1. The document discusses forest resources in India, including types of forests, their importance, causes of deforestation, and efforts around afforestation.
2. Forests provide important ecological functions like regulating climate and rainfall, producing oxygen, and serving as wildlife habitats. They also have economic importance as a source of timber, fuelwood, and goods for industries.
3. Deforestation is caused by factors like population growth, infrastructure development, and agricultural expansion. It leads to issues like soil erosion, desertification, and loss of biodiversity. Afforestation efforts aim to control deforestation and protect the environment.
A presentation made on forest resources and sustainable forest management, laws and regulations about forests in India, the status of the world and Indian forests.
This Presentation is For Students of Class 10th CBSE Board. This Presentation is on Natural Resources. The Main Topics of this Presentation Are Renewable and Non Renewable Source, Solar Energy, Wind, Forests and Fuel.
all information about deforestation
what is deforestation?
its history in india..
present condition of deforestation in India.
its causes and how we control on it.
references of the content taken in this.
1. “What we are doing to the forests of the world is but a mirror reflection of what we are doing to ourselves and to one another.” ― MAHATMA GANDHI ―
2. “Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's needs, but not every man's greed.” ― Mahatma Gandhi
3. The term “resource” means any thing that we use from our environment to achieve our objective. For example, we require bricks, cement, iron, wood etc. to construct a building. All these items are called the resources for construction of building. A resource can be defined as „any natural or artificial substance, energy or organism, which is used by human being for its welfare. These resources are of two types: Natural Resources Artificial Resources
4. “Nature is not a place to visit. It is home.” ― Gary Snyder
5. CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES As the human population is continuously growing the consumption of natural resources is also increasing. With the increasing industrialization and urbanization of the modern human society, the use of all the resources is rising. If they are not properly used and well managed, a serious scarcity will result. Therefore we need to conserve the natural resources. This will also upset the ecological balance. Conservation is the proper management of a natural resource to prevent its exploitation, destruction or degradation. Conservation is the sum total of activities, which can derive benefits from natural resources but at the same time prevent excessive use leading to destruction or degradation.
6. Need for Conservation of Natural Resources We know that nature provides us all our basic needs but we tend to overexploit it. If we go on exploiting the nature, there will be no more resources available in future. There is an urgent need to conserve the nature. Some of the needs are : to maintain ecological balance for supporting life. to preserve different kinds of species (biodiversity). to make the resources available for present and future generation. to ensure the survival of human race.
7. Conservation of Natural Resources and Traditions of India The need for conservation of natural resources was felt by our predecessors and in India, there was a tradition of respecting and preserving the nature and natural resources. Natural resources were conserved in the form of sacred groves/forests, sacred pools and lakes, sacred species etc. In our country the conservation of natural forests is known from the time of Lord Asoka. Sacred forests are forest patches of different dimensions dedicated by the tribal to their deities and ancestral spirits. Cutting down trees, hunting and other human interferences were strictly prohibited in these forests.
8. This practice is wide spread particularly in peninsular, central and eastern India and has resulted in the protection of a large number of plants and animals. Similarly, several water bodies, e.g., Khecheopalri lake in Sikkim was declared sacred by people, thus, protecting aquati
A presentation made on forest resources and sustainable forest management, laws and regulations about forests in India, the status of the world and Indian forests.
This Presentation is For Students of Class 10th CBSE Board. This Presentation is on Natural Resources. The Main Topics of this Presentation Are Renewable and Non Renewable Source, Solar Energy, Wind, Forests and Fuel.
all information about deforestation
what is deforestation?
its history in india..
present condition of deforestation in India.
its causes and how we control on it.
references of the content taken in this.
1. “What we are doing to the forests of the world is but a mirror reflection of what we are doing to ourselves and to one another.” ― MAHATMA GANDHI ―
2. “Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's needs, but not every man's greed.” ― Mahatma Gandhi
3. The term “resource” means any thing that we use from our environment to achieve our objective. For example, we require bricks, cement, iron, wood etc. to construct a building. All these items are called the resources for construction of building. A resource can be defined as „any natural or artificial substance, energy or organism, which is used by human being for its welfare. These resources are of two types: Natural Resources Artificial Resources
4. “Nature is not a place to visit. It is home.” ― Gary Snyder
5. CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES As the human population is continuously growing the consumption of natural resources is also increasing. With the increasing industrialization and urbanization of the modern human society, the use of all the resources is rising. If they are not properly used and well managed, a serious scarcity will result. Therefore we need to conserve the natural resources. This will also upset the ecological balance. Conservation is the proper management of a natural resource to prevent its exploitation, destruction or degradation. Conservation is the sum total of activities, which can derive benefits from natural resources but at the same time prevent excessive use leading to destruction or degradation.
