest area and production of sugarcane. The presentation covered sugarcane varieties, growth stages, production practices like planting methods and intercropping, and discussed pests, diseases and management strategies. Key products from sugarcane include sugar, jaggery, molasses, bagasse and ethanol.
PEDIGREE METHOD OF PLANT BREEDING
This document describes the pedigree method of plant breeding. The pedigree method involves selecting individual plants from segregating generations like F2 and recording the parent-offspring relationships. Key steps include growing F1 plants to produce F2 seeds, selecting plants from the F2 generation based on traits, growing progeny rows from selected F2 plants in F3, continuing selection and growing of progeny rows from subsequent generations to achieve homozygosity and stable lines for yield trials. The pedigree method allows for selection and development of pure lines from segregating populations.
Hybrid seed production of sorghum crop.
This document summarizes the seed production process for both open pollinated and hybrid varieties of sorghum. For open pollinated varieties, the key steps are land preparation, isolation requirements, rouging, field inspections, harvesting, and threshing. Seed yield is typically 35-40 q/ha. For hybrid varieties, the process involves maintaining parental lines and commercial hybrid seed production. Proper isolation distances and cultural practices like synchronization of flowering are required. Key steps also include rouging, field inspections, separate harvesting of male and female rows, and threshing. Seed yield is typically 4-6 q/ha.
Seed borne diseases seminar
This document discusses seed borne diseases and their management. It notes that seed borne pathogens can cause significant losses through reduced germination, seedling mortality, and yield losses. Some key seed borne diseases mentioned include late blight of potato, brown spot of rice, and downy mildew of pearl millet. The document then outlines methods for detecting seed borne pathogens, including visual examination, growing tests, and molecular methods. It discusses management approaches like seed selection, quarantine, hot water treatment, chemical seed treatments, and biological seed treatments using microbes like Trichoderma and Pseudomonas.
Hybrid Seed Production Technology of Maize
This document summarizes the process of hybrid seed production for maize. It discusses selecting appropriate parent lines and maintaining isolation distances between male and female lines. Key steps include planting ratios, detasseling the male plants, roguing undesirable plants, and harvesting when seeds reach proper maturity. Multiple inspections are needed to ensure genetic purity is maintained throughout production. Proper post-harvest handling and storage is also important for high quality hybrid maize seed.
Seed production-maize
Maize (Zea mays) is the third most important cereal crop after wheat and rice. It originated in Central America and Mexico. There are different varieties of maize including flint corn, dent corn, sweet corn and popcorn. Production of hybrid maize seeds involves maintaining parental lines, producing single crosses between parental lines, and producing commercial hybrids by crossing single crosses. Seed production requires isolation distances between fields and roguing to maintain purity of the seeds.
3. chickpea ppt 1
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/e/2PACX-1vT7qy3m-EKWXhm3zMT42HOJcRoyvcfa-D_dAhVSZZnYs7sbiQzO2j1a8_ZBLCghkmqB-g1wZemQPm1c/pub?start=false&loop=false&delayms=3000
Breeding of Maize
GPB 311: Maize- Centre of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives and major breeding objectives and procedures for development of varieties and hybrids for improvement yield, adoptability, stability, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and quality of Maize
What's hot (20)
Deterioration causes of crop varieties and their control; Maintenance of Gene...
Deterioration causes of crop varieties and their control; Maintenance of Gene...
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Herbarium and plant collection
This document provides instructions for creating an herbarium, which is a collection of preserved plant specimens. It describes the purposes of an herbarium as allowing for accurate plant identification, creating a permanent record, and providing materials for research. The key aspects of making specimens are collecting whole plants or plant parts, pressing and drying them between sheets of paper for weeks, mounting them onto standard-sized paper sheets, and labeling them with identifying information. Proper preparation and storage allows herbarium specimens to last for hundreds of years.
Propagating Trees & Fruit-Bearing Trees.pptx
This document provides information on propagating trees and fruit-bearing trees using scientific processes. It discusses the importance of plant propagation and the benefits of using scientific methods. These include ensuring healthy, strong plant growth and increased harvest yields. The document also identifies the appropriate tools used in plant propagation and describes their purposes. Finally, it explains different scientific propagation techniques like sexual propagation using seeds, and asexual propagation methods like cutting, grafting, budding, layering, and inarching. Safety measures for propagating fruit trees are also outlined.
