This document provides an overview of different qualitative analysis methods, including content analysis, discourse analysis, thematic analysis, grounded theory, and phenomenological analysis. It discusses the key aspects of each method, such as typical data sources, coding approaches, and limitations. For example, content analysis involves categorizing and counting qualitative data, discourse analysis examines meaning and language use, and grounded theory aims to develop a theory or model grounded in systematically analyzed data. The document also contrasts qualitative and quantitative approaches and addresses issues of research quality and paradigms.
grounded theory analysis methodology presented in detail with examples of analysis outcomes from several research projects. A sample of problems that can be encountered is presented along with solutions to these problems.
Grounded theory is a systematic qualitative research methodology that uses a constant comparative analysis of data to develop a substantive theory grounded in the data itself. The methodology involves four main phases: 1) comparing incidents applicable to each category, 2) integrating categories and their properties, 3) delimiting the theory, and 4) developing a theoretical model. Grounded theory relies on a rigorous coding process involving initial, focused, and theoretical coding to analyze data, identify concepts, and develop categories and theoretical relationships between concepts.
Analyzing observational data during qualitative researchWafa Iqbal
This document discusses qualitative data analysis methods. It explains that qualitative data analysis explores and interprets complex data from sources like interviews and observations to generate new understandings without quantification. The generic process of analysis involves organizing, reading, and coding the data by assigning labels to chunks of information to develop themes and descriptions. Coding is a primary element of analysis and allows the researcher to summarize and synthesize the data. Developing themes is also part of the analysis process and involves discovering core and peripheral elements of themes from the data.
Ethnography, Grounded Theory and Systems Analysislinlinlin
The document discusses ethnography, grounded theory, and systems analysis methods used in information systems development. It provides definitions and examples of ethnography, grounded theory, and how they can benefit systems analysis. Grounded theory is defined as developing a theory from qualitative data rather than testing a pre-existing hypothesis. The document also presents examples of how grounded theory was used in case studies of image search and RV design to understand user needs and improve systems.
This document discusses grounded theory (GT) as a qualitative research methodology. It explains that GT was developed as an alternative to positivist approaches that aim to test preconceived hypotheses. GT instead uses an inductive process to generate explanatory theory directly from data about people's social roles and behaviors. The document outlines GT's key aspects, including open, axial, and theoretical coding processes. It also covers grounded theory procedures such as theoretical sampling, data collection methods, and steps for developing and presenting a GT.
Grounded theory is a systematic qualitative research methodology that focuses on generating theory from data. It involves iterative collection and analysis of data to develop conceptual categories. The researcher codes data to identify concepts and looks for relationships between concepts to develop a theoretical understanding grounded in the views of participants. Key aspects of grounded theory include constant comparison of data, memo writing to develop ideas about codes and relationships, and allowing theory to emerge from the data rather than testing a pre-existing hypothesis. The goal is to develop a theory that explains processes, actions or interactions for a particular topic.
Case studies in industry - fundamentals and lessons learntDaniel Mendez
This document discusses case study research and provides guidance on conducting case studies. It defines a case study as an empirical inquiry that investigates real-world phenomena in their natural context. The document outlines why case studies are used to learn from realistic environments and scale findings to practice. Challenges of approaching, conducting, and analyzing case studies are presented, such as properly characterizing context, defining instruments, and drawing conclusions. Transversal challenges include addressing subjectivity and generalizability. Key takeaways emphasize careful planning, transparency, collaboration, and being unbiased, accurate, patient and flexible.
The document provides an overview of grounded theory methodology for analyzing qualitative data. It discusses open, axial, and selective coding as the three stages of coding in grounded theory. Open coding involves preliminary labeling of raw data. Axial coding identifies relationships between open codes. Selective coding identifies broader themes by focusing on a core category and relating other categories to it. Coding frames, memos, and constant comparison are also important aspects of grounded theory analysis.
grounded theory analysis methodology presented in detail with examples of analysis outcomes from several research projects. A sample of problems that can be encountered is presented along with solutions to these problems.
Grounded theory is a systematic qualitative research methodology that uses a constant comparative analysis of data to develop a substantive theory grounded in the data itself. The methodology involves four main phases: 1) comparing incidents applicable to each category, 2) integrating categories and their properties, 3) delimiting the theory, and 4) developing a theoretical model. Grounded theory relies on a rigorous coding process involving initial, focused, and theoretical coding to analyze data, identify concepts, and develop categories and theoretical relationships between concepts.