6. Need for Conservation of Natural Resources We know that nature provides us all our basic needs but we tend to overexploit it. If we go on exploiting the nature, there will be no more resources available in future. There is an urgent need to conserve the nature. Some of the needs are : to maintain ecological balance for supporting life. to preserve different kinds of species (biodiversity). to make the resources available for present and future generation. to ensure the survival of human race.
7. Conservation of Natural Resources and Traditions of India The need for conservation of natural resources was felt by our predecessors and in India, there was a tradition of respecting and preserving the nature and natural resources. Natural resources were conserved in the form of sacred groves/forests, sacred pools and lakes, sacred species etc. In our country the conservation of natural forests is known from the time of Lord Asoka. Sacred forests are forest patches of different dimensions dedicated by the tribal to their deities and ancestral spirits. Cutting down trees, hunting and other human interferences were strictly prohibited in these forests.
8. This practice is wide spread particularly in peninsular, central and eastern India and has resulted in the protection of a large number of plants and animals. Similarly, several water bodies, e.g., Khecheopalri lake in Sikkim was declared sacred by people, thus, protecting aquati
The functions of forest may broadly classified into following categories
Bio-geo cycles
Protective Function
Productive Function
Regulative Function
Accessory Function
Causes, Effect And Consequences Of DeforestationZainab Arshad
Deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forest land for use such as arable land, pasture, urban use, logged area, or wasteland. Generally, the removal or destruction of significant areas of forest cover has resulted in a degraded environment with reduced biodiversity.
Forests of pakistan {importance, types, causes and effects}Haroon Khaliq
this is a powerpointt project which includes types, importance of forests and deforestation (causes, effects and solution). It is a complete package of information.
Hemoglobin estimation and Blood typing experiment and Vijay Hemmadi
A hemoglobin test measures the amount of hemoglobin in your blood. Hemoglobin is a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen to your body's organs and tissues and transports carbon dioxide from your organs and tissues back to your
The ABO group consists of four possibilities: A, B, AB, and O. The Rh type is either positive or negative. Individuals with AB Positive blood are known as universal recipients because they can receive any one of the blood groups or Rh types in a blood transfusion
Determination of protein concentration by Bradford method.pptxVijay Hemmadi
Bradford uses Coomasie Blue which is a dye that binds specifically to proteins. It is very accurate and sensitive, compatible with most buffers, sugars, and chaotropic agents but high concentrations of detergent interfere in the assay
Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth from an orebody, lode, vein, seam, reef or placer deposits which forms the mineralized package of economic interest to the miner.
Ores recovered by mining include metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, dimension stone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and clay. Mining is required to obtain any material that cannot be grown through agricultural processes, or created artificially in a laboratory or factory. Mining in a wider sense includes extraction of any non-renewable resource such as petroleum, natural gas, or even water.
Laboratory method for measuring enzyme activity.
Vital for study of enzyme kinetics and enzyme inhibition.
Measurement of enzyme activity – follow the change in concentration of substrate or product – measure reaction rate.
Liposomes-Classification, methods of preparation and application Vijay Hemmadi
liposome preparation and application
A liposome is a tiny bubble (vesicle), made out of the same material as a cell membrane. Liposomes can be filled with drugs, and used to deliver drugs for cancer and other diseases. Membranes are usually made of phospholipids, which are molecules that have a head group and a tail group
A natural disaster is the effect of earths natural hazards, for example flood, tornado, hurricane, volcanic eruption, earthquake, heatwave, or landslide. They can lead to financial, environmental or human losses. The resulting loss depends on the vulnerability of the affected population to resist the hazard, also called their resilience. If these disasters continue it would be a great danger for the earth
Automated sequencing of genomes require automated gene assignment
Includes detection of open reading frames (ORFs)
Identification of the introns and exons
Gene prediction a very difficult problem in pattern recognition
Coding regions generally do not have conserved sequences
Much progress made with prokaryotic gene prediction
Eukaryotic genes more difficult to predict correctly
if your doing fish dissection and need some anatomical information then go through my slides.
in this i have written fish anatomy with its physiological implications
Are you looking for some good journals to publish your data? Then this is the correct time to read my article. I am writing this with the hope of inhibiting you from publishing your data in predatory and fake journals.