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QUALITY CONTROL OF SEEDS
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HERBARIUM AND STAINING TECHNIQUES
The document discusses the preparation and preservation of plant specimens in herbaria. It covers collecting plant samples, pressing and drying them to remove moisture, mounting the dried samples on paper with labels, and storing them in herbaria for future study. Proper collection, handling, and preservation of plant samples is important for herbaria to serve their functions of conserving botanical information and allowing accurate identification of plant species.
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Kuldeep garwa
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This document provides a lesson on methods of plant propagation. It outlines learning outcomes which include demonstrating marcotting, identifying types of propagation, comparing sexual and asexual methods, and explaining advantages and disadvantages of artificial propagation. The lesson is expected to take one week. It then introduces plant propagation as creating new plants from various plant parts, and describes common propagation techniques like cuttings, grafting and budding. The document provides tasks on arranging pictures of the division process and discussing sexual and asexual propagation methods and their advantages.
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Pepper grows creepingly following the growth of its climbing plants, making it difficult to maintain and harvest. Therefore, bush pepper cultivation was developed by replacing climbing trees with 1.5 m high concrete. However, seedlings that can grow into bush pepper are cuttings from fruit branches and primary branches, which are difficult to grow because the nodes of these branches do not have root primordia. This study aimed to obtain cuttings that can grow into bush pepper on the most superior growing media. The experiment was arranged using a completely randomized design (CRD) with two treatment factors, namely formulas of growth media (M1= soil + organic fertilizer + husk; M2= soil + organic fertilizer + compost; M3= soil + organic fertilizer + husk ash; and M4= soil + organic fertilizer + moss) and sources of cuttings (S1= climbing stem; S2= axillary branch; S3= fruit branch; and S4= primary branch with one main stem node). Based on the growth percentage of fruit branches and primary branches in the seedlings, cuttings from climbing stem and axillary branches were not able to grow into bush pepper, because fruit and primary branches only grew less than 5% in all media formulas. Cuttings from fruit branches and primary branches affect the formation of bush pepper with an average percentage of growth of fruit branches and primary branches of more than 95% on M2 and M3 media. Growth of buds, leaves and roots of cuttings from climbing stem and axillary branch was significantly better than cuttings from fruit branches and primary branches.
Seed Testing for Germination
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- The categories used to classify germination results, including normal seedlings, abnormal seedlings, dormant seeds, dead seeds, and more.
- How germination test results are used by seed analysts and farmers to assess seed lot quality and guide planting and treatment decisions.
Preparing the herbarium
The document discusses the process of creating and maintaining a herbarium, which is a collection of preserved plant specimens. It explains that specimens are collected, pressed, dried, mounted, and catalogued according to taxonomic classification. Maintaining a herbarium allows for the preservation of plant species, study of plant specimens, and education of students and the public about plants and the impact of climate change. The document provides detailed instructions on collecting, pressing, drying, and mounting plant specimens to create a permanent preserved collection.
Preparing the herbarium
The document discusses the process of creating and maintaining a herbarium, which is a collection of preserved plant specimens. It explains that specimens are collected, pressed, dried, mounted, and catalogued according to taxonomic classification. Maintaining a herbarium allows for the study and preservation of plant species, as well as educating students and the public about plants and the effects of climate change. The document provides detailed instructions on collecting, pressing, drying, and mounting plant specimens to create a permanent preserved collection.
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This document discusses propagation techniques for subtropical and temperate fruit crops. It describes sexual propagation using seeds and asexual propagation methods including cuttings, budding, grafting, and layering. Specific propagation methods are outlined for apple, pear, and peach crops. Apple is commonly propagated using whip and tongue grafting. Pear is propagated using T-budding or tongue grafting, and micropropagation is also described. Peach is propagated using T-budding and cleft grafting, with the timing of techniques varying by region.
Assessment of iba (indole butyric acid) levels and planting time for rooting
This study assessed different levels of the plant hormone indole butyric acid (IBA) and planting times on rooting and growth of Alstonia cuttings. Cuttings were treated with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, or 20% IBA and planted on March 15th, March 30th, or April 14th. IBA at 10% resulted in the best leaf area, sprout length, stem diameter, number of roots, and root diameter, while 5% IBA resulted in the best number of leaves, root length, and survival rate. April 14th planting time generally resulted in better growth parameters than the earlier dates. The study concluded that treating Alstonia cuttings with 10% IBA
Production technology of flowers, medicinal & aromatic plants
The document provides information on the planning, layout, pruning, harvesting, packaging, storage and propagation of ornamental plants and flowers. It discusses:
1. The important factors to consider in planning and laying out an ornamental garden, including soil testing, plant selection, environmental conditions, and cultural practices. Pruning of roses aims to maintain plant size and shape while allowing light penetration.
