The detail cultivation practices of Mango fruit crop.
HORT-243 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR FRUITS AND PLANTATION CROPS.
Prepared by Miss. Raksha Anil Hingankar.
The detail cultivation practices of Mango fruit crop.
HORT-243 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR FRUITS AND PLANTATION CROPS.
Prepared by Miss. Raksha Anil Hingankar.
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL Arvind Yadav
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL .BRINJAL
Botanical name : Solanum melongena
Family : Solanaceae
Chromosome No. : 2n = 24
Origin : India
Common name : Eggplant, Aubergine.
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Training is an important operation in grapes.
It helps to maintain the stature and spread of the vine and facilitates operations like pruning, intercultivation, spraying and harvesting.
Many training systems are in vogue in India, but the most popular are Bower, Telephone and Kniffin systems.
For Horticulture Graduates,
Visit AgriHORTICO's World for more information related to the Course.
Useful for ICAR-JRF, SRF, NET, BHU, IBPS-SO, SEMESTER EXAMS and Other Competitive exams related exclusively to Horticulture
High Density Planting is a method of densely planting plant with plant population more than the optimum to get higher productivity in terms of quality and yield by manipulating the tree architecture and planting systems such as use of dwarfing rootstock, interstocks, scions, spurs; intensive use of growth regulators, training and pruning, cultural practices and reducing the spacing. The main principle is to improve efficiency of horizontal and vertical space utilisation per unit time, and resources and input utilisation. There is a balance between the vegetative and fruiting structures without affecting the plant health. Advantages include increased productivity, high income, efficient use of resources and mechanisation and operational efficacy
MANGO- MAJOR PROBLEMS, PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS,
PESTS AND DISEASES AND INTEGRATED
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Sharad Bisen
courtesy: open Source Study Material
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL Arvind Yadav
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL .BRINJAL
Botanical name : Solanum melongena
Family : Solanaceae
Chromosome No. : 2n = 24
Origin : India
Common name : Eggplant, Aubergine.
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Training is an important operation in grapes.
It helps to maintain the stature and spread of the vine and facilitates operations like pruning, intercultivation, spraying and harvesting.
Many training systems are in vogue in India, but the most popular are Bower, Telephone and Kniffin systems.
For Horticulture Graduates,
Visit AgriHORTICO's World for more information related to the Course.
Useful for ICAR-JRF, SRF, NET, BHU, IBPS-SO, SEMESTER EXAMS and Other Competitive exams related exclusively to Horticulture
High Density Planting is a method of densely planting plant with plant population more than the optimum to get higher productivity in terms of quality and yield by manipulating the tree architecture and planting systems such as use of dwarfing rootstock, interstocks, scions, spurs; intensive use of growth regulators, training and pruning, cultural practices and reducing the spacing. The main principle is to improve efficiency of horizontal and vertical space utilisation per unit time, and resources and input utilisation. There is a balance between the vegetative and fruiting structures without affecting the plant health. Advantages include increased productivity, high income, efficient use of resources and mechanisation and operational efficacy
MANGO- MAJOR PROBLEMS, PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS,
PESTS AND DISEASES AND INTEGRATED
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Sharad Bisen
courtesy: open Source Study Material
Fruit Drop its Causes and Measures to ControlMd Mohsin Ali
Fruit drop is a premature shedding of fruits before harvesting for commercial purpose. There are so many reasons for fruit drop like internal (Hormonal balance, morphological and genetically) and external (biotic and abiotic) factors. Fruit drop is very much serious in some fruits like apple, peach, currant, mango, citrus etc. Fruit drop may occur at various stages of fruit growth, starting right from fruit setting till its harvesting. It may be natural, environmental or pest related. Losses due to fruit drop at various stages have long been a serious threat to the fruit growers. After determining the actual cause of fruit drop, adoption of a suitable control measure can bring relief to the growers. Among different drops, pre-harvest drop is of great economic importance which can cause serious crop loss to farmer.
References:
1. Fundamental of fruit production - K. Usha, Madhubala Thakre, Amit Kumar Goswami and Nayan Deepak, G
2. Fruit Drop Is Caused By - https://tipoftime.com/wp-content/uploads/uyqubb/fruit-drop-is-caused-by-ddb908
Rejuvenation of Senile Horticultural Plantations for Improved Productivity an...AI Publications
India is a vast country gifted with varied horticultural crops. There is a tremendous increase in the production of horticultural crops especially fruits which is due to specialized new interventions and use of latest research technological tools the country is now among the top fruit producing country ranking second next to china. Despite congenial agro-climatic conditions prevailing in the country the productivity of quality fruits is substantially low in recent years. The old and senile orchards are now reverting towards a declining trend of production because of age factor, non-compatible varieties, poor orchard management practices and incidence of pest and diseases. To increase the production of fruit crops through area expansion is almost impossible due to unavailability of vacant land for new plantations. In the present scenario, the only strategy could be improving the management of existing plantations for sustainable fruit production and to optimize the fruit potential of our country.
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2. INTRODUCTION
Although a number of factors are responsible for mango yield
decline, yet physiological disorders play more devastating and vital
role. As a result, mango growers are losing their faith and interest in
mango orchards and trying to shift their cultivation practices from
mango to other crops.
In this presentation we discussed the important physiological
disorders along with their possible management strategies which will
certainly help the farmers in timely overcoming this malady for
getting satisfactory remunerative prices from mango cultivation.