These are the following criteria you should know before submitting your manuscript to a journal:
Secondary Structure Prediction of proteins Vijay Hemmadi
Secondary structure prediction has been around for almost a quarter of a century. The early methods suffered from a lack of data. Predictions were performed on single sequences rather than families of homologous sequences, and there were relatively few known 3D structures from which to derive parameters. Probably the most famous early methods are those of Chou & Fasman, Garnier, Osguthorbe & Robson (GOR) and Lim. Although the authors originally claimed quite high accuracies (70-80 %), under careful examination, the methods were shown to be only between 56 and 60% accurate (see Kabsch & Sander, 1984 given below). An early problem in secondary structure prediction had been the inclusion of structures used to derive parameters in the set of structures used to assess the accuracy of the method.
Some good references on the subject:
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
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Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
2. Topics
• Introduction
• Forest resources
• Forest resources-Indian Scenario
• Functions of forests
• Importance of forests
• Ecological and Economical Importance
• Types of Forests
• Deforestation Causes & Effects
• Forest Degradation in India
3. Important Questions
• Explain how forest helps in maintaining ecological
balance.
• Afforestation is the need of the hour. Justify.
• Give the classification of forests and discuss the
effects of deforestation on society.
• Describe in detail types of forest resources and what
are problems created by deforestations in India ?
4. Important Questions
• Describe types of forest resources and their uses and
overuses and effects of that activity of human.
• Explain Desertification highlighting its causes.
• What are the causes of Deforestation? Describe in brief
some major engineering projects which caused deforestation
problems in India.
• What are importance of Forest resources for Economic and
Ecological wealth of a country.
• Enlist the functions of forest and explain any one briefly.
5. Introduction
• Forest resources play an important role in the economy of any
country. It is highly complex, changing environment made up of
a living and non living things. Living things include trees, shrubs,
wildlife etc. and non-living things include water, nutrients,
rocks, sunlight and air. Forest vary a great deal in composition
and density and are distinct from meadows and pastures. Forest
are important to humans and the natural world. For humans,
they have many aesthetics, recreational, economic, historical,
cultural and religious values. Forest provide fuel, wood, timber,
wildlife, habitat, industrial, forest products, climate regulations,
medicinal etc.
6. Forest Resources
• The word forest is derived from a Latin word
• “ Foris” means Outside
• Forest are one of the most important natural resources of the
earth.
• Approximately 1/3rd
of the earth’s total area is covered by forests
7. Indian Scenario
• In India forest cover Overall, 21.02% of the country's
geographical area is now under green cover
(as per 2009* data) The total forest cover in India is 6,90,899
km2
• Forest cover in India is defined as all lands, more than one
hectare in area with a tree canopy density of more than 10%.
10. Functions of Forests
• The functions of forest may broadly classified into following
categories
• Protective Function
• Productive Function
• Regulative Function
• Accessory Function
11. Protective Functions
• Forest Provide protection against Soil erosion, Droughts, floods,
noise, radiations
Soil erosion FloodsSoil erosion Droughts
12. Productive Functions
• Forest Provide various products like, gum resins, medicines,
Katha, honey, pulp, bamboo, timber, and fruits
13. Regulative Functions
• The Forest regulates the level of Oxygen and carbon dioxide in
atmosphere. The forests also help in regulating temperature
conditions
14.
15.
16. Accessory Function
• Forest provides aesthetics, habitat to various flora and fauna
besides that it also has an recreational value.
17. Ecological Importance or uses of
Forests
• Regulation of global climate and temperature
• Forest play a crucial role in regulation of global climate and
temperature as forest cover absorb the solar radiations that
would otherwise be reflected back into the atmosphere by bare
surface of the earth.
• Transpiration of plants increases the atmosphere humidity
which affects the rainfall, cools the atmosphere and thus
regulate the hydrological cycle
18. Reduction of Global Warming
•The main green house gas co2 is used by forests for photosynthesis
process the forest act as a sink for co2 there by reducing the green
house effect due to co2
19. Production of Oxygen
• During Photosynthesis process forest releases oxygen a very
important gas for human survival thereby are called as lungs of
earth.