Analyzing observational data during qualitative researchWafa Iqbal
This document discusses qualitative data analysis methods. It explains that qualitative data analysis explores and interprets complex data from sources like interviews and observations to generate new understandings without quantification. The generic process of analysis involves organizing, reading, and coding the data by assigning labels to chunks of information to develop themes and descriptions. Coding is a primary element of analysis and allows the researcher to summarize and synthesize the data. Developing themes is also part of the analysis process and involves discovering core and peripheral elements of themes from the data.
Ethnography, Grounded Theory and Systems Analysislinlinlin
The document discusses ethnography, grounded theory, and systems analysis methods used in information systems development. It provides definitions and examples of ethnography, grounded theory, and how they can benefit systems analysis. Grounded theory is defined as developing a theory from qualitative data rather than testing a pre-existing hypothesis. The document also presents examples of how grounded theory was used in case studies of image search and RV design to understand user needs and improve systems.
This document discusses grounded theory (GT) as a qualitative research methodology. It explains that GT was developed as an alternative to positivist approaches that aim to test preconceived hypotheses. GT instead uses an inductive process to generate explanatory theory directly from data about people's social roles and behaviors. The document outlines GT's key aspects, including open, axial, and theoretical coding processes. It also covers grounded theory procedures such as theoretical sampling, data collection methods, and steps for developing and presenting a GT.
Grounded theory is a systematic qualitative research methodology that focuses on generating theory from data. It involves iterative collection and analysis of data to develop conceptual categories. The researcher codes data to identify concepts and looks for relationships between concepts to develop a theoretical understanding grounded in the views of participants. Key aspects of grounded theory include constant comparison of data, memo writing to develop ideas about codes and relationships, and allowing theory to emerge from the data rather than testing a pre-existing hypothesis. The goal is to develop a theory that explains processes, actions or interactions for a particular topic.
Case studies in industry - fundamentals and lessons learntDaniel Mendez
This document discusses case study research and provides guidance on conducting case studies. It defines a case study as an empirical inquiry that investigates real-world phenomena in their natural context. The document outlines why case studies are used to learn from realistic environments and scale findings to practice. Challenges of approaching, conducting, and analyzing case studies are presented, such as properly characterizing context, defining instruments, and drawing conclusions. Transversal challenges include addressing subjectivity and generalizability. Key takeaways emphasize careful planning, transparency, collaboration, and being unbiased, accurate, patient and flexible.
The document provides an overview of grounded theory methodology for analyzing qualitative data. It discusses open, axial, and selective coding as the three stages of coding in grounded theory. Open coding involves preliminary labeling of raw data. Axial coding identifies relationships between open codes. Selective coding identifies broader themes by focusing on a core category and relating other categories to it. Coding frames, memos, and constant comparison are also important aspects of grounded theory analysis.
1) The document discusses qualitative data collection and analysis methods, including grounded theory, coding, categorization, triangulation, and interpretation.
2) Grounded theory involves constant analysis of data through four stages: comparing incidents, comparing changes, delimiting the theory, and forming a systematic substantive theory.
3) Triangulation involves using multiple data sources and methods to strengthen findings, and can occur at the data, investigator, methodology, theoretical, or time/location levels.
This presentation summarizes how the presenter would analyze and present findings from 5 chat interviews conducted with a student regarding a university module's support in developing research skills. The presenter would collate the data by checking reliability, removing personal details, and transferring the data to a usable format. They would analyze the data by categorizing comments, carefully coding them, and potentially mapping relationships. Findings would be presented by establishing the research's validity and reliability, directly answering the research question, and extracting quotes to support conclusions. Both strengths like providing depth and weaknesses like potential bias are acknowledged.
This document provides an introduction to grounded theory. It discusses the origins of grounded theory, which was developed in the 1960s as a conceptual methodology where theory is derived from data through a systematic process of data collection and analysis. The key aspects of grounded theory covered include:
- Theory is generated from data rather than testing a pre-existing hypothesis.
- Data collection, analysis, and theory development are interlinked in an iterative process where interpretation informs further data gathering.
- Analysis involves open, axial, and selective coding to fracture, conceptualize, and integrate the data to form a theory.
- Memos and diagrams are used to develop concepts and theoretical relationships during analysis.
- Criteria
Grounded Theory: A specific methodology developed by Glaser and Strauss (1967) for the purpose of building theory from data. In their book the term grounded theory is used in a more sense to denote theoretical constructs derived form qualitative analysis of data.
Data analysis – qualitative data presentation 2Azura Zaki
The document discusses qualitative data analysis techniques such as coding, developing themes from qualitative data, and conducting content analysis. It provides examples of coding processes like developing initial codes and focused coding, as well as summarizing data and identifying themes and relationships across data sources. Qualitative data collection techniques mentioned include observation, interviews, and analyzing documents.