3. Physiological disorder
Any kind of abnormality in
economically important part of fruits or
other parts that contribute to yield and
quality of fruits is termed as
physiological disorder.
4. Reasons of physiological disorders-
Deficiency of micronutrient
Sudden fluctuation in temperature
Poor soil conditions and
Improper moisture availability during
cultivation.
5. This aspect is more important in fruits and vegetables as quality
and marketable yield is very a key factor in fruits market. If a
farmer has a uniform, healthy and good-looking product, he will
get higher prices.
Why it is important to study of
physiological disorders ?
6. 1. Alternate bearing
Alternate bearing is a very serious and an old problem
in mango.
It is the production of a heavy crop in one year or very
little crop in the next year.
Causes:-
Varietal differences.
Growth habit.
Crop load.
Cultural practices.
Sex ratio.
Insect-pest and disease.
On year fruiting
Off year fruiting
7. Control:-
Use an ethylene releasing compound, ethephon inducing flowers every years.
The concentration of ethephon 200ppm coupled with 0.1% urea was found
effective in inducing regular flowering over the year.
Application of Paclobutrazol @ 10 g a.i. for non- bearing trees during first
fortnight of September will induce flowering and fruit set yield during off
years.
Growing of regular bearing cultivar like “Amrapali”.
8. 2- Clustering (Jhumka)
It implies the development of fruits in
clusters at the tip of the panicles.
Such fruits do not grow beyond pea
or marble stage and drop down after a
month of fruit set.
Clustering or Jhumka
9. Causes:-
• Mainly it is due to lack of pollination / fertilization.
• Absence of sufficient population of pollinators in the orchards.
• Indiscriminate spray of pesticides during flowering.
• Adverse climate during February-March particularly the low
temperature.
Control:-
Spraying of pesticides during flowering should be avoided.
In old orchards, a few branches should be top worked with pollinizing
varieties like Bombey Green,
Introduction of beehives in the orchards during flowering season for
increasing the number of pollinators.
10. 3- Black Tip
The distal end of the affected fruit
exhibit etiolation patches of mesocarp
which turn black and becomes hard.
The affected fruit drop pre maturity.
Dashehari is the highly susceptible
one, while Lucknow Safeda is the
least.
Black tip of mango
11. Causes:-
This disorder has mainly detected in orchards located in the vicinity of
brick kilns.
Gases like carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and ethylene constituting the
fumes of brick kiln, damage growing tip of fruits and give rise to the
symptoms of black tip.
Control:-
Establishment of the orchards away from brick kiln by at least 1.6 km in
east to west and 0.8 km in north to south direction and increasing the
chimney height to at least 15- 18 metres can be preventive measures for
this malady.
Spray 1 per cent borax (10g/lit) thrice first before flowering, second
during flowering and third at fruit set stage is very effective.
13. Causes:-
Scientist from different part of the country reported that a fungi-
Fusarium moniliformae var. subglutinans is highly associated with this
disorder.
Temperature range of 21-270C (max.) and 80C (min.) along with
relative humidity of 85% during late winter or early spring is conducive
for the growth of the fungi, resulting severe incidence of malformation
on newly emerged panicles.
Control:-
Application of NAA/Planofix (200ppm) during October, prior to fruit bud
differentiation followed by debloosming of newly emerged panicles or bud
during January- February is beneficial to control the disorder.
Spray of 400 ppm Ethephon at bud inception stage.
14. 6- Spongy Tissue
Cheema and Dhani was first to observe
spongy tissues in mango in 1934.
Which is characterized by the development
of non-edible, sour, yellowish and sponge
like patch with or without air pocket in the
mesocarp of the fruit during ripening.
In extreme cases, the whole fleshy portion
becomes too soft resembling bacterial rot.
It is a major hindrance for Alphonso
growers.
15. Causes:-
This is caused because ripening enzymes during fruit maturation stage
become inactive due to high temperature, convective heat.
Post harvest exposure of fruit to sunlight.
Control:-
• Harvesting of fruits at 3/4th maturity stage.
• Post harvest exposure to low temperatures between 10-150C for 10-18 hrs
• Use of black poly-ethylene mulch.
• Grow resistant varieties like Ratna, Arka Puneet and Arka Aruna etc.
16. Conclusion:
Among all the physiological disorders associated with mango, none is due to a
single factor but all are due to the amalgamation of several factors like genetic
factors, environmental factors, nutritional imbalance, poor cultural practices in
the orchard so it is very difficult to control but proper cultural and management
practices like application of required fertilizers at proper stage, pruning of some
old branches just after harvesting, debloosming of some flower buds during
February-March, application of recommended plant growth regulators at proper
stage etc. can prevent the disorders to a large extent.
17. References
Bose, T. K., Mitra, S. K. and Sanyal, D. (Ed.) 2001. Fruits Tropical and Sub-
Tropical. 3rd Ed. Vols. 1: 69-74. Naya Udyog.
Bal, J. S. (Ed.) 2006. Fruit Growing. 98-101 Publ. Kalyani
Singh, R. and Saxena, S. K. (Ed.) 2008. Fruits. 55-57 National Book Trust, India.
Kundu, M., Dhakar, M, K. and Joshi, R. (2013). Physiological Disorders: A Big
Barrier to Mango Growers in India. 1 (3). Popular Kheti.
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