20. Conservation of Soil
• They prevent soil erosion by binding the soil particles tightly in
their roots. They also reduce the velocity of wind and rain which
are chief agents causing erosion
21. Improvement in fertility of Soil
• The fertility of soil increases due to humans formed by the decay
of forest litter
22. Control of water flow
• The forest act as a giant sponge they slow down runoff,
absorbing and holding water that recharges springs, streams,
and ground water.
23. Habitat to wild life
• They provide the habitat for high wild life species
24. Absorption of Noise
• Forest cover absorbs the noise and helps in preventing noise
pollution
25. Absorption of air pollutants
• Forest absorbs many toxic gasses and air pollutants and can
help in keeping air pure.
26. Economical Importance of Forest
• Timber: Wood used for commercial purposes like
for making furniture and other items like boats,
bridges and other day to day uses.
• Fuel Wood: The wood is used as fuel for cooking
and other purposes by poor people.
• Raw material for wood based industries: forest
provide raw material for various wood based
industries like paper and pulp, sports goods,
furniture, match boxes etc.
27. • Food: Fruits, roots, leaves of plants and trees along with the
meat of forest animals provide the food to the tribal people.
• Miscellaneous Products: Miscellaneous products like, resin,
gums, oils, medicines, Katha, honey are provided by forests
29. Types of Forests in India
Moist Tropical Forest
a) Tropical wet evergreen: Western
Ghats (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala)
b) Tropical semi evergreen: Lower hills
of western Ghats.
c) Tropical moist deciduous: Dehradun,
mahableshwar
d) Damp Forests: Sunder bans, Bengal
delta, and Andaman.
a
b
d
c
30. • Dry Tropical forests:
a) Tropical dry deciduous: Madhya Pradesh,
Uttar Pradesh
b) Tropical thorn forest: Delhi, Punjab, Gujarat
c) Tropical dry evergreen: Eastern Ghat
( Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu)
a
b
c
31. Montana Sub tropical Forests
• Coniferous Forests
a)Subtropical broad: Shillong, Nilgiris
b)Subtropical pine forest: Arunachal
Pradesh, Kashmir
c)Sub Tropical dry evergreen: Foot Hills of
Himalayas.
a
b
c
34. • Among the 16 different forest types of the country, the most
common is
• Tropical dry deciduous (38.7%)
• Tropical moist deciduous (30.9%)
• Tropical thorn (6.9 %)
• These 3 types of tropical deciduous forests accounts for more
than 76.5 % of forest area in India. Nearly 96 % of forests are
owned by government and, 2.6 % by corporate bodies and rest
are in private ownership.
35. Deforestation
• Forest are exploited since early times for humans to meet
human demand
• The permanent destruction of forest is called deforestation
36. Causes of Deforestation
• Population explosion: Population
explosion is the root cause of all the
environmental problems, vast area of
forests are cleared for human
settlement
• Shifting Cultivation: It is a
traditional agroforestry system
widely practiced in north eastern
region of country in which felling and
burning of forests followed by
cultivation of crop for few years and
abandon of cultivation allow forests
for re-growth cause extreme damage
to forest.
37. • Growing food demand: To meet the food
demand of rapidly growing population more
and more forests are cleared off for
agricultural purpose.
• Fire wood: Increasing demand of wood for
fuel increases pressure on forests.
• Raw material for wood based industry:
Increasing demand of wood for making
furniture, plywood, match box etc results
into tremendous pressure on forests.
38. • Infrastructure development: Massive
destruction of forest occurs for various
infrastructure development like, big
dams, highways projects etc.
• Forest fires: Forest fires may be
natural or man made cause a huge loss
of forest
• Over grazing: Overgrazing of land by
cattle result into soil erosion,
desertification.
• Natural forces: Floods, storms, heavy
winds, snow, lightening are some of
the natural forces
39. Effects of Deforestation
• Deforestation adversely affects and
damages the environment
• The adverse effect of deforestation are
discussed below:
• Soil erosion: The soil gets washed
away with rain water on sloppy areas
in the absence of trees leading to soil
erosion.
• Expansion of deserts: Due to strong
winds laden by rock dust, land mass
gradually gets converted in
atmosphere.
40. • Decrease in rainfall : In the absence of
forest, rainfall declines considerably
because forest bring rains due to high rate
of transpiration. It maintains humidity in
atmosphere
• Loss of fertile land: Less rainfall results
into loss of fertile land owing to less
natural vegetation growth.
