Quantitative Research Presentation (1)
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This document discusses key concepts in survey and experimental design for quantitative research methods. It covers topics such as sampling techniques for surveys, controlling variables in experiments, potential biases in responses, and calculating sample sizes. Experimental designs aim to establish causation by manipulating an independent variable and measuring effects on a dependent variable. Trade-offs exist between internal validity achieved through control and external validity or generalizability of findings.
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Survey and Experimental Designs
Quantitative Methods
[S]
Survey Design
•Generalized results from a sample to the general population
•Economic procedure: Efficient yet effective technique
•Survey can be either cross-sectional or longitudinal to
control for temporal effects
•Survey distribution via mail, internet, phone
•Sampling can be random, convenient or stratified
Experimental Design
•A causal variable, the independent variable (IV), is
manipulated
•Control group present to compare effects
•Takes place in a lab
•Variables are controlled systematically to reduce errors
•Higher internal validity
[E]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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Quantitative Research Presentation (1)
- 1. Participants, Biases, Statistical Rationale and Use of Quantitative Methods D VIV Survey Design Experimental Design IV I V Moderator D V DV Mediator Self-concept Self-efficacy Self- confidence Self-conscious Self-esteem Measurement of perceived self- schemas 1 5
- 2. 2 Survey and Experimental Designs Quantitative Methods [S] Survey Design •Generalized results from a sample to the general population •Economic procedure: Efficient yet effective technique •Survey can be either cross-sectional or longitudinal to control for temporal effects •Survey distribution via mail, internet, phone •Sampling can be random, convenient or stratified Experimental Design •A causal variable, the independent variable (IV), is manipulated •Control group present to compare effects •Takes place in a lab •Variables are controlled systematically to reduce errors •Higher internal validity [E]
- 3. 3Validity in Survey Design Report on validity of instruments established in past literature ContentValidity ConcurrentValidity ConstructValidity ConvergentValidity DiscriminantValidity Instrument items represent the completeness of a construct Ñ Results concur or correspond with respondent’s existing characteristic to predict a criterion Instrument measures exclusively a construct it intends to measure Measures of various instruments correlate to represent a construct Measures of an instrument negatively correlate or do not relate with each other to represent a construct F M 18-25 26-30 When using already developed surveys, obtain permission from the developers first.
- 4. 4 Statistical Values Power, statistical significance level and effect size Descriptive Analysis Indicate the means, standard deviations, and range of scores Set the values before the study Power 80% Significance Level 95% Effect Size 50% Scale Categorical F M 18-25 26-30 Continuous Very strong Very weak Alpha (α) level, Effect size, power
- 6. 6 Non-respondent bias Non-respondents would have answered differently • Compare respondents and non-respondents traits • Contact non-respondents to see how they answer i q a 1 Infomedia Social Media Be Creative Be Selfi
- 7. 7 Response Biases and the strategies to counteract them Acquiescence bias Tendency to agree or select ‘yes’/conforming answers Demand characteristics Responses or behaviors adjusted to the purpose of the research Extreme responding Tendency to choose continuously either extreme or neutral answers Social desirability bias Tendency to adopt a socially desirable behavior
- 8. 8 Experimental Methods Participants, materials, procedures and measures Participants Indicate how participants were recruited a Random Non-random True Experiment Quasi-experiment • Match participants Materials Procedures Measures Random True Experiment Performance Intervention Effectiveness Information Processing Organizational Success Learning effects
- 9. 9 Variables in Experimental Design Need to be specified before the experiment r s q E a c Control Variable Variable held constant Mediator Variable Explains the intervening process between IV and DV Manipulated or Controlled Variable Independent Variable (IV) Measured Variable Dependent Variable (DV) Confounding Variable Moderator Variable Moderates the strength and direction of a relationship Interacting variable that is not measured IV DV
- 10. 10 Experimental Design: Notation System Quasi and True Experimental Design Notations Group A Non-random Quasi-experimental Group B R Group B Group A Observation Post-test Observation Pre-test Observation Pre-test Observation Post-test R Random True experimental Observation Pre-test Observation Pre-test Observation Post-test Observation Post-test
- 11. 11 Discussion Question Experimenter’s Dilemma: Discuss the trade-off between internal and external (ecological) validity. Which is more important? Explain. Internal validity= highly controlled setting, artificial but strong results but Specificity of the study lowers external/ecological validity or generalizability
- 12. 12 References Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Curabitur elementum posuere pretium. Quisque nibh dolor, dignissim ac dignissim ut, luctus ac urna. Aliquam aliquet non massa quis tincidunt. Mauris ullamcorper justo tristique dui posuere tincidunt. In nec lacus laoreet orci varius imperdiet sit amet in augue. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Leary, M. (2012). Introduction to Behavioral Research Methods (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.