This document summarizes chapters from a textbook about qualitative research methods. It discusses key concepts in qualitative research like ethnographies, interviews, observational techniques, and case studies. It also outlines various methods for collecting qualitative data, such as observations, introspective methods like uptake sheets and stimulated recall, and diary research. The document then covers topics like coding qualitative data, calculating interrater reliability, analyzing data through descriptive and inferential statistics, and concluding and reporting research findings.

1. English Project design
Act. 2.1
BY: MAICOL SUNTASIG

2. Ch 6: Qualitative research
• Possible
ideological
orientations
• Emic perspectives
• Few participants
• Natural
representation
• Rich description
• General and open
ended questions.
Definitions
Analysing qualitative data
• Credibility, transferability,
confirmability, and dependability
• Triangulation
• Methods to obtain the same
research findings
• Quantification
• Used later for the purpose data
reporting.

3. Ch 6: Qualitative research
Ethnographies
• To describe the cultural and communicative behavior
of a group.
Interviews
• Associated with survey-based research
• Diaries / journals
• Write about
Observational techniques
• Provide descriptions without influencing the events
Case studies
• Used within a specific population and setting.
Gathering qualitative
data

4. Ch 7: Classroom research
Contexts
Involve different
approaches
•Experimental
•Observational techniques
Common
Techniques for
data Collection
Observations
Allow the study
of a behavior at
close range
With many
contextual
variables.

5. Ch 7: Classroom research
Introspective
Methods
Uptake sheets
Data collection
method
Interested in what
learner´s learned
in their classes.
Stimulated recall
Access to learner´s
interpretations
Source of
information for
researchers.
Diary Research
First person
account of a
language learning.
Documented
through regular
candid entries
In a personal
journal.

6. Ch 7: Classroom research
Practical
considerations in
Classroom
Research
Logistical Issues to
consider when
carrying out
classroom research.
Select reording
format
Consider whose
voices and actions
need to be recorded
Supplement your
primary recording
method with a
backup
Consider the amount
of intrusion in the
classroom caused at
equipment operator.
Take anonymity
concerns seriously
and act accordingly.

7. Ch 7: Classroom research
Practical
considerations in
Classrooms
research
Problematics
Considering the
instructional
setting
Data Segmentation
and Coding
Ensuring
Confidentiality and
Minimizing
disruption.
Debriefing
Participants and
facilitators
Informed Consent

8. Ch 7: Classroom research
Purposes
and types
Of research conducted in
Classroom Settings
Action
Research
A way or reflecting on
your teaching
The
relationship
between
instruction
and learning
In Second Language
Classroom

9. Ch 8: Coding - Preparing Data for Coding
Transcribing Oral Data
Conventions
• Vary depending on the research goals
Machines
• Make the process easier
Technology
• Change the process and the product

10. Ch 8: Coding – Nominal, Ordinal, and
Interval Data
Nominal
Data
Depends on
the research
involving
Dichoromous
variable
Variable with
several values
Ordinal
Data
Usually coded
in terms
Of ranking
Interval
Data
Represent a
rank ordering.
Show points
in the ranking

11. Ch 8: Coding – Coding Systems
Coding
qualitative
Data
Emerge
from the
data rather
than…
…being
decided on
and
preimposed
prior to the
data
Custom-Made Coding Systems
Task
planning
Second
language
writing
instruction
Classroom
interaction
Negative
Feedback
Question
formation
Common coding
systems and
categories
CHAT SOC T-units

12. Ch 8: Coding – Interrater reliability
Calculating
Interrater
Reliability
Simple
percentage
agreement
Cohen´s Kappa
Additional
Measures of
reliability
Good practice
guidelines
How data is
selected
When to carry
out coding
reliability checks

13. Ch 9: Analyzing qualitative Data
Descriptive statistics
• Measures of frequency
• To indicate how often a particular
behavior phenomenon occurs
Measures of dispersion
• Measures of central tendency are
useful in that they give both the
researcher and the reader
Measures of Central Tendency
Mode
•The most frequent score obtained by a particular group
Median
•It’s the score at the center of the distribution
Mean
•The most common measure of central tendency, or
arithmetic average
Outliers
•These represent data that seem to be atypical of the rest
of the dataset

14. Ch 9: Analyzing qualitative Data
Normal distribution
• The numbers cluster around the midpoint
Standard scores
• The most common standard scores are z
scores and T scores
Probability
• To provide confidence in the claims that
are being made about analysis of the data
Inferential statistics
• Prerequisites
• Parametric Versus Nonparametric statistics
• Parametric statistics
• Nonparametric tests
Statistical tables
• Provide a partial play of the distribution
Strength of association
• There are times when we might want to
determine how much of the variation is actually
due to the independent variable in question.

15. Ch 9: Analyzing qualitative Data
ETA 2 AND OMEGA 2
• ETA2 goes beyond the fact that there is a significant
difference and given us an indication of how much of
the variability is due to our independent variable
• Omega2 is the statistic used when all groups have an
equal size.
Effect size
• It’s a measure that gives an indication of the strength
of one’s findings
Meta-analysis
• Surveying a wide range of existing studies rather than
collecting original data
Correlation
• Attempts to determine the
relationship between or
among variables
Statistical packages
• SPSS
• VARBRUL

16. Ch 10: Concluding and reporting
research
The importance of reporting research
• Is to discover answers to pertinent questions
The final stages in reporting quantitative research
• The discussion
• It’s helpful to review the organization of the final sections of some sample articles from the field of SLA
• Limitations, future research and conclusion sections
• Once projects conclude, it’s possible the provision of a full set of information about the limitations of a
study.
Reporting combined Method Research
• If statistical counts and analyses were used in isolation

17. Ch 10: Concluding and reporting
research
oThe Research Problem and Questions
oThe Research Hypotheses
oThe audience
oThe abstract
oThe literature review
oThe design of the Study
oLogistics
oParticipants
oData Gathering
oData Analysis
oConclusions
oReferences
oFootnotes, Endnotes, Figures, and Tables
oAuthor’s Note
oPost research concerns
oFinal Touches and Formatting
Checklist for completing reports of research

18. THEEND