2. Harvesting flowers at the proper stage of development is important for maximum vase life. Methods include clean buckets and tools, removing foliage, and immediate grading and bunching.
3. Storage methods for cut flowers include refrigeration, controlled atmosphere storage, modified atmosphere storage, and hypobaric storage. Optimum conditions vary
PRACTICAL MANUALOF PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF FLOWERS, MEDICINAL, AROMATIC PLANTS
The document provides information on the planning, layout, pruning, harvesting, packaging, storage and propagation of ornamental gardens and several flower, medicinal and aromatic plants.
It discusses the important factors to consider for nursery bed preparation such as location, soil type, and procedures for soil preparation and sowing. Methods of harvesting, processing, and determining vase life are described for different flower species. Specific harvesting techniques and yields for periwinkle and aloe are also outlined.
Gp 201 (practical) plant breeder's kit) dr divya_w&b
The document describes various tools used for plant breeding experiments like self-pollination and cross-pollination. It provides details on the uses of fine pointed forceps, butter paper bags, small/curved scissors, long straight scissors, sharp pointers, eye lenses, automizers, U-pins, hair brushes, pencils, washing bottles, adhesives, wax, wire rings, small white tags, soda straw tubes, mud and cotton, waxy threads, luggage labels, aluminum labels, yellow sample bags, brown paper bags, muslin cloth bags, and kite paper bags; and what crops or plant parts each tool is used for.
Seed sampling, mixing and dividing
The slides give a detailed description of various seed sampling, mixing and dividing techniques. Has guidelines from seed testing laboratory.
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Growth of Bush Pepper Seedlings of Different Sources of Cuttings Grown on Var...
Growth of Bush Pepper Seedlings of Different Sources of Cuttings Grown on Var...
Advances in propagation techniques of subtropical and temperate crop
Advances in propagation techniques of subtropical and temperate crop
Assessment of iba (indole butyric acid) levels and planting time for rooting
Assessment of iba (indole butyric acid) levels and planting time for rooting
Production technology of flowers, medicinal & aromatic plants
Production technology of flowers, medicinal & aromatic plants
PRACTICAL MANUALOF PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF FLOWERS, MEDICINAL, AROMATIC PLANTS
PRACTICAL MANUALOF PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF FLOWERS, MEDICINAL, AROMATIC PLANTS
Gp 201 (practical) plant breeder's kit) dr divya_w&b
Gp 201 (practical) plant breeder's kit) dr divya_w&b
More from Dr. Asit Prasad Dash
Population Genetics and Hardy Weinberg Law for B.Sc. (Ag.)
Cross- pollinated crops are highly heterozygous due to the free intermating among their plants. They are often referred to as random mating populations because each individual of the population has equal opportunity of mating with any other individual of that population. Such a population is also known as Mendelian population or panmictic population. A population, in this case, consists of all such individuals that share the same gene pool, i.e., have an opportunity to intermate with each other and contribute to the next generation of the population. To understand the genetic make - up of such populations a sophisticated field of study, population genetics, has been developed. The Hardy Weinberg law states that in a large random mating population gene and genotype frequency remain constant generation after generation unless there is selection, mutation, migration or random drift. This is the fundamental law of population genetics and provides the basis for studying Mendelian populations. The law is proposed independently by G. H. Hardy (a mathematician) and W. Weinberg (a physician).
THE GENETIC MATERIAL
GENETIC MATERIAL refers to the material of which genes are made up of. It includes both DNA and RNA. Though in most of the organism DNA is playing this role, but in certain viruses RNA is storing all the genetic information of the individual. Here we are discussing about the discovery and property of these genetic material.
PROKARYOTIC DNA REPLICATION
The genetic material must produce a large number of copies of itself during the life cycle of an organism. The process by which a DNA molecule makes its identical copies is called DNA replication. The DNA molecule that undergoes replication may be termed as ‘parent molecule or template molecule, while the two molecules produced by replication may be called progeny molecules or daughter molecules.