This document contains information from a professor about a research methodology course. It includes the professor's contact information and course details. It then covers various topics that will be discussed in the class, such as the history of scientific research, research foundations, the scientific method, logic and reasoning, hypotheses, variables and models in research, and types of research. The document provides definitions and explanations of key research terms and outlines the major steps in conducting research.
This document provides guidance on qualitative data analysis methods, including:
- The process of immersion in qualitative data through repeated reading/listening to become familiar with the content.
- Coding qualitative data by applying abstract representations or labels to segments of data that are relevant to the research question.
- Developing codes that are data-derived (based on the explicit content) or researcher-derived (conceptual interpretations).
- Using analytical memos and diaries to document the analysis process, including emerging codes, themes, and interpretations.
- Identifying themes by examining codes for patterns and relationships that answer the research question. Themes capture broader meanings than codes.
This document provides an overview of mixed methods research. It discusses the author's background and positioning in mixed methods. It then defines mixed methods research as collecting, analyzing, and integrating both quantitative and qualitative data within a single study. The document outlines key steps in designing a mixed methods study, including determining the research problem, collecting both types of data, analyzing the separate quantitative and qualitative results, and mixing or linking the two forms of data.
Presentation of Thesis Proposal, on workplace bullying, presented for partial fulfillment of Fellow Program of Management, at BIMTECH. The area of research Workplace Bullying using Grounded Theory as a qualitative approach , under the domain of Organizational Behaviour and Organizational Psychology
“Is my research good?” Quality assessment of qualitative researchEva Dobozy
Given the increasing popularity of qualitative research not only in the social sciences, but increasingly also in the health and medical sciences, there is an urgent need to review some discipline-independent quality markers of ‘good’ qualitative research. This presentation explores the contentious issue of quality criteria for assessing the worth of qualitative research. Specifically, it will discuss the need to make explicit ontological and epistemological foundations that ground the qualitative research study and draw specific attention to the strategic alignment between the chosen research paradigm and the language used in the research report.
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
Follow Me:
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
The document provides an overview of grounded theory methods, noting the diversity of approaches that have developed since its introduction and highlighting key components of the methodology such as simultaneous data collection and analysis, coding practices, and grounding emerging theories in qualitative data to develop conceptual categories.
Grounded theory methodology is a qualitative research method that aims to generate or discover a theory grounded in data from the field. It is an iterative process where the analyst becomes more grounded in the data and develops richer concepts and models. There are two major schools of grounded theory - the Glaserian school emphasizes emerging theory from neutral questions, while the Straussian school structures questions and coding more rigorously. Key aspects of grounded theory include theoretical sampling, validating findings through quotations, and achieving reliability through techniques like triangulation and audit trails.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods. It discusses various qualitative research techniques including observation studies, interviews, focus groups, and case studies. It also covers topics like developing qualitative research questions, sampling techniques, data collection and analysis strategies, and choosing appropriate qualitative methods.
Qualitative Data Analysis I: Text Analysis - a summary based on Chapter 17 of H. Russell Bernard’s Research Methods in Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches for a Report for Anthro 297: Seminar in Research Design and Methods under Dr. Francisco Datar, Department of Anthropology, College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of the Philippines Diliman
A comprehensive presentation based on a qualitative research methodology 'Grounded Theory, presented at Government College University Lahore, Pakistan.
The document discusses grounded theory method and provides details on its key aspects:
- It defines grounded theory as a research method that generates or discovers a theory from data systematically obtained from social research.
- The main building blocks of grounded theory are discussed including coding, categories, concepts, theoretical sampling, constant comparison and memo writing.
- Strengths are that it effectively builds new theories and explains new phenomena, while weaknesses include the huge amount of time and data required for analysis.
Grounded theory is a qualitative research methodology that aims to build theory from data. It involves collecting and analyzing data to develop concepts and build relationships between concepts to form theories. The grounded theory process involves initial coding of data, focused coding to synthesize codes into categories, theoretical sampling to refine categories, and memo writing to develop theoretical concepts. Studies using grounded theory are evaluated based on their focus, purpose, methodology, sampling strategy, data analysis process, theoretical findings, and conclusions.
This document provides an overview of research methods taught in an empirical research methods course. It discusses both quantitative and qualitative research methods. For qualitative methods, it describes techniques like ethnography, case studies, and grounded theory research. It explains data collection methods for qualitative research including direct observation, participant observation, in-depth interviews, and analyzing documents. The document also covers qualitative data analysis including coding data and developing models and theories from the analysis.
