This presentation deals with the basics of design of experiments and discusses all the three basic statistical designs i.e. CRD, RBD and LSD. Further it explains the guidelines for developing experimental research.
Benefits and Challenges of Using Open Educational Resources
Foundations of Experimental Design
1. Presented by
Dr.J.P.Verma
MSc (Statistics), PhD, MA(Psychology), Masters(Computer Application)
Professor(Statistics)
Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Gwalior, India
(Deemed University)
Email: vermajprakash@gmail.com
2. To test a theory through deductive logic
To develop a theory through inductive logic
2
3. The exercise intensity with 65% maximum heart rate may
improve the cardio- respiratory endurance significantly.
By means of Hypothesis
Example
3
4. If most of the sports persons are medal winners from a
particular university their training programme
may be superior than the other universities.
By observing a phenomenon
Example
4
5. 5
This Presentation is based on
Chapter 1 of the book
Repeated Measures Design
for Empirical Researchers
Published by Wiley, USA
Complete Presentation can be accessed on
Companion Website
of the Book
6. To investigate some kinds of relationship between
independent and dependent variables.
6
7. lack cause and effect relationships
Reduced internal validity
Non Experimental or Correlational
Experimental
Explain cause and effect relationships
Higher internal validity
7
9. Organizing a controlled experiment to generate data
for understanding the causes of variation
9
10. - Ensures homogeneity in the experimental groups
- Enhances external and internal validity in the study
Randomization
Replication
- Repeating an experiment a number of times on subjects/
experimental units
- A way of reducing experimental error by including an extraneous variable
in the experiment.
- Heterogeneous experimental units are divided into homogenous blocks
- Treatments are randomly allocated in these blocks.
Blocking
10
11. Used when experimental material/subjects are homogeneous
Effect of one factor on dependent variable is investigated
Classification of Statistical Designs in Research
A. Completely Randomized Design(CRD)
5
8
12
7
3
9 10
1 2
11
6
4
6 1 11Stage 1
2 9 4Stage 2
5 12 3Stage 3
7 8 10Stage 4
T2 T1 T3
T1 T3 T2
T2 T3 T1
T3 T1 T2
Sample
Comparing effect of
three advertisements
T1,T2 andT3 on sale of
a product
Example
Figure 1.1 Layout of the completely randomized design
Fig.1.1 Layout of completely randomized design 11
12. Used when experimental material/subjects are heterogeneous
Effect of one factor on dependent variable is investigated by
introducing the blocking variable in experiment.
B. Randomized Block Design
T1 T3 T2Low IQ
Average IQ
High IQ
Block:IQ
T3 T1 T2
T2 T3 T1
Allocation of
treatments in block
Block 1
Block 2
Block 3
Subjects in block
Fig.1.2 Layout of randomized block design
To study the effect of three
different types of teaching
methodologies T1,T2 and
T3 on learning efficiency.
Example
12
13. Special case of randomized block design
Subjects are matched on some characteristics which are supposed
to affect the experimental variable
Here each matched pair is like a block
Only comparison of two treatments is possible
B(i). Matched Pairs Design
S1
S4
S5
S100
Subjects in each pair
Pair 1
Pair 2
Pair 3
Treatment
S2
S3
S6
S99
Exercise Placebo
. . .
. . .
Pair 50
Figure 1.3 Layout of matched pairs design
To study the effect of
exercise on strength in
100 students
Example
13
14. C. Latin Square Design
In this design random variation of two factors is controlled
Two blocking factor can be taken in this design
Number of rows columns and treatments are required to be same in this design.
Each treatment can occur only once in the corresponding row and column.
Low
Average
High
Block:IQ
Fig.1.2 Layout of Latin square design
To study the effect of three
different types of teaching
methodologies T1,T2 and
T3 on learning efficiency.
Example
14
T1 T2 T3
T3 T1 T2
T2 T3 T1
Block: Age
Teens
Mid
age
Old
age
15. If factors A(exercise intensity)
has three levels(low , medium
and high) and B(Environment)
also has three levels(hot,
humid and cold) then nine
treatment groups are
required.
To investigate the effect of two or more factors
on a dependent variable simultaneously
Example
Low
Medium
High
Hot Humid Cold
Cells
Subjects in
each cell
FactorA:MentalExercise
Factor B: Environment
Figure 1.4 Layout of 3×3 factorial experiment
in CRD
15
DependentVariable: Task efficiency
16. - Experimental unit on which experiment is conducted
Subject
Treatment
- Levels of the independent variable whose effect is to be seen on the
dependent variable.
- A variable of interest
- An independent variable whose effect is to be seen on the
dependent variable
CriterionVariable
Factor
16
17. To see the effect of
Aerobic exercise
with different
intensity
on the Cardio
respiratory
endurance
in
Housewives
SubjectsTreatments: Intensities of aerobic exercise
Factor: Aerobic exercise
Criterion
variable
17
20. 22
x
N
1
22
xx
1n
1
S
Population variance =
Mean Square Deviation
11
4
3
1
16
3
14
13
66
3
21
4
8
17
3
2
13
Population
Sample
11
2
14
3
Whether the population variance
can be estimated correctly by the
sample variance ?
S2 is an unbiased estimate of population variance
20
21. Uncontrolled error in an experiment
Attributed to non-assignable causes
Individual variation
Experimental Error
21
22. Extent of generalizibility of findings to the population
from which sample has been drawn.
External validity
Extent to which one can say that the variation observed in
the Dependent variable(DV) is due to the variation in the
Independent variable(IV).
InternalValidity
22
25. Effect of 2 weeksTeaching methodology on performance
Traditional Method
T1
Flexible method
T3
Audio-visual Method
T2
6
7
5
2
9
8
7
7
5
4
3
2
Systematic variance
High IQLow IQ
Extraneous
variance: IQ
Error variance
Mixed IQ
25
26. 26
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