Prokaryotic transcription
The base sequence information present in the gene (DNA) is copied into an RNA molecule, which directly participates in protein synthesis and provides information for amino acid sequence of the protein. This RNA molecule is called messenger RNA or mRNA. The process of production of RNA copy of a DNA sequence is called transcription; this reaction is catalyzed by DNA-directed RNA polymerase, or simply RNA polymerase.
Gene Expression: Translation
The information for the proteins found in a cell is encoded in genes of the genome of the cell. A protein- coding gene is expressed by the process of transcription to produce an mRNA, followed by translation of the mRNA. Translation involves the conversion of the base sequence of the mRNA into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.
Wide hybridization
Hybridization between individuals from different species belonging to the same genus or two different genera, is termed as distant hybridization or wide hybridization, and such crosses are known as distant crosses or wide crosses.
Modes of reproduction in crop plants
The modes of reproduction in crop plants may be broadly grouped into two categories: asexual and sexual.
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes, whereas in asexual reproduction new plants may develop from vegetative parts of the plant (vegetative reproduction) or may arise from embryos that develop without fertilization (apomixis).
MAGIC populations and its role in crop improvement
Multiple inbred founder lines are inter-mated for several generations prior to creating inbred lines, resulting in a diverse population whose genomes are fine scale mosaics of contributions from all founders.
Crispr cas9
This document summarizes information about the CRISPR Cas9 genome editing tool. It discusses how CRISPR Cas9 uses guide RNA and the Cas9 enzyme to create targeted double-strand breaks in DNA, allowing genes to be knocked out or altered. The document outlines the history and mechanism of CRISPR Cas9, compares it to other genome editing tools, discusses its applications in plant breeding including reducing off-target effects, and provides an example of using it to create parthenocarpic tomato plants.
More from Dr. Asit Prasad Dash (9)
Population Genetics and Hardy Weinberg Law for B.Sc. (Ag.)
Population Genetics and Hardy Weinberg Law for B.Sc. (Ag.)
MAGIC populations and its role in crop improvement
MAGIC populations and its role in crop improvement
Recently uploaded
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
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aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
Plant breeder's kit
- 1. Experiment No.1 PLANT BREEDER'S KIT Prepared By: Asit Prasad Dash Assistant Professor DEPARTMENT OF PLANT BREEDING AND GENETICS INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES SIKSHA ‘O’ ANUSANDHAN (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY), BHUBANESWAR, 751029
- 2. Introduction: The plant breeder frequently uses different tools/ instruments and materials to carry out selfing, artificial crossing and for taking field observations. Aim of the experiment- To Study about the Plant breeder's kit and its uses.
- 3. 1. Magnifying glaass/lense Types/size :Small to medium size with handle Purpose :To observe small flower buds. stigmatic surface and dehiscence of anthers. It ensures presence /absence of any pollen in emasulated flower bud.
- 4. Types/size :Medium to long and pointed Purpose :For emasculation and for holding stamens & anthers during the operation. 2. Forceps
- 5. Types/size : Small to medium size with sharp edges Purpose : Required for clipping or removal of unwanted parts such as buds & awns etc. 3. Scissors
- 6. Types/size :Long with plastic handle Purpose :Required for opening of flower buds and separating the flower parts. 4. Needles
- 7. Types/size :Size 3 or 4 Purpose :For collection of pollen and placing on the stigmatic surface. It is very useful when a little quantity of pollens are produced. 5. Brushes
- 8. Types/size : Different sizes of Parchment Paper bag, brown paper bag, muslin cloth bags Purpose :For covering flower bud or entire inflorescence or whole plant during selfing or crossing (before and after emasculation) 6. Bags
- 9. Types/size :Small vial Purpose :For Sterilizing forceps. Scissors, needles, brushes and hands during emasculation and pollination. 7. Ethyl Alcohol
- 10. Types/size : Cardboard, paper or tin tags Purpose :Labelling flowers/plants in the field. Information like names of male & female parents, date of emasculation and date of pollinations may be written on the labels. 8. Tags
- 11. Purpose : For writing labels 9. Marker, pencil & eraser
- 12. Types/size :1-meter size Purpose :Required for measuring plant height & dimensions of field used for field experiment 10. Meter scale & measuring tape .
- 13. Types/size :Small size Purpose :Weighing large number of samples with small quantity. 11. Weighing balance
- 14. Types/size :Standard size Purpose : To note down daily observations in the field regarding germination, flowering, morphological description, plant height, weight of grains etc. 12. Field Book
- 15. Thank You