Research seminar lecture_2_research_proposal__types_of_research_methods_stude...Daria Bogdanova
This document provides an outline of a research seminar on educational sciences. It discusses the structure of a research proposal, including the main sections and steps. The three main sections of a research proposal are: 1) why the research is being conducted, 2) what will be researched, and 3) how the research will be done. It then describes several common quantitative and qualitative research methods, including surveys, experiments, case studies, interviews, and content analysis. The document aims to help students understand how to develop and carry out an educational research study.
1) The document discusses qualitative data collection and analysis methods, including grounded theory, coding, categorization, triangulation, and interpretation.
2) Grounded theory involves constant analysis of data through four stages: comparing incidents, comparing changes, delimiting the theory, and forming a systematic substantive theory.
3) Triangulation involves using multiple data sources and methods to strengthen findings, and can occur at the data, investigator, methodology, theoretical, or time/location levels.
This presentation summarizes how the presenter would analyze and present findings from 5 chat interviews conducted with a student regarding a university module's support in developing research skills. The presenter would collate the data by checking reliability, removing personal details, and transferring the data to a usable format. They would analyze the data by categorizing comments, carefully coding them, and potentially mapping relationships. Findings would be presented by establishing the research's validity and reliability, directly answering the research question, and extracting quotes to support conclusions. Both strengths like providing depth and weaknesses like potential bias are acknowledged.
This document provides an introduction to grounded theory. It discusses the origins of grounded theory, which was developed in the 1960s as a conceptual methodology where theory is derived from data through a systematic process of data collection and analysis. The key aspects of grounded theory covered include:
- Theory is generated from data rather than testing a pre-existing hypothesis.
- Data collection, analysis, and theory development are interlinked in an iterative process where interpretation informs further data gathering.
- Analysis involves open, axial, and selective coding to fracture, conceptualize, and integrate the data to form a theory.
- Memos and diagrams are used to develop concepts and theoretical relationships during analysis.
- Criteria
Grounded Theory: A specific methodology developed by Glaser and Strauss (1967) for the purpose of building theory from data. In their book the term grounded theory is used in a more sense to denote theoretical constructs derived form qualitative analysis of data.
Data analysis – qualitative data presentation 2Azura Zaki
The document discusses qualitative data analysis techniques such as coding, developing themes from qualitative data, and conducting content analysis. It provides examples of coding processes like developing initial codes and focused coding, as well as summarizing data and identifying themes and relationships across data sources. Qualitative data collection techniques mentioned include observation, interviews, and analyzing documents.
This document contains information from a professor about a research methodology course. It includes the professor's contact information and course details. It then covers various topics that will be discussed in the class, such as the history of scientific research, research foundations, the scientific method, logic and reasoning, hypotheses, variables and models in research, and types of research. The document provides definitions and explanations of key research terms and outlines the major steps in conducting research.
This document provides guidance on qualitative data analysis methods, including:
- The process of immersion in qualitative data through repeated reading/listening to become familiar with the content.
- Coding qualitative data by applying abstract representations or labels to segments of data that are relevant to the research question.
- Developing codes that are data-derived (based on the explicit content) or researcher-derived (conceptual interpretations).
- Using analytical memos and diaries to document the analysis process, including emerging codes, themes, and interpretations.
- Identifying themes by examining codes for patterns and relationships that answer the research question. Themes capture broader meanings than codes.
This document provides an overview of mixed methods research. It discusses the author's background and positioning in mixed methods. It then defines mixed methods research as collecting, analyzing, and integrating both quantitative and qualitative data within a single study. The document outlines key steps in designing a mixed methods study, including determining the research problem, collecting both types of data, analyzing the separate quantitative and qualitative results, and mixing or linking the two forms of data.
Presentation of Thesis Proposal, on workplace bullying, presented for partial fulfillment of Fellow Program of Management, at BIMTECH. The area of research Workplace Bullying using Grounded Theory as a qualitative approach , under the domain of Organizational Behaviour and Organizational Psychology
“Is my research good?” Quality assessment of qualitative researchEva Dobozy
Given the increasing popularity of qualitative research not only in the social sciences, but increasingly also in the health and medical sciences, there is an urgent need to review some discipline-independent quality markers of ‘good’ qualitative research. This presentation explores the contentious issue of quality criteria for assessing the worth of qualitative research. Specifically, it will discuss the need to make explicit ontological and epistemological foundations that ground the qualitative research study and draw specific attention to the strategic alignment between the chosen research paradigm and the language used in the research report.
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
Follow Me:
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
The document provides an overview of grounded theory methods, noting the diversity of approaches that have developed since its introduction and highlighting key components of the methodology such as simultaneous data collection and analysis, coding practices, and grounding emerging theories in qualitative data to develop conceptual categories.