• Effect on climate: Deforestation induces
global climate change. Climate becomes
warmer due to lack of humidity in
deforested areas, also pattern of rainfall
changes
41. • Lowering of Water table: Lack of
recharging of underground reservoir,
results into lowering of water table
• Economic Losses: Deforestation will cause
loss of industrial timber and non timber
products
• Loss of biodiversity: Loss of flora and
fauna result into loss of bio-diversity
leading to disturbance in ecological balance
world wide.
• Environmental changes: It will lead to
increase in carbon dioxide concentration
and other pollutants which results in
Global warming.
43. Afforestation
• The conservation measure against the
deforestation is afforestation. The
development of forest by planting
trees on waste land is called
afforestation
• The main objective of afforestation
• To control the deforestation
• To prevent soil erosion
• To regulate rainfall and maintain
temperature
44. • To control atmospheric condition by keeping it clean
• To promote planned uses of wasteland
• To Protect forest ecosystem and to get benefits of forest
products.
45. Forest Degradation in India
• At the beginning of 20th
century about 30 % of land in India
was covered with forests but by the end of 20th
century the
forest cover was reduced to 19.4%
• As a result of exploitation, the tropical forest cover in
India, is now only reduced to coastal western Ghats and
northern India
• We have a huge population size and a very low precipitate
forest area 0.075 Ha per capita as compared to 0.64 ha/
capita of world forest area
46. • The National forest policy has recommended 33 % forest area
for plains and 67 % for hills
• The deforestation rate per unit population in India is lowest
among the major tropical countries
• For effective forest management of country we have to take the
confidence of tribal who have been living in forest.
47. Dams and their effects on Forest and Tribal
People
• When a dam is constructed across any river a huge artificial
lake is developed in the catchment area of that dam. It is also
known as back waters. The backwaters covering a large
surface area. Create a lot of ill-effects on the living
environment. They are as follows:
• It creates the loss of forest which are submerged under the
back waters of the dam.
• It creates danger to the habitat of the wild life. The wild life
are forced to migrate.
• It also affects the land under cultivation, in the catchment area
as the crops get submerged under water.
• The roads, already in existence are put under water after the
construction of dam. So the road network is damaged.
48. The Story of Kani Tribe:
Compensating Indigenous Knowledge
• In December 1987, a team of scientists was on a botanical expedition
to western Ghats in Kerala. They took with them a few members of
Kani Tribe as their guides. The scientists noticed that the guides were
eating a fruit that seemed to keep them energetic even during the
tough treks. When the scientists tried it, they too felt a ‘ sudden flush of
energy & strength’.
• Initially, the kani were reluctant to reveal any information about the
plant, saying that it was a sacred tribal secret that could not be told to
outsiders. After considerable persuasion, the tribals showed the plant,
Aarogyappacha as a source of fruit.
• The scientists, who were from Tropical Botanic Garden and research
Institute (TBGRI). Thiruvananthapuram, secured specimens of the
plants and conducted investigations. They found anti-stress and other
beneficial properties among the plant’s active ingredients. Using
Aarogyappacha, and three other medicinal plants, they formulated a
drug and gave it the name jeevani.
49. The Story of Kani Tribe: Compensating
Indigenous Knowledge
• TBGRI gave the right to manufacture the drug to a private company,
Arya Vaidya Pharmacy (AVP) for a license fee of Rs 1,000,000 and a
royalty of two percent. The institute, however, wanted the kanis to get
a part of the benefits as compensation for sharing their knowledge of
the plants and its properties. The Kanis were to receive half the fee and
half the royalty, this was the first case of an indigenous community
receiving compensation in exchange for sharing their traditional
knowledge of plants and their uses.
• The story of Kani tribe informs us about the rich resources &
knowledge, that the forests & the local tribes have, to offer, provided
they are protected and maintained in their natural form.
• Refer: http://www.jeevani.com/arya_vaidya.htm
Aarogyappacha
50. Activity
• Plant trees wherever you can- in your compound,
neighborhood, parks, streets, but take care to choose an
appropriate tree; for ex, banyans trees next to buildings is
not a good idea, as their strong root systems may damage
foundations.
51. Assignment
• Describe the ecological & economical importance of forests.
• What is deforestation? What are the main causes of
deforestation?