Activity 2.1

3. • The use of multiple, independent methods
of obtaining data in a single investigation
in order to arrive at the same research
findings
Triangulation
• Used later for the purpose of data
reporting
Role of
Quantification in
Qualitative
research
• Credibility
• Transferability
• Confirmability and dependability
Qualitative data

4. Gathering
Data
Ethnographies- to
describe and
interpret the cultural
/ communicative
behavior
Interviews-
associated with
survey-based
research
Journals- to write
about their language
learning experience
without constrains
Case studies- to
provide holistic
description of
language learning
Observational
techniques: provide
careful description
of learning activities
without

5.  Research questions tend to be general and
open ended
 Hypotheses many be generated as an
outcome of qualitative research
 Natural and holistic representation.

7. Observations- can
allow the study of a
behavior at close range
with many contextual
variables present
Common technique for data
collection in classroom
research
Problematic in classroom
research
-Informed consent
-Debriefing participants
and facilitators
-Ensuring Confidentiality
and Minimizing disruption
-data segmentation and
coding
-Considering the
instructional setting

8.  Select a recording format
 Considering whose voices and actions need to be
recorded
 Determine what kinds of microphones and other
equipment
 Supplement your primary recording method with a backup
 Consider the amount of intrusion in the classroom caused
by equipment and operators
 Take anonymity concerns seriously and act accordingly
 Plan the physical arrangement beforehand
 Consider the human factors

9. Uptake
Sheets
• Developed as a method of data collection
interested in learners‘ perceptions about what they
learned in language classes
Stimulated
Recall
• Provide the researcher with access to the learners´
interpretations of the events that were observed
and can be a valuable source of information
Diary
Research
• First person account of a language learning or
teaching experience, documented through regular
candid entries in personal journal

11. Coding Systems
Custom-made Coding
systems
-Question formation
-Negative feedback
-Classroom interaction
-Second language
Writing Instruction
- Task Planning
Common Coding
Systems and
Categories
-CHAT
-SOC
-T-units
Coding Qualitative
Data
The schemes for
qualitative coding
generally emerges
from the data rather
than being decided on

12. Calculating
Simple
percentage
agreement
Cohne´s
Kappa
Additional
Measures of
Reliability
Good practice
guidelines
How and
when to carry
it out

13. Coding Interval Data-
represent a rank
ordering, showing
distance between
pints in the ranking
Coding Ordinal Data-
usually coded in terms of
a ranking
Coding nominal
data- t data can be
coded depending on
whether the
research involves a
dichotomous
variable or a
variable with several
values

14.  Transcription Conventions- Vary depending
on the research goals
 Transcription machines- Make the process of
transcribing data significantly easier
 Technology and transcription- Technology is
also changing the process and product of
transcriptions

16.  Meta Analysis- at times it is necessary to
involve surveying a wide range of existing
studies rather than collecting data
 Effect size- Is a measure that gives and
indication of the strength of ones findings
 ETA2 and OMEGA2 – ETA2 goes beyond the
fact that there is a significant difference and
given us an indication of how much of the
variability is due to our independent variable.
 Omega2- is the statistic used when all groups
have an equal in size

17.  Strength of association- there are times
when we might want to determine how much
of the variation is actually due to the
independent variable in question
 Statistical Tables- provide a partial play of
the distribution
 Probability- provide confidence in the claims
that are being made about a data analysis
 Standard scores- the most common
standard c

18. Measures of central
tendency
Mode
The most frequent
score obtained by a
particular group a
learners
Median
It is the score at the
center of the
distribution
Mean
The most common
measure of central
tendency or
arithmetic average.
Outliers
These represent
data that seems to
be atypical of the
rest of the dataset.

20. Reporting
Reporting combined
Method (Quantitative and
Qualitative Research)
Included in a primarily
quantitative report,
qualitative data or
analytic techniques
may provide unique
insights that would
escape both the
researcher and the
reader if statistical
counts.
The final stages
in reporting
Reports can be more
varied in terms of
organization and in
terms of the specific
sections included.
Importance of
reporting research
Is to discover
answers to pertinent
questions

21.  Limitations, Future Research and Conclusion
Sections
 The Discussion- It is helpful to review the
organization of the final sections of some
sample articles from the field of SLA.

22.  Author´s note
 The abstract
 The literature review
 Post research concerns
 Final touches and formatting
 The design of the study
 References
 Logistics
 The research problem and questions
 Footnotes, Endnotes, Figures, and Tables
 The research Hypothesis
 The audience
 Participants
 Data analysis
 Conclusions
 Data Gathering