Grounded theory methodology is a qualitative research method that aims to generate or discover a theory grounded in data from the field. It is an iterative process where the analyst becomes more grounded in the data and develops richer concepts and models. There are two major schools of grounded theory - the Glaserian school emphasizes emerging theory from neutral questions, while the Straussian school structures questions and coding more rigorously. Key aspects of grounded theory include theoretical sampling, validating findings through quotations, and achieving reliability through techniques like triangulation and audit trails.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods. It discusses various qualitative research techniques including observation studies, interviews, focus groups, and case studies. It also covers topics like developing qualitative research questions, sampling techniques, data collection and analysis strategies, and choosing appropriate qualitative methods.
Qualitative Data Analysis I: Text Analysis - a summary based on Chapter 17 of H. Russell Bernard’s Research Methods in Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches for a Report for Anthro 297: Seminar in Research Design and Methods under Dr. Francisco Datar, Department of Anthropology, College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of the Philippines Diliman
A comprehensive presentation based on a qualitative research methodology 'Grounded Theory, presented at Government College University Lahore, Pakistan.
The document discusses grounded theory method and provides details on its key aspects:
- It defines grounded theory as a research method that generates or discovers a theory from data systematically obtained from social research.
- The main building blocks of grounded theory are discussed including coding, categories, concepts, theoretical sampling, constant comparison and memo writing.
- Strengths are that it effectively builds new theories and explains new phenomena, while weaknesses include the huge amount of time and data required for analysis.
Grounded theory is a qualitative research methodology that aims to build theory from data. It involves collecting and analyzing data to develop concepts and build relationships between concepts to form theories. The grounded theory process involves initial coding of data, focused coding to synthesize codes into categories, theoretical sampling to refine categories, and memo writing to develop theoretical concepts. Studies using grounded theory are evaluated based on their focus, purpose, methodology, sampling strategy, data analysis process, theoretical findings, and conclusions.
This document provides an overview of research methods taught in an empirical research methods course. It discusses both quantitative and qualitative research methods. For qualitative methods, it describes techniques like ethnography, case studies, and grounded theory research. It explains data collection methods for qualitative research including direct observation, participant observation, in-depth interviews, and analyzing documents. The document also covers qualitative data analysis including coding data and developing models and theories from the analysis.
Research seminar lecture_2_research_proposal__types_of_research_methods_stude...Daria Bogdanova
This document provides an outline of a research seminar on educational sciences. It discusses the structure of a research proposal, including the main sections and steps. The three main sections of a research proposal are: 1) why the research is being conducted, 2) what will be researched, and 3) how the research will be done. It then describes several common quantitative and qualitative research methods, including surveys, experiments, case studies, interviews, and content analysis. The document aims to help students understand how to develop and carry out an educational research study.
This document provides an overview of techniques for data gathering and analysis in research. It discusses both qualitative and quantitative methods. For data gathering, it describes techniques like perusal, measurement, observation, and questioning. It also discusses desirable attributes of techniques, the data gathering spectrum, and issues around measurement and variables. For data analysis, it discusses qualitative coding and analysis using tools like ATLAS.ti, as well as quantitative descriptive and inferential statistical analysis techniques like t-tests and chi square tests. It emphasizes that the appropriate analytical technique depends on the measurement scale of the variables.
Qualitative Studies in Software Engineering - Interviews, Observation, Ground...alessio_ferrari
This
Lecture about qualitative data collection methods and qualitative data analysis in software engineering. Topics covered are:
1. Sampling
2. Interviews
3. Observation and Participant Observation
4. Archival Data Collection
5. Grounded theory, Coding, Thematic Analysis
6. Threats to validity in qualitative studies
Find the videos at: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLSKM4VZcJjV-P3fFJYMu2OhlTjEr9Bjl0
This document summarizes chapters from a textbook about qualitative research methods. It discusses key concepts in qualitative research like ethnographies, interviews, observational techniques, and case studies. It also outlines various methods for collecting qualitative data, such as observations, introspective methods like uptake sheets and stimulated recall, and diary research. The document then covers topics like coding qualitative data, calculating interrater reliability, analyzing data through descriptive and inferential statistics, and concluding and reporting research findings.
This document discusses analyzing both qualitative and quantitative data. It begins by defining data analysis as a complex process involving moving between concrete data and abstract concepts, inductive and deductive reasoning, and description and interpretation. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis are examined. For qualitative data, the document discusses coding, developing descriptions and themes, and analyzing interviews and texts. For quantitative data, it discusses measurement scales, descriptive statistics like measures of central tendency and dispersion, and generating statistics using software. The overall goal of data analysis is to make meaning from the data and answer research questions.
Advanced Research Methodology Session-4.pptxHarariMki1
This document outlines the key steps in deductive and inductive research processes. It discusses:
- The deductive process works from general theories to specific facts in a top-down manner, while the inductive process works bottom-up from specific facts to broader generalizations.
- The main steps of research include developing hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, generalizing results, and reporting findings.
- Research design considerations include variables, sampling, data collection methods, and analysis techniques. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches are discussed.
- Managing biases, organizing analysis, and clearly reporting results are important aspects of the research process.
Qualitative research methods involve exploring topics in depth through techniques like interviews and observation. The document discusses the history and key features of qualitative research. It provides details on common qualitative methods like case studies, ethnography, and grounded theory. The analysis process involves coding data into themes through approaches like open, axial, and selective coding to develop an understanding of the topic.
Grounded theory is a qualitative research method that involves collecting and analyzing data to generate a theory. It has several advantages, including allowing researchers to become immersed in the data, requiring systematic analysis, and encouraging interplay between data collection and analysis. Some disadvantages are that it can be difficult to gain funding and it is not designed to test hypotheses. The research process involves developing an initial research question, collecting data through methods like interviews, analyzing the data through coding and memoing, and integrating the analysis to develop theories. Recent research has explored different approaches to grounded theory and its applications.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a research methods course. The course aims to teach students key concepts in research including constructs, relationships, indicators, and research models. It will explain quantitative, qualitative, and design science approaches. Students will learn skills like formulating research questions, designing instruments, collecting and analyzing data, writing proposals, and reviewing research articles. The course will be taught through lectures, discussions, assignments, projects and presentations. Students will be assessed through quizzes, assignments, exams, and a project proposal.
Research method ch04 research topic and designnaranbatn
This document discusses research problem and design. It defines a research problem as the heart of a research project and must be researchable and lead to discovery. A research problem can be divided into sub-problems for clarity. Descriptive and experimental designs are described. Descriptive design involves observation and description while experimental design tests relationships through manipulation of variables. Both have advantages and disadvantages for research. The document also discusses topics like surveys, case studies, and qualitative vs. quantitative research.
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It outlines that qualitative research involves intense contact within real-life settings to gain a holistic overview from participants' perspectives. It describes various qualitative paradigms and strategies like case studies, ethnography, and grounded theory. It also covers sampling strategies, the researcher's role, data collection methods like interviews and observation, ensuring validity and reliability, and generalizing findings from qualitative studies.
This document provides an outline for a lecture on analyzing qualitative and quantitative data. It discusses analyzing qualitative data through coding, identifying themes, and developing descriptions. It also discusses developing an analysis plan, preliminary exploratory analysis, and synthesizing findings. For quantitative data, it mentions researchers typically have considerable numerical data that requires analysis techniques like statistics. The overall presentation provides guidance on effective strategies for analyzing different data types in educational research.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and outlines its key characteristics as systematic, logical, empirical, reductive, and replicable. The document discusses the objectives and types of research, including descriptive vs analytical and quantitative vs qualitative. It also covers research approaches, methods vs methodology, data sources and collection methods, and the overall research process. Key aspects of a good research study are identified, such as having a clearly defined purpose and presenting findings and conclusions clearly. Finally, challenges in research and the process of selecting a research topic and title are discussed.
This document discusses key concepts of rigor and ethics in health policy and systems research (HPSR). It outlines four steps in HPSR: identifying the research focus and question; designing the study; ensuring quality and rigor; and applying ethical principles. It then discusses various aspects of ensuring rigor in HPSR, including researcher reflexivity, validity in fixed and flexible study designs, and the role of theory. Finally, it addresses ethical challenges in HPSR and principles like informed consent, social value, and power dynamics between researchers and participants.
This document provides an overview of an applied research methodology course being taught at IOE Pluchowk campus in Nepal. It includes:
1. An introduction to the course objectives which are to increase awareness of research methods and familiarize students with qualitative and quantitative research approaches.
2. An outline of course topics which will cover research design, methods, data collection and analysis, and writing research proposals and reports.
3. Details on textbooks, references, hours, evaluation, and student requirements which involve interactions, written reports and presentations.
Common Research Methodology in Your Field (Business and Management Studies)BC Chew
This document provides an overview of common research methodology used in business and management studies. It discusses key aspects of research design including objectives, data collection sources, and constraints. It also describes different types of research designs such as exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory studies. Additionally, it outlines qualitative and quantitative research methodological choices and reasons for using mixed methods designs. The document also discusses various research strategies like experiments, surveys, case studies, action research, and ethnography. Finally, it covers considerations for ensuring credibility of research findings such as reliability, validity, and generalizability.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
1. Leverhulme 1
Overview of differentOverview of different
Qualitative AnalysisQualitative Analysis
MethodsMethods
Dr. Anne Adams
anne.adams@open.ac.uk
2. Leverhulme 2
OVERVIEWOVERVIEW
• Paradigm background (research onion)
• Analysis Methods
– Content Analysis
– Discourse Analysis
– Thematic Analysis
– Grounded Theory
– Phenomenological Analysis
– Research Quality and Action Research
4. Leverhulme 4
Analysis paradigm
• Crotty (1998) rigorous = identify / defend
research strategy decisions
• Adams et al (2008) rigour from appropriate
identification and application of methods
according to research questions
• Reflexivity essential to maintain research
rigour
6. QUANT / QUAL Comparison
Quantitative approaches Qualitative approaches
'Simple' numeric data 'Complex' rich data
Measurement Meaning
Explanation Understanding
Prediction Interpretation
Generalisable account Contextual account
Representative population sample Purposive/ representative
perspective sample
Hypothesis-testing Exploratory
Claims objectivity Accepts subjectivity
Closed system
(experimental control)
Open system
(ecological validity)
7. Qualitative / Quantitative DivideQualitative / Quantitative Divide
Research is like fishing
Quantitative methods
• You find the best river for the fish you
want, you have one line, a specific bait for
a specific type of fish.
Qualitative methods
• You may want to catch tuna so you fish
in certain parts of the sea BUT on the
whole you throw your nets out to sea and
catch everything including the things you
want and don’t want.
8. Qualitative Analysis MethodsQualitative Analysis Methods
• Conversational / Discourse Analysis
• Thematic Analysis / Grounded Theory
• Content Analysis / Critical Incident Analysis
• counting
• imposing established frameworks
“Both qualitative and quantitative approaches
share a common concern with theory as the goal
of research” (Henwood & Pidgeon, 1992 p.101)
10. Leverhulme 10
Research Paradigms:Research Paradigms:
QuantitativeQuantitative
• Imposes prior theories (discovery)
• Reliant on hypothetico-deductive
method to establish causal
relationship (justification)
o Operationalised (reductionistic)
o Measured
11. Leverhulme 11
Research Paradigms:Research Paradigms:
Quantitative LimitationsQuantitative Limitations
• Validity
o Inappropriate fixing of meanings
o Imposing external system of meaning
for internal subjective structures
• Complexity of data lost through
reductionistic approach
13. Leverhulme 13
Research Paradigms:Research Paradigms:
QualitativeQualitative
• Generates working hypothesis by
producing concepts from data
• Represents participants reality in
its complex context
14. Leverhulme 14
Research Paradigms:Research Paradigms:
Qualitative LimitationsQualitative Limitations
• Subjectivity
o Data collection procedures
o Analysis
• Reliability
o Across context & researcher
16. Leverhulme 16
TEL example : Juxtalearn
• An Educational design project in field of TEL
• HCI perspective connects computing and education
• ‘in the wild’ practice based perspective to TEL see Adams et
al (2013, 2014) expanded in Fitgerald et al (2015)
• Research onion simplified - Four main research
epistemologies & related methods: overlay of TEL & HCI
• Juxtalearn inspired by action research and design-based
approaches from a ‘pragmatic’ perspective.
• But used both qualitative and quantitative analysis methods to
mixed method data collection. Grounded Theory Analysis.
17. Leverhulme 17
Content Analysis
• Quantitative analysis of qualitative data
• Counting instances
• Either using pre-existing coding framework
or creating one (problems with both).
• Careful to apply this it needs linked to other
analysis methods (neither quant nor qual)
18. Leverhulme 18
Content Analysis Coding
• Take data
• Categorise data – often with pre-determined
models, frameworks and coding schemes
• Code the data according to category
• Count the data – instances of the data
19. Leverhulme 19
Example of coding Units
Unit Examples
Word social engagement words
Theme occasions of social engagement
Item whole accounts of SE
Character different characters roles in SE
Time & Space space & time-logs in blog spent
on SE activities
20. Leverhulme 20
Discourse Analysis
• Very different from other forms of QA
• In pure form: based on meaning and language
used – for that ‘discourse’
• From a Radical constructivist approach (e.g.
discourse action model)
• Memories not facts but socially
reconstructions
• Pure: naturally occurring talk
• Need to fully understand philosophy to use it
21. Leverhulme 21
Discourse Analysis Coding
• TEL: specific impact of technology on the
discourse e.g. virtual reality impact on
learning speech
• Code every utterance, gaps, breaths
• Identify language usage: plays, stock
phrases, how language is used
• Not understanding of the concepts generally
22. Leverhulme 22
Sections of code
4. [J.H.] you are black or Asian you cannot join (.) this national (.)
political party
5. (.) slightly different I think from the metropolitan police black
6. Officers association wouldn’t you say?
7. (.)
8. [N.G.] I don’t think it’s different in the slightest because as the
simple fact
9. is as I say that white police officers couldn’t set up an
association
10. Of their own er if for instance they feel they’re being
Overlooked for
11. ap-prom for promotion so every different ethic group er in
12. this (.) multicultural multiethic society that our
Coolican, 2014
23. Leverhulme 23
Thematic Analysis
• Data gathering and analysis approach
• Understanding drawn from the data
• Recognise limitations but not based on
specific epistemology (many data types)
• Can be used to provide generic
understanding but limited application to
theory building
24. Leverhulme 24
Thematic Analysis Coding
• 1- familiarise with data
• 2 – generatie initial codes
• 3 – search for themes
• 4 – review themes
• 5 – define and name themes
26. Leverhulme 26
Grounded Theory
• Analysis grounded in the data
• Mixed methods data – quant and qual
• 1st
stages similar to TA
• Systematic merging of mixed data
• Development of a ‘theory’ (also models)
• Process pushes analysis of rouge / awkward
data to reveal ‘novel findings’
27. Leverhulme 27
Grounded Theory Coding
• Open coding – line by line (as with TA)
• Memo writing – capturing insights for
theory
• Axial coding – linkages between categories
• Selective Coding – important themes ‘high-
level storyline.
• Process effects – conditions, actins, effects
effect relationships in a process
28. Leverhulme 28
Example process effect model
4
1
3
IS
TRUST
privacy secured
based on
assumptions
Users
IR
Contexts
IU
Technology & its implementation make
assumptions inaccurate
Increased perceived privacy invasions
2
Decreased trust in organisation
Emotive reaction Reject technology
29. Leverhulme 29
Phenomenological Analysis
Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA)
• The individuals ‘experience’ events
• Individuals perspective on and understanding
in the world.
• Understands constructivist role of researcher
in interpreting individual experience.
• Unlike DA takes what people say as realistic
account (semi-structured interviews)
30. Leverhulme 30
IPA coding
• Read text ‘eyeball it’
• Comments on transcripts (varied in size and
length)
• Interpretations / analysists reactions /
recurrent points / queries about meaning
• Identify themes (hierarchical themes)
• Compare and contrast themes
31. Good Quality Research
• Henwood / Pidgeon (1992)– good
quality research
• 7 golden rules of good quality research
• Exploratory (discovery) –
reductionistic (justification)
• Not Divide but to compliment
• ISSUES OF BIAS
32. Levels in research
PLAN: Background research & planning
ACT and /or OBSERVE
REFLECT: Implications / Discussion
Initial QUESTION?
33. Action Research & Levels
PLAN: Background research & planning
ACT and /or OBSERVE
REFLECT: Implications / Discussion
Initial QUESTION?
PLANNING courses, teaching
activities
REFLECT on Changes to current
practices
CONDUCTING EVERYDAY
ACTIONS (E.G. Teaching)
34. Action Research & Exploratory
Research
PLAN
REFLECT ACTACT
OBSERVE
What is my
question?
36. Leverhulme 36
References
Adams, A., FitzGerald, E. and Priestnall, G. (2013). Of catwalk technologies and boundary creatures.
ACM Transactions of Computer-Human Interaction, 20(3), article no. 15. download pre-print from:
http://oro.open.ac.uk/35323/
Adams, Anne and Cox, Anna L. (2008). Questionnaires, in-depth interviews and focus groups. In: Cairns,
Paul and Cox, Anna L. eds. Research Methods for Human Computer Interaction. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press, pp. 17–34. download from : http://oro.open.ac.uk/11909/
Adams, Anne; Lunt, Peter and Cairns, Paul (2008). A qualititative approach to HCI research. In: Cairns,
Paul and Cox, Anna eds. Research Methods for Human-Computer Interaction. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press, pp. 138–157. download from : http://oro.open.ac.uk/11911/
Coolican, H (2014) Research methods and statistics in psychology. Psychology press, NY.
Crotty, M.J. (1998) The Foundations of Social Research: Meaning and Perspective in the Research
Process. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
FitzGerald, E. and Adams, A. (2015). Revolutionary and evolutionary technology design processes in
location-based interactions. International Journal of Mobile Human Computer Interaction, 7(1) pp. 59–
78. download from : http://oro.open.ac.uk/42067/
Henwood, K. L., & Pidgeon, N. F. (1992): “Qualitative research and psychological theorising.” British
Journal of Psychology. 83, 1, pp. 97-111.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2012) Research Methods for Business Students, 6th edition.
Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd